" I doubt that you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen its angry dogs sinking their teeth into six unarmed, non-violent Negroes, I doubt that you would so quickly commend the policemen if you were to observe their ugly and inhuman treatment of Negroes her in the City Jail; if you were to watch them push and curse old Negro women and young Negro girls; if you were to see them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys; if you were to observe as they did on two occasions, refuse to give us food because we wanted to sing our grace together. I cannot join you in your praise of the Birmingham Police Department." (140) the message her is clear and runs parallel to Katrznelson's as he makes every attempt to express the fact that situations like this were not only common they were indicative and parallel to the ideology that kept the laws "equal" and reality far from it. If the official face, i.e. The public representation of the staunch and fair policemen was to be accepted as the rule rather than the exception then it was perfectly acceptable for them to act outside that accord when they were behind closed doors. In other words if the constitution begins to challenge legal segregation then lawmakers can find cause to support real discrimination through exclusionary service provision. Katrznelson points out the shift in constitutional law, just as Lowi, Ginsberg & Shepsle overemphasize it in their post WWII discussion where challenges to old guard standards begin to shift affirmative action from white needs to more egalitarian standards...
Katrznelson does not necessarily offer a debate or discussion regarding affirmative action challenges, such as those which have occurred over the last 20 years to reverse the affirmative action laws that allow race to be considered as an aspect of what people think of as affirmative action today, such as college admissions and the like. This discussion would probably be well served and might add to an overall cyclical work. The point might be made that despite legal progress, and with a lack of knowledge associated with the social and legal history that he expresses in his work people today are trying to reverse strides made in the past.
..aims to compensate people for past discrimination and its effects. A main effect of past discrimination is current competitive disadvantage; affirmative action gives victims a competitive advantage to compensate for this injury." (1998) the Discrimination-blocking affirmative action according to Anderson: "...aims to block current discriminatory mechanisms by imposing a countervailing force in the opposite direction. It doesn't remove the factors -- prejudice, stereotypes, stigma, intergroup anxiety -- that cause discrimination;
Affirmative Action Lit Review Affirmative Action Review of Literature Has Affirmative Action outlived its use in today's society? And if so should the program change or simply come to an end? The issue of Affirmative Action (AA) is one that is currently being hotly debated by both policy makers and the public. Like racism itself there are many opinions all of which are run the gamut between logical and illogical and constructive and
This is a particular problem at the nation's colleges and universities. This has become so much of an issue that law suits and verdicts have been handed down in some states. One of the most famous cases to date involved the University of Michigan's undergraduate and law school policies. These cases are Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger. In 1997, Jennifer Gratz, a white woman, sued the University of
367) According to Sander, none of these questions have been asked effectively and therefore we as a nation continue to believe that affirmative action is a necessary social development for the creation of a more representative society, where disenfranchisement must be answered by active plans, policies and laws. Few of us would enthusiastically support preferential admission policies if we did not believe they played a powerful, irreplaceable role in giving nonwhites
In addition to changes in admission policies at universities, new workshops in education are beginning to address this issue head on, with teaching participants being taught that American history and education are both "written from the perspective of whites and that laws and policies benefit whites while putting minorities at an immediate disadvantage." (Fernandez, 1) This has helped to redirect the perspective on Affirmative Action within the profession, where
Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity The policies of affirmative action aiming at assisting the black Americans are of recent origin. The policies have sought its origin to varied sources like legal structure, executive instructions, and court rulings. It was during the last three decades that these policies were being developed and they have become debatable as well. (Legal History) During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, a large number of African-Americans
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