Racial prejudice, which frequently leads to unfair acts do not just imprison the race receiving the prejudice. As Chisholm notes at the start of this section, racial prejudice imprisons all Americans. The following three synopsis reflect a sampling of information from literature that will be reviewed in the proposed study.
2.2: Considered Contentions
From the Minds of Adolescents
The article, "Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African-American Youths" (Brunson & Miller, 2006) utilizes a survey along with interviews, to examine ways gender influenced youths' experiences with their neighborhood police,
Minority youth participating in this study in present their perspectives regarding issues and relate personal disturbing information on numerous police practices, noted in low-income neighborhoods. From this study conducted in St. Louis, Missouri, beginning in the spring of 1999 and concluding in the spring of 2000., this research notes a number of strategies police use in this area produced a variety of harms to African-Americans in poor communities, consequently contributing to current concern that more attention needs to be invested in regard law enforcement and criminal justice practices. Complaints included African-Americans facing unnecessary stops, unfair treatment, unusual force, occasional deviance and lower amounts of protection. In some police precincts in urban areas, residents in the area contend police actions in these areas prove more negative than actions taken in higher income suburbs; that young, black males are the main focus of many negative assumptions and actions. (Brunson & Miller, 2006) Areas with widespread poverty, noted by this study, frequently appeared to be prime targets for police to search for drug transactions and other negative activities. Brunson & Miller (2006) interview 35 young females and 40 young males, with ages ranging from12 to 19.
From the researchers' interviews, findings indicate 16 of the females and 33 males experienced police harassment. Most adolescent participants reported they knew of someone reportedly victimized by the police. Most individuals reported being personally harassed in the past. Thirty-three young men compared to 16 young women stated they personally experienced unfair activity relating to police. The young men reported that most of the time, they were harassed even if they did not engage in delinquent activities. More female participants were reportedly harassed when they engaged in delinquent activities. This study finds that young men experienced more violence from police, along with youths stressing they are troubled by how often these incidents occurred near their residences. This researcher notes, albeit, several limitations in the effort and questions: How do one know if these young people told the truth regarding personal experiences with unnecessary harassment from various police officers? As individuals experiencing police scrutiny may be mixed with the wrong crowd, especially in rough neighborhoods, were police merely doing what they are supposed to do? Did participants misread police actions? Despite these considerations, this researcher contends this study to contribute credible points worth considering further in the proposed study.
Evaluations of Police Performance
Evaluations of Police Performance in an African-American Sample.American Sample" reports that members of any minority group generally hold less favorable attitudes towards police than do white individuals.
In the study by Priest and Carter (1999), the researcher utilize an analysis which depicts how variables such as age, education, victimization, respondents' opinions of neighborhoods and safety and link to police performance. The researchers purport that the time it takes for police to arrive at a crime scene or attempt to meet the need for assistance persuades African-Americans perceptions about the police. Only half the respondents in this survey, with the average age 42 years old, had completed high school. Approximately 12% reported they or a member of their family had been victimized by a crime. Over two-thirds of participants stated they feared for their safety in the neighborhoods.
Race Considerations
From their review of at least five studies, Priest and Carter (1999) find that minorities hold a more negative attitude towards police authority than do Caucasians. To show the impact of police service and performance in a large city, the researchers constructed their evaluations over a one-month period. Favorable attitudes towards the police surfaced in different areas of town; however, in other areas kindness did not define community response to police. During June and July of 1996, individuals retrieved data for this particular study through a telephone survey, consisting of 373 mostly completed interviews of the Black community in Charlotte, North Carolina. Survey queries focused on various areas of the African-American community and included issues dealing with economics, politics, and society.
Survey participants were at least 18 years old and resided in twenty-two voter precincts throughout the are, which consisted of just over 60%...
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Brent Staples and Jamaica Kinkaid have written seminal short stories, contained in anthologies of American and African-American literature. Although Kinkaid's "Girl" and Staples's "Just Walk on By" were published about twenty years apart, they share in common themes related to racism and the experience of being black in the United States. Kinkaid and Staples both address the intersection of gender and race, with Kinkaid focusing on the role expectations
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PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING African-American STUDENTS PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING African-American STUDENTS "They never want to hear what I have to say…it doesn't matter who started a fight, or what a teacher said to you that made you mad. You might have something heavy going on at home but no one asks. They're not interested. They just want you out of the school." 17-year-old 11th grade African-American female student, NYC (Sullivan, 2007, p. iii). In New York City, one of
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