Agricultural Innovations
The Middle ages were quite fruitful in inventing a number of discoveries that include the invention of the wheels, the invention of the plow, the harnessing the power of animals to pull wagons and plows and make their use for transportation, using the power of wind for sailboats, and the invention of writing and calendar (Ashcroft et al., 1989). These innovations collectively transformed the conditions of life for societies in the middle ages. These innovations had great effect in increasing the wealth of the population and developing complex social organizations. Although all of the innovations mentioned above were important, the plow was considered as the greatest potential for transforming social and cultural change (Duerr et al., 1985). It made the use of the permanent cultivation possible in a greater variety of soils, and thereby led to the widespread replacement of horticulture by agriculture. It also facilitated the harnessing of animal energy that showed the way to increased the productivity. The use of plow agriculture spread by diffusion throughout the world.
Simple Agrarian Societies included several innovations, and the plow had the greatest potential for social and cultural change (Eckholm, 2000). The other innovations included the mechanics of controlling weeds and maintaining the fertility of the soil, facilitating the harnessing of animal energy, and leading to a large economic surplus and new and more complex forms of social organization. These innovations created market expansion, and offered the growth opportunities for merchants, or middlemen, who generated new needs and desires that stimulated economic activity and led to change of the cultural values (Kristeva, 1980). A major catalyst for innovation and change is the contact of one culture with another. In world history this contact has often been accompanied by extreme violence. But the desire to combat this violence has made certain military and technological adaptations and innovations a matter of survival.
Money was absent in the first simple agrarian societies. But there existed standardized media of exchange, such as barley. These exchanges were critical making each of the household sufficient...
Agriculture Technologies in the Middle Ages The Middle Ages is a period characterized by the diffusion of many new agricultural technologies which, in turn, increased agricultural productivity, protected rich croplands from inclement weather, established a uniformity in farming throughout the various regions, and improved nutrition overall. Agricultural Tools The plow is considered to be one of the most important (and oldest) technologies developed. In fact, the history of the plow stretches back to
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