It is argued that teacher are exposed to role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of autonomy, social isolation and lack of self-fulfillment resulting from the special position in the schools bureaucratic system. Coupled with this is the general tendency for the teaching profession to be the least rewarded in the hierarchy of jobs.
The physical education teacher and burnout intersect at two different but related points. Firstly the notion that the teacher's reward is in heaven as some writers argue positions the teaching job as sacrificial for which adequate compensation is not given. The situation among physical education teacher has been exhausted in a lot of research because of specific peculiarities. Parsons (1968) has already discovered that the physical education teacher and the teaching profession's professionalism are highly questionable under the functional theory. Parsons who is the originator of this theory has been one of the forthright analysts of teachers and how society perceives that profession. He asserts that the major factors that determines the status of a profession in the social hierarchy of profession is a result of the degree to which its members offer a service perceived as critical to the clients life and the possession of monopoly over an esoteric body of knowledge necessary to perform this service and the degree of autonomy granted to members of the profession to control the quality of the service. He agrees with earlier claims by (Slavin, 1996) in several instances, teaching is not perceived as critical to students' lives, as much as other professions such as medicine. He further asserts that the re is an inherent perception that the knowledge most teachers hold is not significantly remote from lay knowledge while the degree of autonomy in teaching is very limited within the school organization. (Benveniste, 1986)
Secondly, Bragverman (1974) and Hargreaves (1977) contend that for the Physical Education teacher, the case is even more problematic because of the manual mental dichotomy and work-play dichotomy makes him or her more open to burnout. He agrees with other researchers who argue that the superiority of mental and work-like activities in schools places Physical Education towards the bottom of the school subjects' hierarchy. The marginality of the Physical Education Profession (Benveniste, 1986) as perceived by other teachers (Wood M, 2000), by student and parents and by Physical education teachers themselves may result in a social isolation of the Physical Education teacher in school because principals, teachers, and counselors may think it unnecessary to involve the Physical Education teacher in decisions concerning individual students or the school organisation.
Davis (1981) reported that detachment of Physical Education teachers from the general teaching staff is one of four factors explaining 70% of their dissatisfaction from work. Other researches suggested that colleagues' support may prevent Physical Education teachers' burnout (Kohlmaier, 1981) The Physical Education teacher's role is not as clearly defined as that of the academic teacher. Schools and principals differ in their expectations of the Physical Education teachers. Some are expected to only teach, whereas others are expected to teach and coach. Others are expected to take a more active role in Organising school events and field trips, because they have less paperwork and because of their supposed experience in organizing sporting events.
In most researches regarding burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is the dominant instrument used as a questionnaire to assess self reported teacher burnout. But the characteristics of every situation demand that it be adapted in terms of its general features and principles while incorporating the specific issues under review to enable it measure an accurate account of the problem. Tatar and Yahav who were the first to use this in the education domain adopted a short version of this. In this way; they had students fill out the items on this instrument to report perceived symptoms of burnout among their teachers. The researchers used an adapted version of the MBI (14 items), divided into three sections. In their study, they asked secondary school pupils (N=297), but not their teachers, to score the items describing potential characteristics of burned out teachers. Their findings show that pupils' perceptions of the occurrence of burnout among their teachers can supply researchers with reliable data. The study stresses the importance of the pupils' views in analyzing burnout among teachers, which will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the role pupils' behaviour in the origin of teacher burnout.
Nevertheless beyond the general description of burnout as narrated in the discussions above lies the systematic and conscious attempt to ascribe academic or scientific studies to the field outside the psychology enclave which is besieged with a number of limitations. Farber (1982) objection...
Market Orientation of Medical Diagnostic Units Dissertation for Master of Health Administration i. Introduction ii. Objectives iii. Description iv Administrative Internship v. Scope and Approach vi. Growth vii. Methodology viii. Hypothesis ix. Survey Questionnaire x. Research Design xi. Observation and Data Presentation xii. Test provided xiii. Analysis of findings Marketability of Patient Satisfaction Importance of Employee Satisfaction xiv. Conclusions and Recommendations xv. Bibliography xvi. Notes xvii. Appendices Market Orientation of Medical Diagnostic Units
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