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Compare and Contrast Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
The most commonly used statistical technique for testing the impact of the factor being discussed on observations is Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST). Consequently, NHST is the famous approach to inferential statistics, especially when conducting quantitative research. Despite being the dominant approach, NHST has also become increasingly controversial given the belief by a considerable number of people that it is a flawed statistical method. The controversy and consideration of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing as a flawed statistical approach has contributed to the development of alternatives whose proponents consider more beneficial or advantageous unlike NHST. However, an understanding of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing requires correct interpretation of p values.
Meaning of p = .05
P value is commonly used across statistical approaches including regression analysis and t-tests because it determines the statistical importance or significance in testing a hypothesis. According to Frost (2014), p values are usually used to determine the statistics to be published as well as projects that require funding. Regardless of its importance in determining the statistical significance in a hypothesis test, p value is usually a slippery concept that is incorrectly interpreted and understood. An example of incorrect interpretation of p values is the meaning of p = .05, which has been characterized by some misconceptions and wrong interpretations. Some of the common misconceptions of p= .05 include belief that the null hypothesis has a 5% chance to be true, there is a 5% chance of a Type I error, there are no variations between groups, and there is a 95% chance of similar results if the study is repeated. These misconceptions are wrong because p values are not the likelihood of making mistakes through rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Therefore, p = .05 means that the sample data is unlikely with a true null hypothesis because the p value is low. In essence, a higher p value implies that the data is likely with a true null hypothesis and vice versa. All research should comply with the p = .05 standard for significance because it evaluates the compatibility of the sample data with the null hypothesis. In essence, the standard postulates that the sample offer sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis can be rejected for the whole population. The other reason for all research to adhere to p = .05 standard is because researchers use the value to determine whether or not to reject the truth of the null hypothesis (Carver, 1978).
Effect Size and Statistical Significance
Effect size can be described as the measure of the magnitude or extent of variations between groups, which are standardized through controlling for differences within groups. In contrast, statistical significance basically means statistical rareness, which implies that results are regarded as important from a statistical perspective since they occur rarely in random sampling based on null hypothesis conditions (Carver, 1978). The similarity between the concepts of effect size and statistical significance is that they both rely on the p = .05 standard to determine important aspects of the study from a statistical perspective. However, these concepts differ in the sense that effect size depends on variations between groups while statistical significance seemingly depends on sample size. Moreover, statistical significance implies variations between research groups at the level of 0.05 unlike effect sizes.
Statistically Significant Result v. Clinically Significant Result
A statistically significant result differs considerably from a clinically or real…
