The o-quinones, themselves, are colorless, however they react with other phenolic compounds and can self-polymerize to form compounds which produce the brown color associated with apple oxidation (Nicolas et al.). This oxidation process forms a thin brown layer on the exposed surface of the apple. The rate of browning in different apple types is dependent on both the concentration of polyphenol oxidase and polyphenols within the apple (Nicolas et al.).

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRYEnvironmental Chemistry1.a) An exothermic redox reaction involves the release of energy in form of heat after an oxidation-reduction reaction.b) The oxidation state of an element represents the charge of an atom after a redox reaction (Khan, n. d)c) A redox reaction involves a reduction and oxidation reaction where an atom either gains or loses electrons. The process can also involve the gain or loss of oxygen atoms in an

al., 1993; Forman & Dickinson, 2003). Though nitric oxide is not involved in as many individual processes as hydrogen peroxide, or at least a lower number of processes have been identified in current research, its presence in too great an abundance can disrupt proper signaling and trigger alternative signaling pathways other than those normally utilized in redox signaling (Forman & Dickinson, 2003). These redox signaling pathways have the potential

Chemical reactions occur when atoms, molecules, and ions interact with one other to form new substances. Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Chemical bonds between atoms follow rules based on patterns of electron distribution within the involved atoms. When reactions take place, energy exchange occurs. When chemical bonds are broken, energy is released. When new bonds are formed, energy is stored. There are many types of chemical reactions.

It was used by Michael Faraday in the 1800s in his experiments on electromagnetism. Other inventors improved on the battery's original design and these improvements produced telegraphs and doorbells. Napoleon Bonaparte was so impressed with the invention that he recommended honors for Volta, including making him a count in 1810 (CIRL, Rubin, Scratch, Corrosion Doctors). From this first and crude battery evolved electrochemistry, electromagnetism, and modern applications of electricity (CIRL,

GEORGIA MILITARY COLLEGENATURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENTONLINE CAMPUSLABORATORY 6 � ELECTROCHEMISTRY: GALVANIC CELLS AND THE CALCULATIONS OF CELL POTENTIALNAMESTUDENT NUMBERCLASSPROFESSOR�S TITLE AND NAMEIntroductionConsider the result of immersing a clean copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. A spontaneous change occurs in which the solution turns from colorless to blue and the copper wire that was initially clean is covered with a greyish fuzzy material (Stubbs et al., 2022). These changes are