¶ … inclusion" is not part of the law; instead, it states that each student must be educated in the least restrictive educational environment (LRE). Analyze all sides of "inclusion," (1. full inclusion; 2. inclusion in special classes like physical education, art, or lunch; and 3. inclusion in all classes except for reading or math).
Inclusion
The term 'inclusion' means complete acceptance of every student which leads towards sense of acceptance and belonging in the classroom. Over the years, there has not been any fixed definition of inclusion, but different groups and organizations have provided their own definitions. The most basic definition of 'inclusion' states that every student with special needs are supported in 'chronologically age appropriate general education classes' in schools and get the instructions specialized for them by the Individual Education Programs (IEPs) within the general activities of the class and the main curriculum. The idea of 'inclusion' is to ensure the presence of disabled students at school along with the neighbours and friends of their community while at the same time receiving specially designed support and instructions that they require in order to get high standards and gain success in learning (FDDC, 2012).
Full Inclusion
Inclusion has different aspects which takes into consideration the severity of disability. Full Inclusion is one aspect in which every student, without taking into consideration their disability or the severity of it, would be in the regular programs of schools (Power, 2010). This term has faced a lot of issues when it comes to learning and education of the students with special needs. These children have slow judgmental capacities which need proper attention and many professionals have stated that these students would learn best in the inclusive programs in school. On the other hand, the professionals in favour of full inclusion state that every child should go through full time programs at schools and that the disabled children should also be placed in general classrooms going through general curriculum. Different researches show that several approaches were used to plan the inclusive programs. An analysis of such information was provided that showed how these programs were planned and carried out (McLeskey & Waldron, 2011).
Inclusion in Physical Education
A lot of researchers have discussed different advantages of physical education that 'inclusion' can bring in such programs. The students with disabilities are required to polish their life skills so that they can make use of them in the longer run. Physical education includes preparing for living as adults so that the children are given the opportunity to become a contributing and beneficial member. A different and separate setting might not give the individual the opportunity to function their skills in the work environments as they do not have enough opportunities to develop their skills, values and attitudes that are important to go through life as an independent member. Schools on the other hand provide the students to practice skills that they learn every day and then apply them to different settings where needed. This develops a sense of belonging in them as well as boosts their self-confidence and self-esteem. The students with special needs in a physical education surrounding gain a lot of opportunities to grow academically as well as socially because they are among their peers and get a chance to interact with them. This gives them different experiences from which they learn several things (Power, 2010).
Inclusion in all classes
The ability to think, speak, listen, write, perform and read in a variety of ways and purposes starts developing at the early stage of a child and also becomes important for the student in order to pursue different fields as he or she further grows up and studies. The Technical Subjects, History, Social Studies and Science, which are under the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) are linked with College and Career Readiness Standards (CCRS) which provides guidance to the students to help meet the challenges of literacy in every subject. This particular effort is also known as disciplinary literacy (Evers, 2011). Every subject is important and the development of every child in all the subjects is also of importance. The Common Core State Standards for Technical Subjects, History, Social Studies and Science provides standards for six to twelve writing and reading cross discipline, while the state of Wisconsin emphasizes on the need to include every discipline in all the grade levels i.e. Kindergarten to Grade Twelve. The focus of literacy should begin right after the children gain access to education...
Inclusion Special education as a concept is historically shrouded in controversy. (Seligmann, 2001, p. 1) Additionally the demand for special education funding and implementation has only increased as the number of students recognized as needing special services has continued to grow exponentially within the past forty years. (Macht, 1998, p. 1) The cultural awareness of the challenges and concerns of developmentally delayed students has also increased exponentially since the time when
Early Childhood Special Education Curriculum, Instruction and Methods Projects This beginning chapter delineates education to the young children with special needs. In particular, early childhood special education mirrors impact and acclaimed practices resultant from the special education and early childhood fields. In the present, emphasis that is laid on early childhood does not encompass whether these young children can be provided with special needs service in typical settings but focus is
This qualitative research uses a Delphi study to explore the perceptions of special education teachers regarding retention. This Delphi study includes twenty-five to thirty special education teachers of K-12 in two California districts of less than 40,000 students. The information gathered provides leaders in the field with successful practices in retaining special education teachers. Purpose of the study The primary purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of special education
"By the 1980s, the field had moved to a functional skills model. As the evidence for this approach mounted, the field refocused on age appropriate skills and knowledge performed in authentic settings and the functional life skills curriculum became best practice. The functional, age-appropriate curricular focus resulted in these students demonstrating skills and knowledge not thought possible earlier" (Quenemoen, 2008). In the 1990s, added significant new practices were acknowledged as
Thus, efforts aimed at helping teachers to avoid harmful stereotyping of students often begin with activities designed to raise teachers' awareness of their unconscious biases." (1989) Cotton goes on the relate that there are specific ways in which differential expectations are communicated to students according to the work of: "Brookover, et al. (1982); Brophy (1983); Brophy and Evertson (1976); Brophy and Good (1970); Cooper and Good (1983); Cooper and
.." (2004, p.3) the hands-on experience is also related as being important in the science class in the work entitled: "The National Curriculum" which states that science through inquiry: "...stimulates and excites pupils' curiosity about phenomena and events in the world around them" (the National Curriculum, 2006) and that science also "satisfies this curiosity with knowledge." (the National Curriculum, 2006) Scientific inquiry teaches students investigate skills in the areas of:
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