Children who display the characteristics of RAD have broad problems with social development, rather than a problem with a specific caregiver. Another important distinction is that children with attachment insecurity have had opportunities to form discriminating relationships; children with RAD often have not. The authors call for future research to explore RAD in pre-school and school-age children, with attention to the nature of the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the disorder.
Nelson, C. S, Bos, K., Gunnar, M.R., Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2011). V. The neurobiological toll of early human deprivation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child
Development 76(4), pp. 127-146.
Children raised in institutions often exhibit a variety of emotional and behavioral issues, including problems with attention, executive functioning and attachment. In some cases, their behavior can mimic autism. The extent and the severity of adoptees' disorders are affected, at least in part, by the age(s) at which the child was institutionalized. The authors reviewed the literature with respect to psychological and neurobiological affects of early institutional experiences. The authors believe that genetic make-up and pre-natal care are also important factors affecting the extent of an adopted child's difficulties.
Pignotti, M. (2011). Reactive attachment disorder and international adoption: A systematic synthesis. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 8(1), pp. 30-49.
Children adopted internationally are more likely to have spent time in an institution, such as an orphanage. The literature provides ample evidence supporting increased incidence of emotional and behavior disorders in children who were institutionalized in infancy and toddlerhood. These children often experienced multiple caregivers and because of this are at greater risk for reactive attachment disorder (RAD), putting them at risk for other emotional and behavioral problems. Pignotti found...
Nursing Informatics / Annotated Bibliography & Brief Critique Harris, R., Bennett, J., and Ross. F. (2013). Leadership and innovation in nursing seen through a historical lens. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(7. 1629-1638. Aim of the Article and Main Findings There was a time when technology was a distant vision in the minds of healthcare professionals, but the values that emerged from nurses nearly a hundred years ago are values that should be alive
Good researchers tend to pull methods out of a tool kit as they are needed" (2006, p. 54). Notwithstanding these criticisms and constraints, though, most social researchers seem to agree that classification by some type of research paradigm is a useful approach based on the need to determine which approach is best suited for a given research enterprise. In this regard, Corby concludes that, "The contested nature of research
Taken in isolation, some of the new, minimally-invasive procedures are less expensive by far, when analyzed on a procedure-by-procedure basis, than previous significant surgical interventions, as demonstrated below: Procedure Cost Estimated duration of 'cure' CABG 5-7 years PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention 3-5 years Based on the above analysis, it would appear to be clear that a PCI is more cost-effective than CABG procedures. This may not be true when all costs are considered, however. The logic of
Vertical Farming-Opportunities and Challenges for Singapore There has been much talk surrounding the environmental issues of food production, with many now suggesting the city is the ideal place for growing food to cater for rapidly expanding urban populations. In Singapore, small-scale examples of this are emerging, such as Changi General Hospital and the Tanjong Pagar apartment complex. This dissertation will examine the Vertical Farming movement, and look at the opportunities and
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