The use of pharmacotherapy, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), has been shown to increase the likelihood of a successful quit attempt. Smoking cessation has numerous health benefits, including an increase in longevity, even among smokers who quit later in life. Effective smoking cessation policies, including increased NRT availability and use, would be expected to reduce smoking-attributable deaths in the United States. Some concerns have arisen about the safety of long-term

Group Addiction TX Theory Selection The Psychodynamic Model The Behaviorists The Cognitive Model The Humanistic Model Theory Analysis Ethical and Cultural Considerations Group Development Personal Model Psychology has a long tradition of interpreting human behavior across different paradigms. The current paper investigates a method of incorporating four main psychological paradigms: psychoanalytic, behaviorist, cognitive, and humanist, into group counseling treatment for addictions and compulsive behaviors. Each paradigm is briefly discussed then the integration of aspects from theoretical models that spring

, 2001 cited in van den Brink, van Ree, 2003). Detoxification and relapse prevention are important in planning the intervention and are both gradual processes. In the detoxification phase the patient has to reduce and finally stop the consumption of cocaine and become abstinent, and the relapse prevention phase is targeted at preserving abstinence. Counseling is recommended all throughout the process. Behavioral techniques are very important as well as the therapist'

Increasingly, PROMETA has come under close scrutiny, with several individuals and experts claming that the treatment does not achieve all that it claims to do, although there have been numerous testimonials testifying to the efficacy of the system of treatment for addiction. In one patient's own words, "I had tried everything, and nothing worked for me. But PROMETA has!" (Addiction Medicine, 2006) in the words of Chicago based addiction

Studies conducted by Doughty et al. (2004) suggest that panic disorders, potentially exacerbated by the panic-inducing qualities of drug usage, are significantly associated with bi-polar disease, and Long finds that panic disorders are generationally related to bi-polar. Therefore, the well-known panic- and anxiety-related effects of drug usage have been shown to be related to bipolar disorder, so that both diseases correlate. Further, chemical responses that drive the bi-polar are

Psychosocial Ramifications of Drug & Alcohol Abuse A Japanese proverb in its pithiness adequately accounts for the entire process of drug and alcohol abuse. To wit: "Man takes Drink. Drink takes Drink. Drink takes Man." One of the problems with understanding drug or alcohol abuse is the psychosocial ramifications associated with the problem. Moral associations cloud the behavioral and physiological factors. For some time now, alcohol and drug addiction have been