Resistance and ComplicityIt is impossible to understand or write about Africa's history without considering its relationship with continents like Europe and America. It is imperative that a discussion of the subject concentrate on Africans' pivotal shaping of world history (Lindsay, 2007). Europeans (i.e., Englishmen, Dutchmen, the Portuguese, and the French) contributed only superficially to shaping Africa's history during the Atlantic era's first two centuries, engaging in merchandizing and goods transportation between sea coasts. Only after 1640 did the Europeans, in what is known as the 2nd Atlantic Era (1640-1800s), begin demanding slaves and raw materials, commencing their cruel influence on the economic freedom of the continent. They effectively influenced or overpowered particular communities on the continent through several layers of partnerships strategically created with natives, rather than through military strength. African currency's gradual devaluation attained by introducing European currency in the form of copper coins, Gatling guns and repeating rifles paved the path for Europeans' subsequent domination over Africa (Ehret, 2002).
Europeans' transatlantic slave business was the very first time in human history that people were actually utilized as ships' 'cargo'; it bore the comparison of various worldwide commercial networks. Unlike other goods that guide cross-cultural communication and trade, slaves were actual humans, implying they were vulnerable to distress and agony, and could put up resistance (Lindsay, 2007).
Nature of African Involvement
Researchers have addressed three key themes in their works on the topic, namely (Lindsay, 2007):
1. The slave trade's African context,
2. Its history, and
3. The resultant change in the meaning of racism and race.
African nations didn't exactly separate politics from religion, and kings' conversion had mixed motives: sincerity and efficiency were compatible, in both age-old African religions and the Iberian Catholic Church. In the area of sex and business, African kings contributed significantly to forming and strengthening relationships with European colonialists, and were usually led to believe they were enjoying the better part of the bargain. Northrup has concentrated on particular areas like textiles, metals, guns, politics, inland trade, spirits and tobacco in Sierra Leone; slavery only served to form new African identities. (Northrup, 2002). Meanwhile, Ehret, who looks at African civilizations...
3). The first division consists of men; married women make up the second division; the third division is "young men" and "maidens" are seen in the fourth (Equiano, p. 4). To Europeans who thought all African native cultures were simplistic and barbaric, the dances that Equiano describes certainly must have stirred creative interest because the dances reflected "some interesting scene of real life" such as "some rural sport" and
Discussion The focus of this work has been to answer the questions of: (1) How was the slave trade practiced in Europe and Africa before 1550, in comparison to the slave trade in and between the two regions after 1550?' And (2) 'What were the main differences between the two periods in terms of their origins, motivations and effects on African society?' These two time periods, before 1550 and after 1550 have
Port Negros # of ships Average/ship Africa (Calabar) 5 Congo 1 Gambia and Gold Coast 3 Gambia and Grain Coast 2 Angola 14 Gambia 7 Coast of Guinea 1 Windward and Gold Coast 4 Sierra Leone 1 Windward Coast 1 Senegal 2 Windward and Rice Coast 1 Windward and Grain Coast 1 Gambia and Windward Coast 1 Gold Coast 2 Grain and Gold Coast 1 Totals 10506 47 Mean average per port Weighted mean average per ship Based upon the article "Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade," by David Richardson and Stephen Behrendt's article "Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade" one
Question 2) Find the total number of shipments to VA from Bonny including mean average numbers. Bonny is a port located in the most eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea. It was considered to be a favorable place for transacting slave purchases. It attractiveness included: The ability to purchase yams for feeding the slaves on the middle passage, The predictability of slave availability based on the agricultural calendar The organized slave trade with
Slave trade of Indians and blacks began with Columbus but the overall slave trade was much worse and lasted later in history in Brazil Summary of slave trade in Brazil Quick Facts about Slave Trade in Brazil Firm connections with slavery in highlands People involved included Portugese, Luso Brazilians and the slaves themselves Like Columbus, killing and enslavement of indigenous peoples was common Some slaves escaped and hid in mocambos and quilombos Renegade Indians and escaped slaves
Atlantic Slave Trade From 1650 Onward Although slavery had existed throughout human history, the Atlantic slave trade possessed certain unique qualities which gave rise to an equally unique and economically profitable form of slavery from the 17th century onward. The Atlantic slave trade was also called the Triangle Trade: "Ships carried European manufactures to Africa and exchanged them for slaves, who were then taken to the Americas, where they were
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now