Other factors are however incorporated so as to make use understand the user adoption of the ENUM technology. The users possessing high adoption application of ENUM are to be assumed to be the 'early adopters' and are to be associated with the factors employed in Roger's (1995) theory in characterizing the early adopters. The user adoption of ENUM is effectively hypothesized to be affected/influenced by; (1) the characteristics of the innovation such as the perceived relative advantage, trialability, compatibility, complexity and observability. (2) the communication channels (influence of peers and industry ) (3) the social system (existence of restrictive policy) (4) individual characteristics (how techno savvy the users are ) as well as the general attitude of the users (individuals and telecommunication industry) towards the convenience, cost effectiveness and other advantages of ENUM.
Literature review
Innovation is an improved way of doing something. The work of Mohr (1982) stated that every organization must possess as well as be willing to appropriately commit the various resources that are needed to effectively implement a given new technology for these organizations to be successful. Lewin (1951) on the other hand, came up with a three-step sequential model that effectively described how various processes are changed. He pointed out that the present behavior that is 'unfrozen' gets 'changed' in order to reinforce the improved (new) behavior. He suggested that there are various forces that exist in the changing as well as maintaining the nature of the status quo (Stoner, James and Edward, 1989).These are; new technology, improved raw materials, competition from other entities, pressures from supervisors. On the hand, the forces that hinder change are; norms of a certain group's performance fear of change as well as the external threats. The work of Berth (1991) indicated that various organizational members are supposed to identify with a given champion who is mandated with spearheading the change to necessitate the 'unfreezing' process. The work of Cooper and Zmud (1990) defined the implementation of IT ideas as an organizational effort that is directed towards the diffusion of the necessary information technology within a given user community. They came up with a six-staged model for implementing IT-based projects on the basis of the work of Lewin (1951).The is;
1. Initiation: Which involves the active or active scanning of the problems as well as opportunities
2. Adoption: Which involves the negotiation for the backing of the implementation of the IT applications
3. Adaptation: The process of revising the IT applications as well as the organizational procedures
4. Acceptance: The stage where the organizational members are induced to appropriately commit to the given It application.
5. Routinization: Denotes the encouragement for the utilization of the IT application as a normal thing/activity.
6. Infusion: The increasing of the effectiveness that is gained by using the given technology.
There are also five main contextual factors that have an impact on the stages of the adoption process. These are; the user community, the organization, adopted technology and the organizational environment.
The methodology
This study makes use of documents that describes the ENUM trials in the UK, Australia and the U.S. with the need of identifying the key issues that would affect the adoption as well as the diffusion of the technology. The study is longitudinal so as to reveal any contextual factors.
The development of the model
A customized model is employed in order to identify as well as measure the various factors that have an influence on the ENUM innovation. The model used is the one developed by Liu Sheng (1999) as a modification of an earlier model by Cooper and Zmud (1990).
Key Issues that in the adoption of the ENUM system
A review of ENUM trials in USA, UK and Australia indicates a pattern of issues to be addressed. Security issues have been prevalent in ENUM related discussions. Contact information used by ENUM is stored in a public database with unrestricted access. This means ENUM security has been given much priority. Other features of the ENUM database may as well be specific procedures for contacting an individual, such as the gadgets to be utilized by a particular caller as per the time of day.
ENUM may also become a tool for business people, spammers, and other malicious people whose aim is to cause disturbance to others. This was stated by the Electronic Privacy and Information Center (EPIC). ENUM database, having unrestricted access by the public may be used by sales executives, spammers, and cyber criminals to acquire private contact information.
The absence of legal restrictions...
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