These factors, however, can contribute to bias opinion. Legal professionals also consider occupation in relation to memory accuracy. For example, law enforcement officers tend to be better witnesses as they practice paying attention to detail, and are required to recall details on a regular basis. This overall category pertaining to the attributes of the witness have an effect on encoding and storing information, which are the first two stages of information processing. When these factors influence information processing, any information filtered to long-term memory can be significantly distorted.
The second category considered when establishing the accuracy of an eyewitness's memory is the attributes of the perpetrator. When questioning an eyewitness, legal professionals must inquire if the perpetrator was wearing a disguise, has a distinctive face, or if they were an acquaintance, friend, or family member. Each of these scenarios contributes to the accuracy of the individual's memory. The third general category considers the attributes of the events observed. This includes assessing the amount of time an eyewitness has to view and observe the event. The less time the individual has, the less time they have to encode the information, and the less likely the information will be deciphered into LTM. Other influences include the physical distance the individual is from the event, or any other obstruction that reduces one's ability to encode information into memory, such as lighting, extreme noise, etc. Witnesses under high levels of stress, fear, or are in the presence of a weapon during the event are all at risk of decreased memory accuracy. Both cognitive and neural heightened responses during intense stress reduce coding of information to LTM.
The fourth general category influencing memory considers the attributes of law enforcement procedures used to obtain evidence from the witness. Interview techniques, such as interruptions and closed-ended questions, influence verbal descriptions given about the events. Information introduced by law enforcement, investigators, media, other witnesses, etc. also influence the accuracy of memory as these details may be incorporated into the witness's mind. At this...
For resumes, the most pretentious output method would be transforming the XML file into a PDF file. The same applies for memorandums. Statistical reports and company annual reports are linked to output methods like: console, file, log file rolling, HTTP Post, TCP broadcast, UDP broadcast, or logging templates. The hard disk is mostly used for storing large amounts of digital encoded data, like video data, audio data and others. It provides efficient
Rumors of the impact of repressed memory are prevalent, "yet data on cognitive functioning in people reporting repressed and recovered memories of trauma have been strikingly scarce" (McNally 2011). Part of the explanation for this lack of evidence is the high rate of failure to actually pull out repressed memories within the context of the lab. Many studies examining the issue focused on using psychologists using hypothetical scenarios "hoping
Memory: How it Works and Recovering Lost Memories The concept of memory and what comprises memory is often controversial. Loftus (1998) cites an article reporting on the case of a woman whose family accepted a large settlement on the grounds that health care professionals planted false memories into her mind. The woman suggested that she had been persuaded to believe multiple misconceptions regarding her history via drug therapy and hypnosis. While
A psychologist named Ulric Nessier believes that flashbulb memories are formed because they represent an intersection of historical and personal trajectories, and this makes them events that people want to retell and rehearse again and again. It is through these rehearsals and retellings that inaccuracies manage to creep in, and as they are reinforced through repeated retellings they become just as much a part of the memories as the
More generalized assessments include the Wechsler Memory Scale, created by the founder of the IQ test of that name, which offers a generalized assessment of different memory types (sensory, short, and long-term) and is most appropriate for adults. In general, two basic types of neuropsychological memory tests exist. "In almost all objective tests, quantitative results are compared with some normative standard, including data from groups of non-brain injured persons and
Accuracy of data input is important. What method of data input would be best for each of the following situations and why: Printed questionnaires - Beyond using a manually-based approach to capture this data and transcribing it onto computer screens, the best possible approach would be code the questionnaire so responses could be read with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software (Nibler, 1993). Designing an on-screen software application that will allow for those
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