Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn from and understand and interact with one's environment. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and is a multidisciplinary field which involves psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience and computer science. It enables machines to become capable of doing those things which the human mind can do. Though the folklore of artificial intelligence dates back to a long time ago, it actually became available to people only after the development of the electronic computer. Today research in artificial intelligence is so highly invested in and the field has significantly advanced to such an extent that it has become a huge part of our lives and it is considered to be America's Next big thing.
Introduction:
If we look at the definition of intelligence, there are probably infinite ones. But if we put it into the most refined words, then intelligence is only ones ability to acquire or gain knowledge. It is one's ability and capacity to learn from his or her environment and possibly also to have a chance to give back to it. When we say the ability to learn we are talking in very general terms. It includes in itself certain characteristics that one person must have. They include characteristics such as one's ability to be able to adapt to new or changing environments and also the ability to reason, think, comprehend, judge and evaluate situations. Intelligence determines how one can achieve goals in this world. The degree of intelligence in people, animals and in machines differs significantly. (Hawkins and Blakeslee)
Artificial intelligence is the intelligence which is solely dedicated to machines. It is a multidisciplinary field which involves at least psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience and most importantly computer science. Typically it is seen as a branch of computer sciences. The field is a study and design of several intelligent agents. Intelligent agents are systems that carefully analyze and monitor and then consequently take note of what goes on in the environment and then take actions in order to get the most out of chances of success. We can define artificial intelligence as the ability of any hardware or software to be able to do things that human beings identify or characterize as intelligent. These activities include:
Searching: to be able to find relevant information after being given very few directives. The relevant information has to be found from a large database of available information.
Surmounting constraints: the ability to find techniques to fit things in to limited spaces and be able to build upon complex scenarios and objects.
Recognizing patterns: finding items which have similar characteristics or identifying entities that do not match at all,
Making logical inferences: ability to draw conclusions based upon what is understood and reasoning methods such as deduction and induction.
Body:
The word artificial intelligence comes from technology which branches out from the Greek word techno. Techno means art and skill. When we call any technology sophisticated it means it is a combined structure of skills and processes. The skills and processes in this case are refined and learned. In artificial intelligence these processes have made themselves apparent in a number of ways including neural networks, expert systems, automatic speech recognition etc. (Hawkins and Blakeslee)
History for artificial intelligence began when McCulloch and Walter Pitts, in 1943, proposed a model of artificial neurons. Each neuron was characterised as either being on or off. A neuron was turned on when significant numbers of neighbouring neurons were stimulated. Evidence of the presence of Artificial intelligence can be seen to date as far back to ancient Egypt, but of course the technology only became available with the development of the electronic computer in 1941. Computers were the necessary technology and were needed if artificial intelligence was to be made available. But it was only in the 1950's that a link could be established between the computers and the intelligence of humans.
Norbert Wiener was one of the first persons who made the observation between human intelligence and how computers could be used to imitate some form of their intelligence. He made his observations on the principles of the feedback theory. He used the thermostat as an example. A thermostat is a device that controls the temperature of the environment by collecting the actual temperatures of the environment and then comparing it to the desired temperature after which it responds by either turning the heat up or turning it down. What was so important about Norbert's research was that he put intelligent behaviour on...
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Bibliography Daniel Dennett (1998) Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds. MIT Press, 1998. Arthur R. Jensen (1998) Does IQ matter? Commentary, pages 20-21, November 1998. John McCarthy (1959) Programs with Common Sense in Mechanisation of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the Symposium of the National Physics Laboratory, pages 77-84, London, U.K., 1959. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. John McCarthy (1989) Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense. In Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Kluver Ac John
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