At-Risk Students in Higher Education
The objective of this work is to write on three theories that are or should be part of developmental education theory in higher education and specifically as related to at-risk students. This study will be in the form of a review of literature in this area of inquiry that is located in academic and professional journals and articles as well as other such peer-reviewed publications.
Sociocultural Theory
Tharp (2001) writes in the work entitled "From At Risk to Excellence: Research, Theory and Principles for Practice" that sociocultural-based school programs are such that use the innate curiosity of students to "construct miniature communities of scientific practice." (p.11) Participation in schoolwork is participation in sociocultural activity and this is stated "to occur on many planes or levels of interaction." (Tharp, 2001, p.11)
It is stated in the work of Rogoff (1995) that research can be divided into three general types and that this is dependent upon "the plane of focus." (Tharp, 2011, p.11) The three general types are stated to include the following:
(1) The personal plane involves cognition, emotion, behavior, values, and beliefs. In educational research this may very well respond to studies of individual student or teacher actions or competence;
(2) The interpersonal or social plane includes communication, role performances, dialogue, cooperation, conflict, assistance,...
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