¶ … International Trade and Environment
Introduction and review of literature
Sustainability has been a dominant developmental policy issue over the last twenty years. Many governments and policymaking institutions all over the globe have sought to reduce the effects of climate change by making sure we make the best use of the resources at our disposal. The issue of sustainability has three important aspects -- social, environmental and economic. All of these aspects affect trade directly and indirectly (Ossa, 2014). Trade can have positive or negative effects to the environment. Positive trade focuses on the optimal utilization of resources through integration of efficient technologies while negative trade is that which allows pollution and an inefficient use of environmental resources. Trade can also be utilized as a vector through which one government's environmental policy preferences impact trade and relations with and in other countries. For instance, several African countries such as Kenya have banned the importation of vehicles with emission levels beyond certain thresholds. Another example is the order to stop the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline that was to transport crude from Western Canada to the south of U.S. (Shapiro & Walker, 2015).
Late last year, the United Nations drafted a new agenda for sustainable development entitled "Transforming our World." One of the most important elements in the new agenda, are the commitments made by member states on trade. Apart from commitments, member states also agreed on regulatory cooperation and other issues that were closely related to the environmental goals that the agenda aimed to achieve (Casier, Fraser, Halle, and Wolfe, 2014). Regulatory cooperation is an essential part of the new agenda especially with regards to climate change. Apart from mandatory and voluntary standards instituted by governments and national institutions, several international organizations have also come up with standards (Caliendo & Parro, 2015). Almost all these standards also incorporate social concerns such as labor and environment. For instance, many international lending institutions attach social conditions or standards to their loans.
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" (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Annual Report No. 1-2217) Economical and Political Influences: Economical and political conditions in the international market place include: "civil unrest, product boycotts, governmental changes and restriction on the ability to transfer capital across borders." It is very possible that the current instability in economic and political conditions in the Middle East, North Korea, Iraq or elsewhere as well as continued terrorism could adversely impact the Company's
Significance of the Study This study is significant because it sheds light on a very important contributor to local and international trade. Trade fairs have a long history in providing a meeting place for buyers and sellers. They are an important channel of communication for B2B buyers and sellers. This is a significant area for study because there are limited channels of communication between B2B buyers and sellers. The previous sections
role of research problem in choosing an appropriate methodology. It also presents the research questions, methodology, and design that can be used by the researcher to analyze the research problem and proceed with his research study. The third section of the paper identifies two major qualities of team leaders that contribute to successful leadership and explains strategies that organization leaders can implement to develop these two qualities in their
International Diplomacy and Rise of Cyber Security Threats Cyber security is considered to be an ongoing issue for governments, the private sector and individuals all over the world. It is now unusual for more than a month to pass without news of a large and often significant cyber-attack (Kanuck). However, for some victims these attacks are an irritation while for others they are expensive and do result in negotiated secrets, taken
International Management When businesses go international, they have to face a number of issues and challenges from their external environment. The international business environment is much more complex and multifaceted than local environment. Business organizations have to deal with a number of environmental forces that directly or indirectly affect their business operations. These forces include political forces, economic forces, social, cultural, and demographical factors, technological forces, and competitive forces (Loudon, Stevens,
International Business Competitive strategy is the bedrock on which companies base business decisions to reach their targets and achieve profitability. Formulating and implementing strategies in international business is much more complicated and difficult task than doing so in home or familiar markets. Competitive strategy deals with the development of abilities by a firm to keep ahead of competitors in the fields in which it operates. Firms develop competitive edge in global
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