¶ … origins of skyscrapers, their design, and some major architects.
ORIGINS OF SKYSCRAPERS
Skyscrapers flourished in Chicago for a variety of reasons. "The main technological advancement that made skyscrapers possible was the development of mass iron and steel production. New manufacturing processes made it possible to produce long beams of solid iron. Essentially, this gave architects a whole new set of building blocks to work with" (Harris). The development of elevators also played in the development of skyscrapers, because people could move more quickly and efficiently between floors, which is why skyscrapers are sometimes called "elevator buildings."
Chicago was located near large producers of steel, and it was an industrial and commercial hub for the whole Midwest. Land was at a premium, and so building designers had to find new ways to put more buildings on less land. One solution was for the building to go up, instead of out. When the Chicago fire destroyed much of the city, the old cast iron buildings literally melted. Architects needed to build with materials that would resist fire, like steel and brick.
In addition, the soil near Lake Michigan was very poor, and could not support a brick building over ten stories, so the building materials needed to be lighter. Skyscrapers helped solve all of these problems, and while they were being built in other areas, Chicago was the premier building area at the end of the 19 the and early 20th centuries.
There were several architects who led skyscraper development in Chicago, and they became known as the "Chicago School." They included Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, and Martin Roche, who all trained under William Jenney at one time or another. "George B. Post had come very close to perfecting the free-standing metal skeleton designed to carry all building...
From approximately 1930 until the 1980s, rectangular and functional spaces were the chief form of architecture around the world in general. The latter part of the 20th century -- the 1980s onward -- saw change once again, however (2008). For the most part, 20th century architecture, however, "focused on machine aesthetics or functionality and failed to incorporate any ornamental accents in the structure" (2008). The designs were, for the
An important influence on Renaissance architecture was the Dome of the Rock, famous for its spatial harmony, balance and overall perfection. . . . The Dome of the Rock is basically a Byzantine building [with] classical columns, topped by arches in alternating black and white marble, the dome, and the gold and semi-precious mosaics that decorate the walls all speak of Byzantine heritage" (p. 119). Some scholars, though, have argued
3. Curriculum or Method of the Study The research methodology that was applied in this study was essentially an inclusive, extensive and comparative overview of the literature on the subject. Various sources were consulted, which included books and scholarly articles on the column in architectural history. Also included in the literature survey was information and data from online databases and verified websites. The information gleaned about columns and their historical context was
Com). Sedate it is definitely not. We read, "Even from this distance the tower's abundant ornamentation is clear. Its Northern Italian Gothic style adds exotic elements to the neighborhood's skyline." (iboston.org). Trinity Church cannot be overlooked when examining the history and architecture of Boston. It is said, "James O'Gorman described Trinity as 'a cultural event of the first importance in American history'" (O'Gorman qtd. In iboston.org). Trinity church is significant
Figure 2: Dell Inc. Marketing and Manufacturing Process Integration Based on analysis of Sources: (Kapuscinski, Zhang, Carbonneau, Moore, Reeves, 2004) (Gunasekaran, Ngai, 2009) (Bilek, 2010) Discussion of Current Business Issues Today Dell suffers from not having enough insight into the most critical customer relationships necessary to grow its emerging virtualization and Cloud computing businesses, as the company's approach to managing by technology instead of customers created a very myopic mindset. The transition from being
Green Architecture in Japan: a Reflection of Societal Values Defining Green Architecture Man has been building structures since shortly after they began to emerge from caves and to explore areas outside his immediate vicinity. Many animals build structures, such as birds and beaver. Many of these structures are functional and serve only to offer protection from predators and the elements, and so it was with the first structures built by man. They
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