[Stephen V Farrone]
Research has also focused on brain studies of ADHD subjects with the hope of a better understanding of the neurobehavioral disorders. Functional MRI images have revealed new information on the differences in the brain activation patterns among ADHD subjects and healthy people without the condition. The focus, which had thus far been restricted to the frontal lobe, has now been extended and researchers are actively studying other regions of the brain. One recent study showed that ADHD subjects not only exhibited underactivation in the prefrontal cortex but also in the parietal and the temporal cortex regions. Another study reported a distinct absence of activation of the anterior cingulate cortex region among ADHD subjects.
A recent Stanford university study has also concluded that ADHD patients showed lesser activation in the posterior parietal attention system when compared with control subjects. Using an odd ball task the researchers tested 12 healthy boys and 14 boys with ADHD. The test involved pressing two different buttons in response to two different images (circle and a triangle) showed on the screen. The results showed that control subjects fared much better than the ADHD subjects. Though there was no great difference in reaction time, functional MRI images showed that ADHD subjects exhibited very low activation of the bilateral association cortex, the right precuneus region and the thalamus regions of the brain when compared to the normal subjects. The researchers concluded that "[I]t is important to reconsider the notion of ADHD as primarily a disorder of the frontal-striatal function and consider the role of the parietal attention system in the behavioral phenotype of ADHD" [Aron Levin]
Conclusion
The significant psychosocial dysfunction accompanying ADHD has serious implications for children as their educational performance is considerably affected. Hence proper diagnosis and appropriate medical intervention is crucial. It is also important for parents to be sufficiently trained to handle children with ADHD. Most children show considerable improvement with the use of appropriate dosage of stimulants. Though pharmacological intervention is the mainstay treatment modality for the disorder behavioral therapy is also found...
If the child responds well to one or more medications, then the medication with the lowest cost is prescribed. The cost is found taking into account the per-dose cost and the number of doses daily. A positive attitude is mandatory which is advised by the health care professionals and they help parents and care takers in developing a positive attitude in the management of medication. It may include positive reinforcements
Academic Outcomes of Children With ADHD ADHD Literature Review Improving the Academic Outcomes of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Improving the Academic Outcomes of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition recognizable by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that manifest across multiple settings. The most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is a common childhood problem affecting as much as 3-5% of the school-age population. The core symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Children with ADHD exhibit functional impairment across multiple settings and engage in disruptive behaviors, thus inviting criticism from adults and peer rejection. Psycho stimulant medication has been shown to be reasonably successful, but may produce significant side effects in a
(Bower, 129) The Hyperactivity involves fiddling with hands or feet or squirms in seat; does not continue seating when is expected to; excessive running or climbing considered not appropriate in adolescence and adults; feelings of restlessness; find it hard to play quietly; seems to be continuously on the move and talks excessively. Impulsivity includes blurts out answers prior to the question has been completed; becomes impatient waiting his turn; interruption
Psychopharmacology Non-medical psychotherapists, such as Marriage and Family Therapists, should learn about psychopharmacology in order to: Collaborate with prescribers regarding a patient's medication For a patient with a borderline or dependent personality, a therapist not recommending medication would likely be seen as: Conservative Jim is disturbed by his psychiatrist's prescription of psychotropic medication, believing that the psychiatrist is attempting to control him and remove his autonomy. This most likely reflects: Paranoid personality traits Short, branched structures projecting
NRNP/PRAC & 6675 Comprehensive Focused SOAP Psychiatric Evaluation TemplateWeek (enter week #): (Enter assignment title)Student NameCollege of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden UniversityNRNP 6665: PMHNP Care Across the Lifespan IFaculty NameAssignment Due DateSubjective:CC (chief complaint): The client presents accompanied by her mother. The chief complaint, as reported by the mother, is that the client�s �meds do not seem to be working�. Her grades have been on a consistent downward trend, from As, to
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