¶ … Anxiety Disorders
Diagnosis of anxiety disorders
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Ethical issues in Psychopharamacology
In this paper, we present an elaborate analysis of anxiety disorders involving symptoms, diagnosis as well as the differential diagnosis. The aim of this paper is however to discuss the Psychopharamacological of anxiety disorder with specific discussion of the medication for every case. The ethical considerations on Psychopharamacological are also presented.
Anxiety disorders are noted by Oakley-Browne (1991) as some of the most common as well as disabling disorders which affects both adult and adolescents alike. An Epidemiological Catchment Area (RCA) study indicated that about a quarter of individuals will experience disability severe symptoms as well as handicap as a result of anxiety disorders at a certain instance of their lives. The anxiety disorders are generally associated with a significant level of morbidity (Markowitz et al., 1989) as well as an increase level of mortality. This is due to the high rate of suicide cases among the sufferers. Cassano, Rossi and Pini (2002) noted that the direct as well as indirect costs of anxiety disorder to the economy and health services are considerable. Even though a large number of suffers are consumers of the general types and forms of health services, a limited number resort to seeking specific and specialized help.
Types of anxiety disorders
Cassano, Rossi and Pini (2002) indicated that a wide spectrum of disorders (anxiety disorders) exists and they include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), agoraphobia and panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobic disorder.
Diagnosis of anxiety disorders
The discovery of new and latest types of psychotropic medications means that the specific diagnosis of anxiety disorders within the available spectrum is paramount due to the fact that each of the types of anxiety disorders are responsive to specific forms of pharmacotherapy. While performing the diagnosis, it is essential to note that depression and anxiety are usually comorbid conditions.
The cause of anxiety disorder is still unknown. They are not a consequence of a weak personality, character flaw or any form of poor upbringing.
Diagnosis
Should anxiety disorder be suspected, the doctor would usually begin with a rigorous evaluation by asking the patient about their medical history as then conducting a physical examination. There are no special laboratory tests for diagnosing anxiety disorders. Doctors may however employ tests aimed at detecting any form of physical illness that may be the cause of the observed and reported symptoms. An absence of any form of physical illness may invoke a referral to a psychologist or a psychiatrist who is trained in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. The psychologist or psychiatrist would then employ a special interview as well as an assessment tool to be used for the evaluation of the patient for anxiety disorder.
Differential diagnosis
If manifestations of anxiety are reported without any obvious triggers or when they are out of proportion in relation to a specific situation, they can effectively be considered to be anxiety symptoms. Should the symptoms persist and be maladaptive as well as meet the set diagnostic criteria, then they can be regarded as a syndrome. If specific diagnostic criteria are met in regard to the consistency, duration as well as repetitiveness, then the symptoms can be described as an anxiety disorder.
Symptoms of anxiety are the most common psychiatric symptoms that are reported in AOD abusers. The anxiety symptoms that are induced by AOD or withdrawal from AOD are noted to resolve normally, within a couple of days or even weeks (SAMHSA,1993).
Certain medications have been noted to cause anxiety and they include cold medicines, antispasmodics, digitalis, thyroid supplements as well as other over the counter diet medications. Narcoleptic drugs and Methylphenidate (Ritalin) are indicated by SAMHSA (1993) to cause anxiety. Steroids are also noted to cause hyperactive as well as other forms of idiosyncratic reactions. Similar panic can also be caused by nicotine and caffeine.
The differential diagnosis for social phobia and agoraphobia include various forms of avoidance behaviors that are manifested as part of depression, paranoia and schizophrenia.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
The differential criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are major depression, dysthymic disorders, adjustment disorders with anxious mood, dementia, organic factors as well as adverse effects of other types of drugs (NPS,2009).
Acute stress disorder
The differential criteria for acute stress disorder is Post-traumatic stress disorder
Adjustment disorder with anxious mood
The differential criteria for Adjustment disorder with anxious mood is Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic attack
The differential criteria for panic attack are acute physical illness such as heart attack, asthma and stroke.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Diagnosis is a process that involves determination or identification o disease or illness. There are various factors which determine an individual's susceptibility to an illness. These can be categorized broadly as biological factors, socio-cultural factors, environmental factors, stressors, behavior, and personality. Since they lead to development of an illness they can consequently be used in the diagnosis of a particular illness. Biological factors There are various biological factors which can be used
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