ADHD Biology: Exploring the Neurological Underpinnings
Introduction
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Although its exact cause is unknown, research has identified several biological factors that contribute to its development. This introduction delves into the intricate biological mechanisms underlying ADHD, providing insights into its neurochemical and structural anomalies.
Neurotransmitter Imbalances
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been extensively studied to elucidate its underlying neurobiological mechanisms. One of the key findings is the involvement of imbalances in neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine (1). Dopamine is crucial for attention, reward processing, and motivation, while norepinephrine modulates arousal and focus (2). In individuals with ADHD, research suggests lower levels of these neurotransmitters in certain brain regions, leading to difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity (3).
While genetic factors play a significant role in ADHD, environmental factors also contribute to its etiology. Prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, and lead has been associated with an increased risk of ADHD (13). Postnatal environmental factors, such as parental stress, inconsistent discipline, and lack of stimulation, can exacerbate symptoms (14). The interaction between genetic and environmental factors likely plays a complex role in the development of ADHD.
Conclusion
ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component and environmental influences. Imbalances in neurotransmitters, dysregulation of brain networks, structural and functional differences in the brain, neural plasticity impairments, and cognitive control deficits contribute to the core symptoms of ADHD. The comorbidity of ADHD with other conditions and the existence of different behavioral phenotypes suggest the heterogeneity of the disorder. Pharmacological interventions can alleviate symptoms, but novel treatment approaches are being explored to address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and improve outcomes for individuals with ADHD.
References
If the child responds well to one or more medications, then the medication with the lowest cost is prescribed. The cost is found taking into account the per-dose cost and the number of doses daily. A positive attitude is mandatory which is advised by the health care professionals and they help parents and care takers in developing a positive attitude in the management of medication. It may include positive reinforcements
But Canada took steps to defer sales of the medicine which was provoked by 20 sudden losses of lives; out of 14 were children, among those consuming the prescribed doses of Adderall XR. There were reported cases of about a dozen strokes, two among children. The deaths took place during 1999 in the United States. The Canadian retracting of the drug Adderall XR will not drive similar steps in
It is easier to focus on ADHD statistics for children of school age (5-17 years old), because diagnosing ADHD in preschool aged children is difficult. Data from the NHIS indicate that: In 2001-2004, 7.7% of children ages 5-17 were reported to have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nine percent of White non-Hispanic children, 8% of Black non-Hispanic children, 2% of Asian non-Hispanic children, and 4% of Hispanic children were
Students with attention problems are more likely to succeed on academic tasks that are well-matched to their abilities and when instructed at their pace of learning. To gather data on how effective peer tutoting is, DuPaul and Henningson implemented their case study on an ADHD child, Don, by observing his behavior when given with the traditional teacher lecturing and when provided with peer tutoring method. The case study's result shows that
Some children also report mild stomachaches or headaches. Most side effects are minor and disappear over time or if the dosage level is lowered." Q4: Can their children become addicted to methylphenidate? While there has been a great deal of publicity in the media about how the drugs prescribed for ADHD have been abused, it is important to make a clear distinction between the pharmacological use of such drugs to treat
Instructors can be sympathetic to individual needs, especially with regard to disabilities like ADHD because they can be made aware of them without the potential for discrimination or early recourse, as would be the case in employment. (Lemaire, Mallik & Stoll, 2002, p.39) in vocational training, under the shop/shop models people with disabilities, including those with ADHD are given a bridge opportunity to transition into a workplace setting through
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