The importance of the previous site to the locals is evidence in the fact that parts of that older building were "built into the terrace wall," ("Aegina, Temple of Aphaia (Building)"). The Temple of Portuna was built of different materials than the Greek temple, out of "tufa and travertine blocks which had been originally been coated with a fine layer of stucco," (Sullivan). What is significant from the context of construction is that the Temple of Portuna was built before marble was "widely accepted as a construction material in Rome," (the Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire). Stucco was used, and so was travertine, materials that remained in use but less so after marble became fashionable in Rome. The cultural context of these two buildings tells much about the role that architecture plays in the community and culture. In Rome, the Temple of Portunus was dedicated to the Roman god Portunus, who was the god of rivers and sea ports (Sullivan). There may have been previous gods serving similar functions, but this was the god that was ultimately chosen to be worshipped in this particular building. Likewise, on Aegina, the Temple of Aphaia was dedicated specifically to that goddess. Like Athena, Aphaia was a highly localized goddess but was simply not as renowned or famous as Athena. The cultural context shows that Greeks and Romans both built columned temples to the gods, and that priests or priestesses would hold the inner sanctum. Worshippers could come from the community to the temples, and would climb steps in the symbolic way of showing they are entering a sacred...
The temple is a sacred space, sectioned off by the community, segregated into different rooms. The separation of place and space into sacred and mundane dimensions was an element of society that is nearly universal and global. All people who have a religious inclination have tended to build temples that are dedicated to either a god or a force of life. In these two cases, the temples also happen to be more than just alters. They are testimony to the greatness of their respective civilizations, especially the Greek one with its historical pediments. The aesthetics or visuals of the temples, their remarkable symmetry, and their placement on the planes in which they stand make the Temple of Portuna in Rome and the Temple of Aphaia in Aegina, Greece special.
Elements like "exposed concrete beams, flat roofs, and large metal windows" are signature elements of both Villa Tegendhat and the Eames House (Neumann 88). What these structures do is to reduce the gap between commercial and personal, between home space and work space. After all, the Eames House was erected as a working studio by its own architectural team. It is a literal fusion of form and function; it
taxonomic status of Mystery Skull #1 is most likely Neanderthal. The reasons for assigning the skull to this taxon are readily stated. Mystery Skull #1 looks morphologically similar to a modern human in many ways. The orbital sockets and zygomatic protrusions are similarly spaced, and the dentition is remarkably similar to that of a modern human. However there is a noticeably more pronounced brow ridge on the skull which is
One of the major problems faced by Charlemagne in his efforts to extend the level of education was the fact that there were very few educated persons available to teach others. Years of neglect had left the educational field with few individuals possessing the background necessary to teach others. What little scholarship that still existed in Europe was concentrated in and around Rome and Charlemagne initiated an aggressive program to
.. Bolshevik ideology and political culture... rejected liberal parliamentary forms, a "free market of ideas," and capitalism. That state depended on the dedication, idealism, and sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of Bolshevik cadres and Red Army soldiers, who entered the fray with enormous confidence in history's outcome and a conviction that they had a moral right to use force and terror against their opponents in order to build a socialist
Raphael / Michelangelo / Donatello Raphael's School of Athens is considered a high point of humanism. We can understand this by considering some basic facts about the work: it is a fresco painting done on a wall in the Vatican, arguably the center of Christianity in the world, and yet it depicts a large number of figures, the vast majority of whom had never even heard the name "Jesus Christ." This
After this, there could have been very little perceived threat left; not only were the Carthaginian's surrendering rather peacefully, but they were even giving up their means of waging war effectively. The giving up of weapons in an age when manufacture and shipping -- the two methods by which any commodity, military or otherwise, can be obtained -- took an extended period of time meant that the Carthaginians were showing
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