(Rushefsky, 2002) Further various universities in the United States have adopted the requirements of the Supreme Court to provide reservation to racially discriminated students. This is also a step towards diversity in educational institutions. (Hamilton, 2001) the method followed by University of California is a good reference for providing preference to minority groups. The University recruits minority faculty and scholarships are arranged for high achieving deprived students from minority groups. However this requirement-based program has been criticized by the opponents of affirmative action that it involves cost to the University and thus restricts the number of eligible candidates. (Rushefsky, 2002)
Further the institution of affirmative action in the United States has been adopted by various private companies to bring about a transformation in the society. Multinational companies take up policies that favor diversity in employment. Policies include placement, scholarship and employment that clearly state the objectives similar to affirmative action. Affirmative action has brought about results in decreasing deprivation but not total abolition of deprivation in terms of employment, salary and promotion. It has been observed that various companies have changed their policies to adopt affirmative action by employing racially discriminated people and by paying them good salary. The disparity in wages that existed during early 1960's that amounted to a difference of 40% increase in the white worker's salary has now given way to equality or near equality. (Hamilton, 2001)
To conclude, it can be said that the once deprived and discriminated population of the United States can become equal with others only if policies like affirmative action prevail. (Hamilton, 2001) and affirmative...
Affirmative Action is an extremely important concept since it is vital to the operation of America as a democracy. It reinforces the affirmation of the Constitution that all people are born equal and should, therefore, be given an equal chance to prove themselves. Employment opportunity (and other factors) should be based on merit rather than on extraneous factors such as skin color, race, gender, physiology, and so forth. The Federal Register
Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity The policies of affirmative action aiming at assisting the black Americans are of recent origin. The policies have sought its origin to varied sources like legal structure, executive instructions, and court rulings. It was during the last three decades that these policies were being developed and they have become debatable as well. (Legal History) During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, a large number of African-Americans
In addition to changes in admission policies at universities, new workshops in education are beginning to address this issue head on, with teaching participants being taught that American history and education are both "written from the perspective of whites and that laws and policies benefit whites while putting minorities at an immediate disadvantage." (Fernandez, 1) This has helped to redirect the perspective on Affirmative Action within the profession, where
367) According to Sander, none of these questions have been asked effectively and therefore we as a nation continue to believe that affirmative action is a necessary social development for the creation of a more representative society, where disenfranchisement must be answered by active plans, policies and laws. Few of us would enthusiastically support preferential admission policies if we did not believe they played a powerful, irreplaceable role in giving nonwhites
This is a particular problem at the nation's colleges and universities. This has become so much of an issue that law suits and verdicts have been handed down in some states. One of the most famous cases to date involved the University of Michigan's undergraduate and law school policies. These cases are Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger. In 1997, Jennifer Gratz, a white woman, sued the University of
..aims to compensate people for past discrimination and its effects. A main effect of past discrimination is current competitive disadvantage; affirmative action gives victims a competitive advantage to compensate for this injury." (1998) the Discrimination-blocking affirmative action according to Anderson: "...aims to block current discriminatory mechanisms by imposing a countervailing force in the opposite direction. It doesn't remove the factors -- prejudice, stereotypes, stigma, intergroup anxiety -- that cause discrimination;
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