Structural Elements of a Functional Eukaryotic Chromosome The three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome are centromere, telomeres, and origins of replication. Centromere serves as the attachment point for the spindle fibers. A centromere is a region of DNA responsible for the movement of the replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells during meiosis and mitosis. Joining the sister chromatids is one of the major functions of the centromere. The two copies of the replicated chromosome are referred to as sister chromatids, and they stay joined together until they are physically pulled into the two future daughter cells, which ensures that each daughter cell will receive exactly one copy of each chromosome. The second major function of the centromere is to attach the microtubules in the mitotic spindle. The centromere will direct the formation of the kinetochore. The kinetochore is a special protein structure that attaches to the microtubules in the mitotic spindle (Hennig, 2013). Telomeres are the natural ends of the linear eukaryotic chromosomes and they stabilize the ends of the chromosome. Telomeres are the caps at the end of each DNA strands that protect the chromosome from being...
If the DNA strands are damaged they will not be able to perform their job. Origin of replication is the sequence of DNA where replication of a chromosome is initiated. For small DNA's a single origin is enough, but for larger DNAs, there is need to have many origins and replication would be initiated in all of them. If replication was limited to a single origin, it would take too long to replicate the DNA mass.References
Hamperl, S., & Cimprich, K. A. (2014). The contribution of co-transcriptional RNA: DNA hybrid structures to DNA damage and genome instability. DNA repair, 19, 84-94.
Hennig, W. (2013). Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Chromosomes. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
living things are characterized by the following seven characteristics namely mobility, respiration, excretion, sensitivity or response to external stimulus, growth, feeding, and reproduction. Though there may be variations between animal and plant kingdom (ex, plants take in carbon dioxide and prepare their own food), these characteristics are commonly observed among all living things. Biology is a very broad field that encompasses the study of characteristics of living things. It includes
123). In this study, Martinez-Contreras and her associates report the results of recent research that has provided additional evidence concerning the function of these proteins in precursor-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing (2007). The splicing repression can function in two discrete ways in heterogeneous nuclear RNP proteins; the first way is by antagonizing the recognition of splice sites directly and the second way is through interference with the binding of proteins that
These proteins include homologous members of yeast. The presences of these proteins suggest that E. histolytica is skilled to perform homologous recombination, which is the same as in other organisms. DNA damage was evaluated by TUNEL assay. In yeast and in human cells, histone H2AX becomes rapidly phosphorylated when DSBs are introduced into chromatin (Lavi et al.). Studies show that histone as a protein plays a significant role in the
Amidation of Peptides in Humans Modern biotechnology has experienced dramatic leaps in the body of knowledge concerning molecular processes in peptides and how they work. Many of these processes rely on amidation of peptides to achieve increasingly important medical and commercial applications. Peptides are created when two or more amino acids are covalently joined by peptide bonds, a process termed post-translational modification. One increasingly valuable application of post-translational modification is
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