Imagine you work for a particular health or health care-related interest group. You want to attract the attention of specific policymakers (legislators or regulatory bodies), or other health care leaders, that are key to changing some policy that will better your cause. Knowing that their time is valuable, and their attention spans are short, try to formulate a memo to catalyze action. You will find examples of concise policy memos within the websites of scores of interest groups. You must choose the format, which you feel is the most effective.

Students are to write a 3 page letter/statement (single-spaced) that could be used to influence a legislator/regulatory body or health system leader on a specific issue that would be of particular interest for your group.

The letter should:

Present a clear discussion of the scope of the issue/problem

Offer a concise history of the issue

Inform the legislator/regulator/health care leader why the issue/legislation/regulation is important to your particular interest group, or individuals/groups like yours

Clearly present the pros/cons of a policy swinging in a particular direction

Explain why a legislator/regulatory body/health care leader should respond in a specific manner. Specifically state why this issue should be important to them



SAMPLE PAPER

Ethical and Financial Issues Surrounding Medical Bankruptcies

Introduction

On October 20, 2009, the Senate Judiciary Administrative Oversight and the Courts Subcommittee held a hearing on medical bankruptcies, which illustrated two, different views on this issue. On the one hand, the Democrats and their supporters contended that the government needed to alter the bankruptcy regulations to make it easier for individuals with significant medical debt to file for Chapter 7 protection; this group also supported a bill that would allow these debtors to keep their homes. The conservatives countered by stating that any changes in these laws would increase consumer malfeasance and harm the economy. Both parties arguments were mediated by larger economic and social justice issues. My paper will explore this topic further by looking at recent literature and legislative initiatives surrounding this issue as well as by assaying the Judiciary Subcommittee hearing.

Literature Review

Most of the men and women, who participated in the Judiciary Subcommittee hearing, conflated issues confronting medical debtors in general with problems specific to the portion of that group which filed for bankruptcy protection. As a result, I will provide a brief analysis of some of the recent scholarly literature on these subjects in order to help readers better understand a few of the important themes which permeated the hearing.
Over the past few years, researchers have produced numerous, scholarly articles which deal with the issue of medical debt. Some of the most popular of these essays share several, key hypotheses. First, they argue that a large number of Americans, perhaps as many as 72 million people[have] problems with payment of medical bills, accrued debt, or both. Many of these individuals owe thousands of dollars in medical expenses. The writers go on to assert that the men and women who accrue these debts are, by and large, productive, responsible citizens rather than malcontents or slackers; these individuals run into financial difficulties as a result of economic or health issues that are beyond their control. Perhaps most importantly, the authors attempt to demonstrate that many of these people have trouble getting access to medical equipment or forgo seeking treatment for ailments due to their medical debts.
Researchers utilize the same arguments when discussing the portion of this debtor group that decides to file for bankruptcy. For instance, they contend that these people are, by and large, productive, responsible citizens. David Himmelstein, whose most recent essays were mentioned by several of the witnesses at the Judicial Committee hearing, adds to this discussion by asserting that medical debt accounted for 62.1% of all bankruptcies in 2007. Perhaps most importantly, he also contends that a large number of these people have difficulties finding jobs and paying their bills even after declaring bankruptcy. This fact might indicate that these people still have unresolved issues arising from their medical debt (or perhaps from chronic illnesses).
I was not able to find any recent, scholarly articles that adhere to opposite viewpoints with regards to individuals who have medical debt but are still solvent. However, I did locate essays that assert that most people do not declare bankruptcy to eliminate their unpaid medical bills. Rather, according to these authors, the vast majority of these men and women file for bankruptcy because they have amassed unrelated credit card debt or other non-medical expenses. While these researchers might have valid arguments, I do not delve into this topic in any depth in this paper.

Government Legislation

In 2005, the Republicans were still in control of the White House and the Congress; in April of that year, they managed to push through a key piece of bankruptcy legislation, the Bankruptcy Abuse, Prevention, and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. It represented a compromise between the various stakeholders; therefore, it did include some important sections on consumer protection and other issues important to liberals. At the same time, the legislation made it more difficult for people, including those individuals with medical debts, to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. The bill also forced these petitioners to receive debt management counseling before they could officially declare bankruptcy.
Perhaps in response to the 2005 act, the Democrats proposed three separate bills between 2008 and 2009, which aimed to, among other things, make it easier for medical debtors to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. The first of these legislative documents, proposed by a Democratic House member in early 2008, failed to make it out of committee. The liberals might be more successful with the next two bills they sponsored, as these documents are still being debated in their respective committees. The Senate bill, the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act of 2009, is the one discussed by the Judiciary Subcommittee. It mandates waiving the counseling requirement implemented by the 2005 act, and it also allows people to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy but still retain their home if it is valued at $250,000 or less. Additionally, the legislation makes it easier for these men and women to liquidate all of their debts via bankruptcy.

The Judicial Subcommittee Hearing

On October 20, 2009, [t]he Senate Judiciary Administrative Oversight and the Courts Subcommittee held a hearing on proposed legislation to change current U.S. bankruptcy laws to reduce the number of people filing for bankruptcy because of medical debt. Sheldon Whitehouse, a Democratic Senator from Rhode Island, chaired the conference. He was joined at this meeting by fellow Democratic Senators, Russell Feingold of Wisconsin and Al Franken of Minnesota. Jeff Sessions, a Senator from Alabama, was the only Republican congressman to attend the hearing. These individuals listened to testimony from two proponents of the bill, Elizabeth Edwards, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, and John Pottow, a law professor at the University of Michigan. The senators also heard from two people opposed to the legislation, Aparna Mathur, a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and Diana Furchtgott-Roth, a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a prior chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor. The senators also listened to testimony from Kerry Burns, who, along with her husband, had to file for medical bankruptcy due to her sons illness.

The chair started the conference with some opening statements; he then let each of the witnesses speak. After tht part was over, the senators took turns querying their guests. These individuals particular statements are not as important as the general themes that were espoused by the proponents and opponents of the legislation.
The Democrats and their supporters assert that a large percentage of people who file for bankruptcy do so in order to eliminate medical debts. They also contend that these individuals are, by and large, hardworking citizens who can no longer afford to pay for the hospital and doctor bills that they or their loved ones have incurred. Following on this hypothesis, the liberals advocate for waiving the counseling requirements for individuals who declare medical bankruptcy, as they claim it is both an unnecessary and humiliating process. The senators and their supporters use some of the same logic to support their calls for a waiver of the means test.
The Democratic senators and the other proponents of the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act argue that the federal government should waive the means testing requirements for people filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy as a result of medical debts. The proponents of the bill also suggest allowing these individuals to keep up to $250,000 of equity in a house. They suggest these things in part because they believe that these Americans are generally hard working, responsible people who should not be punished for getting sick. They also point to figures linking medical debt and limited healthcare access and outcomes. In other words, they proclaim that sick individuals, who are filing for bankruptcy, will not be able to obtain quality healthcare if they have no equity or if they have to pay back a part of the debt via Chapter 13 adjudication.
The supporters of bankruptcy legislation utilized Kerry Burns testimony to help them provide listeners with an experiential example to support their hypotheses. She represented the hardworking, model citizen who had to file for bankruptcy because of the costs associated with her childs 13 month hospitalization. Her story succeeded in its goal of providing an emotional base for the otherwise dry, fact based testimony from Edwards, Pottow, and the Democratic senators.
The opponents of this legislation argued against changing the current laws for several reasons. First, they asserted that at least 80% of people who file for medical bankruptcy can enter a Chapter 7 plea. Second, they argued that some Americans will try to cheat the system if the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act passes. Finally, the opponents of the bill contended that healthcare costs will go up if everyone who files for medical bankruptcy is allowed to liquidate all of their debts instead of entering into Chapter 13.
The opponents of the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act are not as successful in supporting their hypotheses for two, key reasons. First, their analysis of the situation is dichotomous; if most people with medical debt can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, why would it harm the economy to allow a few more people to do it. Second, one of their witnesses, Diana Furchgott-Roth, came to the meeting unprepared to discuss the issue of medical bankruptcies; rather, she focused all of her ire on the general issue of healthcare reform.

Reflections

The issues revolving around medical bankruptcies are complex. For one thing, it is difficult if not impossible at this time to assay how severe the problem is and what impacts the solutions, posited in the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act of 2009, will have on debtors as well as on the overall market. The opponents of this legislation might be correct when they state that the economy will suffer if the bill is enacted into law. On the other hand, it might increase productivity by improving the health outcomes for some of these individuals. At this time, I do not feel that researchers have enough data to make this decision. Nonetheless, I feel that the government should strongly consider implementing this legislation.
While it might be difficult to posit a solid utilitarian argument in support of the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act given the dearth of available information on outcomes, I still think America should pass the legislation. In the United States, we espouse notions of fairness and justice, which are based on meritocratic ideals. Inspired by this philosophical model, we often criticize individuals who do not earn a living. As an example, many Americans oppose steroid use by athletes because they believe that it gives them an unfair advantage on the playing field. However, if we want to remain true to these tenets, we should allow people to eliminate debts which they do not incur through any fault of their own.

Doty, Michelle M., Collins, Sara R., Rustgi, Sheila D., and Kriss L. Jennifer. Seeing Red: The Growing Burden of Medical Bills and Debt Faced by U.S. Families, Commonwealth Fund 1164, vol. 42 (August 2008): 1, Retrieved from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2008/Aug/Seeing%20Red%20%20The%20Growing%20Burden%20of%20Medical%20Bills%20and%20Debt%20Faced%20by%20U%20S%20%20Families/Doty_seeingred_1164_ib%20pdf.pdf
Also see Doty et al. 2, 3.
Also see Jha, Shweta, Study: More than 57 Million Americans Had Medical Debt in 2007. Commonwealth Fund, September 24, 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Content/Newsletters/Washington-Health-Policy-in-Review/2008/Sep/Washington-Health-Policy-Week-in-Review---September-29--2008/Study--More-than-57-Million-Americans-Had-Medical-Debt-in-2007.aspx?view=print.
Also see Seifert, Robert W. and Rukavina, Mark, Bankruptcy is the Tip of a Medical-Debt Iceberg, Health Affairs 25(2): 89-90. Retrieved from: http://healthaff.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/w89.
Jha (2008).
Doty, 2,4; Seifert, 91.
Doty 3-4; Seifert, 91
Seifert, 89-90; Himmelstein, David U., Thorne, Deborah, and Warren, Elizabeth, Woolhandler, Steffie, Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study, The American Journal of Medicine xx, x (2009): 3-5, Retrieved from: http://www.pnhp.org/new_bankruptcy_study/Bankruptcy-2009.pdf.
Himmelstein et. al, 1. Also see Himmelstein, David U., Warren, Elizabeth, Thorne, Deborah, and Woolhandler, Steffie, Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy, Health Affairs (web exclusive article): 63-64, Retrieved from: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/hlthaff.w5.63v1.
Himmelstein et al., Illness and Injury, 68-69.
Bankruptcy and Medical Debt; Senate Committee Judiciary|Administrative Oversight and the Courts C-Span (October 2009) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289547-1. Elizabeth Edwards and others espouse this argument.
Scott III, Robert H., Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005: How Credit Card Industrys Perseverance Paid Off, Journal of Economic Issues, XLI, No. 4 (December 2007): 951, Retrieved from:
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~rscott/articles/Scott-JEI%20Bankruptcy.pdf.
Also See Dranova, David and Millenson, Michael L., Medical Bankruptcy: Myth Versus Fact, Health Affairs 25, vol. 2: 75. Retrieved from: http://healthaff.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/w74.
Govtrack.us website, Retrieved from: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billsearch.xpd. The information not taken from the Govtrack site is common knowledge.
C-span
Ibid; Scott III, 951; Himmelstein et al. 1.
C-span.


SAMPLE 2

On October 20, 2009 the Kaiser Family Foundation held a briefing and panel discussion on the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) Act. The CLASS Act, introduced for the first time in 2004 by Senator Edward Kennedy and included in the House and Senate Health Education Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee health reform bills (S.1679 / H.R.3962), would create a national voluntary insurance program for individuals who are functionally impaired (Kaiser, 2009).

According to supporters of the provision, the daily cash benefit providd by the CLASS Act would allow individuals with functional impairments to remain in their homes and gain access to the long-term supports and services that would enable many of them to remain working members of their communities. And, because the CLASS Act is not a poverty-based model, it would allow individuals to retain their assets and stay off of Medicaid (Kaiser, 2009).

In 2005, approximately 10 million people in the United States needed long-term supports and services to help with activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing and toileting (Houser, 2007). Unfortunately, even though approximately two-thirds of Americans will need long-term care at some point in their lives, many hold misconceptions about disabled populations (Georgetown, 2003). For example, most Americans believe that only older individuals require long-term care when in fact about 40 percent are less than 65 years of age (Kaiser Health Poll, 2005).

Americans are also misinformed about the means by which most long-term services and supports are funded. Approximately 30 percent believe that private insurance will be a primary funding source for their long-term care needs and 13 percent believe Medicare or Medicaid will be a primary funding source (Kaiser Health Poll, 2007). Today, the Medicaid program is the primary funding source for long-term care expenditures (40 percent), followed by Medicare (23 percent), out-of-pocket expenditures (22 percent), and private insurance (9 percent) (Houser, 2007). Medicare??"which approximately 30 percent of individuals believe is the primary government source of funding for low-income individuals??"will only pay for long-term services and supports immediately following a stay in an acute care hospital (Kaiser Health Poll, 2007).

Many researchers and advocates for the elderly and the disabled argue that there are numerous problems with relying on Medicaid as the primary financing mechanism for long-term care. Because Medicaid has strict income eligibility requirements it requires individuals to spend down their assets to near poverty before they qualify for benefits (OBrien, 2004). And, because the Medicaid program is financed through a partnership between the federal and state governments, state Medicaid expenditures for the elderly and disabled are taking up increasingly large proportions of the state Medicaid budget, forcing states to limit provider payments and restrict benefits for the larger Medicaid population, to include low-income women and children. In response to budget pressures, many states have opted to limit Medicaid payments to long-term care providers (OBrien, 2004). Recent studies have shown that these low provider payments create access problems for beneficiaries and quality problems in nursing homes (OBrien, 2004). Finally, and importantly, federal and state Medicaid laws are structured such that individuals are often forced to receive care in an institutional setting, such as a nursing home, even when they would rather remain in their homes (OBrien, 2004).

The issue of major long-term care reform, much like the issue of larger health care reform, was last on the national stage in the early 1990s. In September of 1990, the US Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care??"the Pepper Commission??"issued a call for action that included reform of the long-term care system (Rockefeller, 1991). Unfortunately, like health reform, long-term care reform did not materialize. As noted above, however, the House and HELP Committee health reform bills currently include the CLASS Act (Thomas, S.1679 / H.R.3962). The Senate Finance Committee bill, which is expected to be merged with the HELP bill early next week, does not. The Senate Finance Committee bill does, however, include some important Medicaid reform provisions that will help reduce the institutional bias in Medicaid long-term care funding and will allow more people to receive long-term supports and services in their homes. The question remains as to whether or not the CLASS Act and the Medicaid provisions will be included in the final merged Senate health reform bill.

The Kaiser Family Foundation CLASS Act briefing appears to have been organized in an effort to elevate public awareness of the provision in the health reform bills and to mobilize public support for the provision in the merged Senate bill. The panel members included:

Judy Feder, Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress
Connie Garner, Policy Director for Disability and Special Populations for the late Senator Edward M. Kennedy
Paul N. Van de Water, Senior Fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
Richard G. Frank, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation and Director the HHS office on Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy
Nora Super, Director of Federal Government Relations for Health and Long-Term Care at AARP
Larry Minnix, President and CEO of the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging
Marty Ford, Director of Legal Advocacy for The Arc and UCP Disability Policy Collaboration
Unfortunately, the panel did not include representatives in opposition to the CLASS Act, so in an effort to provide a balanced report, this memo will include some discussion of the opposing views reported in the press. The primary opposition to the CLASS Act is the private long-term care insurance industry. Although the CLASS Act is intended to work in conjunction with wrap around private insurance coverage, insurers are concerned that the program will produce the perception that long-term care insurance coverage is no longer needed. The private long-term care insurance industry has a continuing problem with market penetration; currently, only about 20 percent of Americans hold a long-term care insurance policy (Kaiser Health Poll, 2007).

Congressional opponents of the CLASS Act argue that the provision is not fiscally and actuarially sound; that it produces an unfunded mandate on employers who must administrate the payroll deductions; and that the benefit provided by the CLASS Act is not nearly enough to warrant the risk of establishing an entirely new federal entitlement program. Unfortunately, several of the Members of Congress who are opposed to the CLASS Act are powerful members of the Senate Finance Committee, making the chances of the provision in the final merged Senate bill far less likely. For example, Senator Kent Conrad was recently quoted in an Inside Health Policy article calling the CLASS Act a Ponzi scheme. In addition, seven fiscally conservative Senators, including Senators Blanche Lincoln and Ben Nelson, recently sent a letter to Senator Reid asking that the CLASS Act not be included in the final version of the Senate bill.

At the Kaiser briefing, each of the individuals on the panel offered his or her perspective on the need for the CLASS Act, as well as a rebuttal to the various reasons for opposition to the program. Most noted that the Congressional Budget Office estimates the CLASS Act will reduce the budget deficit by $74 billion over a ten-year period. Connie Garner also commented on an amendment to the CLASS Act made by Senator Gregg that would require the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to adjust premiums as necessary in order to ensure the program remains actuarially sound over a 75 year period. Richard Frank announced that his office has modeled the CLASS Act extensively and is entirely persuaded that reasonable premiums, solid participation rates, and financial solvency over the 75-year period can be maintained. Finally, the AARP and the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging ??" an association for small, non-profit nursing homes ??" announced their support for the program and asked that the audience call their Members of Congress to ask that the provision be included in the final Senate health reform bill (Kaiser, 2009).

In my professional life, Im working on a team of consultants hired by the National Councilon Aging to coordinate several disability and aging advocacy organizations with the common goal of making long-term care reform a part of overall health care reform. Weve been working on the project for several months and, although we were initially advocating for several long-term care bills, weve slowly whittled our request down to including the CLASS Act and the Senate Finance Committee Medicaid reform provisions in the final health reform bill. Personally, I believe the CLASS Act is a great first step toward helping individuals with disabilities finance long-term services and supports. I agree that the daily benefit of approximately $75 per day is small, but I believe the disability population needs a legislative foothold from which it can work to gain greater access to the supports and service for which it has been asking for some time. However, I am becoming increasingly skeptical about the chances of the CLASS Act in the final health reform bill given the opposition of key Senators on the Senate Finance Committee.








































References

Feder, J., Komisar, H.L. Niefeld,M. (2000). Long-Term Care in the United States: An
Overview. Health Affairs (May/June 2000): 42.

Georgetown University Long-Term Care Financing Project. (2003) Fact Sheet: Who needs
long-term care? Retrieved from the web on November 2, 2009 at: www.ltc.georgetown.edu.

Houser, A. (2007). Long-Term Care Fact Sheet. AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved
from the web on November 2, 2009 at: http://www.aarp.org/ppi.

Kaiser Family Foundation (2009). The Sleeper in Health Reform: Long-Term Care and the
CLASS Act briefing materials. Retrieved from the web on November 2, 2009 at: http://www.kff.org/healthreform/kcmu102009pkg.cfm.

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2005). Kaiser Health Poll Report: The Publics Views on Long-
Term Care. Retrieved from the web on November 2, 2009 at: www.kff.org/healthpollreport.

OBrien, E. Elias, R. (2004). Medicaid and Long-Term Care. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid
and the Uninsured.

Rockefeller, J. (1991). Call for Action: The Pepper Commissions Blueprint for Health Care
Reform. Journal of the American Medical Association. 265: 2507 ??" 2510.






There are faxes for this order.

I plan to analyze the sexenio of Carlos Salinas de Gortari and the crippling blow to the already waning PRI power structure that it represented. As the winner of the 1988 presidential elections, Salinas took on the challenges produced by two decades of events such as the oil boom and bust, the devaluation of the peso, and the usual detritus left by any presidential predecessor. Additionally and quite significantly, he also faced the distrust and unrest of the Mexican public in the aftermath of the visibly corrupt elections that placed him in power. The investigation will further show how the methods that the PRI used to remain in power became openings for democratic processes. Salinas actions, designed though they were to maintain PRI power, were most notable both for their accelerating effect on those processes and their fragmenting effect on the PRI power structure.
The first section of the paper will focus on the traditional role of the president in the Mexican government, since this is crucial to an understanding of how Mexican presidents are able to wield power. The second section will provide a brief overview of the actions that the PRI took to remain in power, particularly during the two decades leading up to the 1988 elections, and an explanation of how democratic processes were a direct result of those actions. The last section will focus on how Salinass efforts to reform the PRI allowed democratization to find its fullest expression up to that point.
There is no minimum number of quotations, perhaps one to two per page. The citations, though, (footnotes referencing other writer's information) will be more numerous. Total number of footnotes, including quotations, should be in the 35-45 range. Please include the following books in the research: "In the shadow of the Mexican Revolution" by Hector Aguilar Camin & Lorenzo Meyer; "Transforming the Mexican economy: the Salinas sexenio by Sidney Weintraub; "Corporatism revisted: Salinas and the reform of the popular sector" by Nikki Craske; "Mexico's Political Awakening" by Vikram Chand; "Dismantling the Mexican State" ed. by Rob Aitken; and "Voting for Autoracy: hegemonic party survival and its demise in Mexico" by Beatriz Magaloni.
Thank you,
Carol

An analysis of management and organisational change in a public sector setting.

Produce an essay of 4500 words discussing the dynamics of change and reform in relation to one part of the public sector. for example your focus could be on NHS, or the leadership of schools, or local government, or some other part of the public sector that most interest you. situate your analysis within a wider discussion of the role of the public sector and the main reform movements (such as new public management) across the last thirty years. consider the challanges and dilemmas that those ongoing changes present to managers in that context.

pls use only uk textbooks pls. thank you

Dear Writer,
I am applying this 40 pages just for chapter 2 and chapter 3, please read my notes carefully then let me know what do you think about them. please let me know if you need more time for your writing.
I am asking you to help me for writing the current literature review for PhD dissertation that titled in (private investment and economic development in Iraq).
First of all, I made the temporary outline which mentioned bellow for the current literature review of this thesis, I don't mind if you improve it, this literature contains four chapters.
I am planning to write all the thesis with you. Chapter by chapter, which should be based on the objective of the proposal that has done by me.
1- This literature review should consist of 90-100 pages and include four chapters.
- the first chapter consists of the two sections.
-First section it has to address the theories which are related to this topic of this thesis (private investment and economic development in Iraq), then we have to write about the nature of these theories, what are the reasons to chose these theories we have to carefully to investigate which of these theories can be related and applied on our further work.
-second section will address the empirical studies what they say about Investment and economic development, please avoid to just summaries some articles, I need critical work you can know more from the guide for literature review that I will send it later.
this chapter has done by one of your writer Betty, but I am still not happy with this, I have made some extra comments about other theories that related to the subject. It will be great If you could help me with this chapter and make it perfect.
2- Second chapter should be about (the determinants of the private investment in the developing countries)
- first every section construction should have introduction, main body and conclusion.
- then in this section the writer should carefully address the determinate of the private investment in the developing countries, then write new topic about the determinants of the private investment in the non oil developing countries refer to the some example countries, what factors can influence their economy and why. later investigate and address the factors can influence the private investment in the oil rich countries , then we should identify the factors can revive and influence Iraq's private investment and through which economic development can be achieved explained carefully.
3- Chapter three should addressed to the role of public investment on the private investment , in which field the public investment can encourage private investment and help to create friendly investment climate in the developing countries.

- we need to address the role of the foreign direct investment on the private investment and economic development in the developing countries. how can FDI help to encourage private investment and how it helps to achieve economic development in these countries.
- Economic and Institution Policies for Stimulating Private Investment in the Developing Countries
- what are the most important reforms has done recently in order to encourage private investment in the developing countries. with refer to the economic reforms which have done by some developing countries, they have succeed to encourage and increase the rate of private investment to GDP and market oriented strategies.
chapter four (assess and evaluate the nature of private and public investment and economic development in Iraq) this chapter will address all necessary topic .
-we need to address that why private and public investment are poor in the Iraq economy.
-what can be done to speed up economic development in the Iraq.
-in which sectors should private investment get active in the case of Iraq's economy.
what kind of the polices can help and improve the private investment in the Iraq , I would like to confirm that all depend on the writer skills how to address these topics in a creative way.
I just wanted to confirm that if the writer see the number of the pages is not sufficient just let me know.
additional point to the writer to write the literature in the creative way not just summarising the paper we have got our construction to write the literature I will send to the writer to help him how to write this literature review. it will be very great if writer try to connect and link all section that give the whole meaning. for example we will use compare and contrast in the view. I do not want the literature to be like essay.

all these notes were provided just for the literature review.
I want to ask the writer to give the clear details about the methodology when the literature has done
which methodology can be applied in this dissertation according in this literature and what are the variables we will assess them in the methodology chapter?

Introduction
Chapter 1: Private Investment and Economic Development
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Investment and Economic Development (Theories)
1.3. Empirical Studies on the Positive Role of Investment in Economic Development
1.4. Conclusion
Chapter 2: Determinants of Private Investment in the developing countries
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Determinants of Private Investment in the Developing Countries
2.3. Determinants of Private Investment in the Non-oil Developing Countries
2.4. Determinants of Private Investment in the Oil rich Countries
2.5. The Most Essential Factors to Stimulate Investment (private, public) in the case of Iraq
2.6. Conclusion
Chapter 3:The role of Public Investment in stimulating Private Investment in the Developing countries.
3.1. Introduction
3. 2. the role of Economic and Institution Policies ( political stability, good governs, transparency,etc ) for Stimulating Private Investment in the Developing Countries.
3.3. Creating Friendly Investment Climate for Developing Countries
3.4. Foreign Direct Investment Role in Private Investment and Economic Development in the Developing Countries.
3.5. what are the most important reforms has done recently in terms of private investment in the developing countries.
3.6. Conclusion
Chapter 4: Assess and evaluate the nature of private and public investment and economic development in Iraq
4.1. Introduction
4.2 Assess and evaluate the nature of private and public investment and economic development in Iraq.
4.3 What is the most important economic sectors in Iraq, which the private sector can play a key role.
4.4. Conclusion


References

I will send my files to you by email, you can use your own references as well,
I want to have a copy of those references which you are going to use.

There are faxes for this order.

Customer is requesting that
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In this assignment you are required to apply the Functionalist perspective to a contemporary American social issue. Please make sure that you select a topic that will yield enough information to accommodate this assignment. Students are expected to find appropriate scholarly sources that describe and explain their selected topic. Your selected social issue should cover a breadth of social institutions. For example, the current health care debate seeps into many facets of our social lives including the economy, family, work and government. Once you have researched your selected topic, you should critically assess your social issue from the viewpoint of Functionalists. You should discuss the contributions of at least two Functionalists (i.e. Comte, Spencer, Parsons and/or Durkheim). In addition, you should include at least five sociological concepts that are consistent with the Functionalist perspective in the body of your paper. More than simply identify these concepts, you should use them to provide a sound critical analysis of your topic. How would your selected theorists view contemporary American society? What solutions would they offer to your selected social issue? What are the strengths and weaknesses of Functionalism?
Your paper should do the following:
1. Provide a summary of your topic.
2. Describe the main assumptions and principles of Functionalism.
3. Critically assess your topic from the perspective of at least two theorists.
4. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Functionalism.
5. Utilize at least five sociological concepts, consistent with Functionalism in your analysis.
6. Cite appropriately from the text and your outside scholarly sources.
Formatting guidelines:
1. Use an 11 ? 12 point font (Times New Roman or Arial only).
2. One inch margins on all sides.
3. Double-space all pages of text.
4. Provide a title page.
5. Include a running head and page numbers on all pages.
6. Include an introduction and a sound conclusion.
7. Appropriate use of APA in-text citations.
8. Appropriate use of APA full-references.
.

Directions:
Research and analyze this social issue:

Social Welfare Policy being addressed: Criminal Justice

The specific policy is: The Death Penalty

Question to answer is: Shoud the Death Penalty be outlawed? The answer is No

A: Intorduction: Issue, Policy, Problem identify the social wealfare issue on which you will focus. Identify the specific policy. Identify the problem that the policy is suppose to impact.

B: History of Issue: Provide a historical context and background of the larger social wealfare issue.

C: State the Question and declare your answer in my case the answer is No

D: Prespectives & Analysis of Policy: more fully discribe the specific policy, with recent important events. Discuss the different perspectives on the policy, noting specifically which groups are for, which groups are against , or which have a third way. Analyze these prespectives.

E: Impact of Policy: discuss the impact of the policy asit exist today. Does the policy solve any of the problems that it is suppose to solve? Use evidence to support this.

The 1990''s saw dramatic change to the welfare system as we knew it. The emphasis became back to school and back to work initiatives that more resemble a hand up and not a hand out.

How do the welfare reform measures address the criticisms of the old system? What are some potentialproblems of the new system?

I need this in a MS Word format.

The report requested is meant to be the Review of Literature Chapter of a dissertation on Attitudes and Values of High School Students. The format for this report must be done in APA style. While related reseach on attitudes and values of high school students of all ethnic groups is acceptable, particular focus must be on minority students (African American and Hispanic Americans).The review period should be no more than the past 15 years to the present (1988-2003). Some cited authors to be included are: Fordham (1988), Fine (1991), Kozal (1991) and Delpit (1995)

I have requested that the report be no more that 30 pages long with 25 cited sources and bibliography page or pages.

Please note, that the overall focus of the dissertation while primarily concerned with school life or issues, is also concerned with peer, family, and community affect and their affect and effect on student achievement in school. In addition, school reform efforts are proceeding without hearing and including student voice, in terms of the students perceptions of their experiences and elationships in school with peers, and teachers.

Please create a response essay for the topic below for a non-western comparative political course. I will send the necessary readings. Please respond with some special examples that reference understanding to the texts.

Take the online discussion from the on Japan Module and write up your response to the topic in a coherent, cohesive 5 page paper. Each of the topics asks for your assessment of the state of democracy in the country. A good answer will provide a clear, strong thesis (that is specific and debatable) and will use readings, lecture, discussions, and any outside information (you must note the source of the information) you choose. I'm looking for your assessment of the character/quality of democracy in the country, so be clear and precise about what you are claiming and why you believe what you are arguing.

Be sure to give specific details on the assessment of Japans democracy. Is it strong or weak?

Before beginning I have included my responses to some discussions that were given before this essay to give a better understanding of my stance.

Discussion 21--Role of Bureaucracy
For our final week, we're going to focus on understanding the readings, which are challenging, but we'll also need to bring in some web research. Let's work collaboratively to get the empirical details down, and then we can start making judgments. Question: Chalmers Johnson, one of the U.S.'s foremost Japan experts, tells us the story of Tanaka Kakuei and the shocking extent of his corruption. But Johnson tells us this story so we can better understand the nature of Japanese politics and the role of the bureaucracy. What is Johnson trying to illuminate for us?

The story of Tanaka Kakueis corruption and presence as Japans prime minister is told according to Chalmers Johnson to paint the picture of Japan on the political arena. Kakuei served as the Japanese political leader and prime minister from 1972 till 1974.He prospered greatly during World War II and gained election to the lower house of the Diet, where he served from 1947. Farmers were the strongest supporters of the left-wing social and land reform movements. However, his supporters indicate that the only thing that counts in the favor of votes is whether these voters saw resources for the region. He promised to send them highways, schools, railroads and snow removal services in return for their votes and thats exactly what Tanaka did. A member of Japan's dominant Liberal Democratic party, he was secretary-general from 19651966 and 19681971. Tanaka was also minister of finance from 1962 to 1965 and minister of international trade and industry 1971 to 1972 before succeeding Eisaku Sato as prime minister. He was more colorful and somewhat more reformist than most of Japan's other Liberal Democratic prime ministers. Tanaka was forced to resign in 1974 because of alleged financial corruption. He was later tried for accepting over $2 million in bribes from Lockheed Corporation. Tanaka was convicted on October 12, 1983 but appealed his conviction, thereby prolonging the sentence such that it was never served. And until his conviction, Tanaka remained in control of the largest faction within the Liberal Democratic Party.

However, Tanaka was not the only politician to have had encounters with bribery as virtually every major contemporary Japanese politician has had such experiences. But the difference with Tanaka was that he was able to beat the accusations and went on to have a career as a non-bureaucratic leader. Tanaka was able to move past the corruption scandal, but it did affect the perspective of him and politics. Regardless, critics like Tachibana Takashi charge Tanaka with buying the prime ministership, but they should also acknowledge that he probably saved the LDP from its long-term decline in popular support under Sato.

The fundamental issue in the Tanaka case is what the Japanese call structural corruption. The case reveals a pattern of influence peddling that is not unique to Tanaka but inherent in the Japanese governmental system, and that indicates a serious need for reform states Johnson. Thus, the Tanaka case is significant because of how it has impacted the democratic state of Japan, and the political aspect of operations. The meaning of Tanakas actions according to him were partly rationalized in his autobiography that he was put on earth to do something and therefore corruption, then was then a means of justification to a higher purpose. Johnson summarizes that money was an important component in the political system and states, Tanaka had a lot of money and he used it not for himself, but in order to get things done as Professor Nishibe claims. Money became so much a part of the system that a new terminology built around it; the chief way to calculate election expenses was in terms of bullets a bullet being 100 million Yen. Further implications of Johnsons detailed account for Tanaka were shocking but the scandal brought Japan back in time, to gangsters and right-wingers, and suggested that the foreigners knew better how to get things done in Japan than law-abiding citizens. The case implicated officials of the Transportation Ministry, the prime minister himself and one of Japans leading trading companies.

Discussion 22--Junichiro Koizumi
Who was Junichiro Koizumi and what did his election and re-election as Prime Minister of Japan represent? Why did voters back him and why was the LDP his own party wary of him?

Born into a family of politicians, Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was regarded as an outsider and a maverick, due to his surprise election to his position and his insistence on widespread reforms. Koizumi is known for both his flamboyant personality and his politics and has become a pop culture icon in Japan. Koizumi became known as much for his anti - establishment public persona as for his political agenda when he released a CD of his own karaoke covers of Elvis Presley songs and a chewing gum company named a mint flavor in his honor, shortly after becoming prime minister. In 2001, Koizumi won the LDP presidency in a surprise defeat of Hashimoto, and on April 24, he was named the party's 20th president and the country's 56th prime minister. As expected, an overhaul of the postal savings system (a massive government -run banking system based in post offices throughout the country) became one of Koizumi's top priorities, and he also sought to redirect automobile - related tax revenues away from road construction and into areas that would be more likely to spur economic growth. He set a three - year target for the country's banks to write off years of debt resulting from bad loans. He also proposed a fiscal discipline policy designed to limit deficit spending in his heavily debt - ridden nation, but was unable to implement the policy as Japan's economy worsened. Koizumi was reelected in 2003, though by a smaller majority than in the 2001 election. By 2004, his approval rating fell to 36 percent and the LDP fell two seats short of the seat goal for upper house Parliamentary elections, the party retained its majority.

Prior to the 2004 elections, Koizumi reaffirmed his promise to pursue reforms in a Parliamentary address, which is reprinted on his government's website staying, "Having been granted the trust of the people of Japan in the general election that took place in November 2003, I once again have been given the honor of bearing the heavy responsibilities of Prime Minister of Japan. Firmly maintaining the policy that has been followed to date of without structural reform there will be no rebirth or growth in Japan, and reflecting once more on the words of the Chinese philosopher Mencius that when about to place a great responsibility on a person, heaven may test one with hardship and frustrated efforts in order to toughen one's nature and shore up deficiencies, I will continue to promote reforms with firm resolve." In addition, Koizumi committed to sustained environmental protection, improvements in the education system, and economic recovery. "On the foundation ofthe stable administrative coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party and the New Komeito, I am now seeking to realize a country where the buds of reform are nurtured into a large tree and a country granted the trust of the world full of pride and confidence," he remarked. In January of 2005, Koizumi announced that he would not seek re election after the end of his term in September of 2006.
A colorful figure, Koizumi pledged to lift Japan from its economic malaise, revise its constitution, privatize government owned businesses, modernize its political system, improve relations with its Asian neighbors, and eliminate factionalism from the LDP. Achieving those goals proved difficult, however, as reform was resisted by the deep-rooted bureaucracy and by LDP factions that would be affected by reform, Koizumi's government soon came largely to resemble those of his predecessors. Ultimately cuts in public spending were achieved and mad progress in deregulation.

When Koizumi became prime minister, he was viewed as a reformist and was sought to break the pattern of resignation in the face of Japans decline. To the public he was open and competent which was more appealing than Yoshiro Mori, his predecessor. The Japanese saw the potential of hope for the future of Japan through his leadership. With the current freedom and financial ability the public was more likely to escape the nations problems, but it has left the government with the task of paying off the major debt, giving Koizumi the opportunity to redirect Japan through the political process. As Schoppa indicates, Only one path leads out of this exit spiral. Japans political leaders must inspire the countrys citizens to redirect their energies inward, toward domestic reform. So far such inspiration has been conspicuously absent. Koizumi became popular in the publics eye as within his first weeks as prime minister, waiting lists for child care were eliminated to enable women to combine motherhood with careers. His actions earned him an approval rating as high as 87% with the general public. Even though Koizumi appealed to the public for the most part, members of the Diet werent so enthusiastic for his reforms. Koizumis own party was wary of him because his proposed reforms would hurt their supporters in the inefficient construction industry and other protected sectors of the economy , according to Schoppa.

Discussion 23--Economic Problems
The articles about Koizumi and Abe suggest that Japan suffers from serious economic problems that the political system cannot resolve. Why not? What are the political obstacles to changing Japanese politics? How does it relate to the Johnson reading?

The articles about Koizumi and Abe provide details about their rise to power and the political challenges that Japan faces. Although Japan has grown as a power, it suffers from serious economic problems that the political system cannot just fix with a snap of a finger. The problems facing Japan are enormous debt primarily, declining baby-boom, exiting members and the need for reform for if Japan continues on the track it is on, it will ultimately be heading in a direction that will devastate the nation and alter the political system. Though Koizumi and Abe have similar characteristics, some of their political tactics and reform focuses can only go so far to help put Japan on the correct path to fix its economic problems that are plaguing Japan from its potential. The problems facing Japan can be related to the Johnson reading because as in the corruption scandal of Tanaka, such implications have certainly not helped in the political system resolving such economic problems. Public opinion of government is relying more on themselves and less of government as their political system is limited in its action to resolve the problem. Corruption is not new to Japan, and as it has been plaguing the political arena, the results have left Japan is serious economic problems not only for the future Japan, but for the current citizens, and political reforms.

The Schoppa reading labels Japan as The Reluctant Reformer and the title fits considering the serious economic problems that need to be dealt with for long term existence and success of a democracy, but there is a lack of transforming actions being done in the short term aspect of things. Japan has been predicted by global trends of the CIA to have difficulty maintaining the current position of the 3rd largest economy, and such reasoning is because of the challenges that face Japan. The reason why the Japanese have put up with Japans stagnation and have not demanded governmental action be made is because of Japans success. But this ironic answer, is because for the first time in the countrys history, individuals and forms now have the wealth and freedom necessary to pursue private solutions to their economic problems- solutions that make perfect sense from an individual or corporate perspective but that actually aggravate economic problems at the national level as Schoppa tells us. This has intensified the economic problems only further because by not forcing the government to address the nations problems. Japan needs to discipline the use of its economic resources to break its irresponsible spending habits. Similarly, the Katz and Ennis reading says that Japans working force needs to ultimately be more productive as its force is declining.

Closely related, the organizational structure that Japan has been operating on since it developed over the postwar years, where individuals and firms had few options other than to rely on the government. This made corporations dependent on state help and had every incentive to keep channels of communication open from their end. But as the firms remained in private hands, they made sure government policies did not drift too far from the market in order to survive as a competitor and succeed in the international markets. Toyota and Sony are perfect of examples of companies that became wealthy enough that it did not need to depend on the state for financing or capital markets as they can go abroad if needed.

Another issue that is affecting and will continue to affect the current economic crisis is the decline in the size of its labor force and rise in elderly citizens. After growing steadily for five decades, the working population is starting to decline as postwar baby boomers are starting to retire at 60. This means that pensions and medical expenses could push the government to spend even more money on social-insurance, a burden that the already in debt nation cannot afford. One method to combat this issue is for women and especially women with children to enter/continue the working field, by creating an accepting environment for work. Only half of working-age women currently hold paying jobs, and the proportions are even lower for mothers. Many of these women look at Japans employment system- which offers limited child care, inadequate parental leave, inflexible schedules, and long hours- and choose work or children Schoppa states, and by not having women in the work force it deprives the economy of their paid labor and makes it harder to finance the upcoming retirement of the baby boomers.

Doubts in Japans critical situation are impacting the potential for its serious economic problems from being resolved. More individuals have stopped paying into the pension program, because they feel that their return will not equal what they are putting into it. Therefore, the national pension system is greatly affected from these actions, making the current debt as risk for more spending which it can frankly not afford.


Discussion 24--Democracy in Japan
What do the Koizumi and Abe stories say about the state of democracy in Japan? Would you say that democracy in Japan is any weaker or stronger than it is in the U.S.? Why or why not?
Have not personally responded yet, but you can include this response in the essay.

There are faxes for this order.

Question to answer: Whether current immigration policies- H-1B visa and permanent-resident visa quotas- for highly skilled workers are solving the problem of the shortage of skilled workers and the effects of these policies on foreign skilled workers, foreign students graduating from U.S. universities, businesses such as Microsoft, and the U.S. economy. How can Congress balance the interests of the U.S. need to retain the brightest and best to compete in the global market with immigration quotas?

This note will explore whether Bill Gates' proposal in reforming the immigration system by extending student visa OPT, increasing the cap for permanent resident visas, and raising the H-1B quota is necessary. Section I will give an overview of H-1B visas. Section II will look at the H-1B debate from both the opponents and proponents sides, while Section III will address solutions and in particular, Bill Gates proposal and whether it should be implemented. Finally, this note will look at what the policy implications are that the private sector is lobbying Congress for immigration reform- and more integration rather than enforcement in immigration policy.

I have a brief outline and a more detailed outline with a lot of research, some repetitive points, but it needs to be organized in subsections to help answer the question. The short outline pasted below is the one to follow in terms of general order and how the pieces fit, while the longer outline which will be emailed has a lot of sources and quotes, but the order is different and not to be followed. The main order is here is the problem (problem with H-1B quota), why there is a problem (showing both sides of the proponents and opponents and intersections with foreign student visa and permanent resident visas), and how the problem should be solved.

All quotes and assertions need to be followed by the author and page number in parenthesis, including the sources I have included (if not author, then title of work or article). The outline is mostly direct quotes from the sources, but there should not be a lot of quotes throughout the paper, mainly rewording and still citing to the source that the idea came from. Do not use a lot of direct quotations, but rather reword the quote and still cite to the source the assertion came from. Please use a total of 30 sources, which can include the sources from the outline I am sending, as long as in total there are 30 sources.

Also at the end of the long outline is an interview with Bill Kamela, the policy counsel for Microsoft which is not integrated into the outline but should be used in the paper.

Outline to more or less follow:
1. Introduction
a. This note will explore whether Bill Gates' proposal in reforming the immigration system by extending student visa OPT, increasing the cap for permanent resident visas, and raising the H-1B quota is necessary. Section I will look at ...Section II will look at ..., while Section III will address solutions and in particular, Bill Gates proposal and whether it should be implemented.
b. Issue: Whether current immigration policies- H-1B visa and permanent-resident visa quotas- for highly skilled workers are solving the problem of the shortage of skilled workers and the effects of these policies on foreign skilled workers, foreign students graduating from U.S. universities, businesses such as Microsoft, and the U.S. economy. How can Congress balance the interests of the U.S. need to retain the brightest and best to compete in the global market with immigration quotas?
c. While this note only reflects the H-1B visa debate, this is part of a larger issue that affects immigration policy as a whole, the issue this reflects is of a much larger governmental policy failure which is immigration reform. If the U.S. cannot handle immigration reform to attract highly skilled workers, then how can the U.S. possibly deal with immigration reform as a whole? What does the fact that a private business is now lobbying Congress for immigration reform say about Congress' inaction to reform the system?
d. Why does this issue matter? It is affecting our economy, businesses, and foreign workers- by continuing this quota, the U.S. is almost forcing foreign talent to go to other countries and contribute to their economies as well as forcing U.S. businesses to outsource since they cannot bring foreign talent into the U.S.
2. History of Immigration Policies/Quotas
3. Overview of H-1B Visa
a. The H-1B program was established by the Immigration Act of 1990 to allow nonimmigrant aliens to work in specialty occupations in the United States for up to six years. Although an H-1B visa does not directly result in legal permanent residence, visa holders may apply for permanent residency through employer sponsorships. (21 BYE J. Pub. L. 153 P 157)
b. Cap
c. What is happening with the H-1B visa now and how its screwing things up
d. Impact of H-1B visa (why should people care about this visa)
i. The United States will find it far more difficult to maintain its competitive edge over the next 50 years if it excludes those who are able and willing to help us compete. Other nations are benefiting from our misguided policies. They are revising their immigration policies to attract highly talented students and professionals who would otherwise study, live and work in the United States for at least part of their careers. (Written testimony of William H. Gates Before the Committee on Science and Technology, United States House of Representatives, P 14)
ii. Shortage of Engineers
iii. Creation of jobs
iv. Outsourcing
v. Effects on companies such as Microsoft
vi. F-1 Visa- Foreign Students (problem H-1B places on foreign students and how these problems feed one another)
vii. Permanent Visa Issues (same as the foreign student problems, H-1B intersects with permanent visas and this is part of the problem H-1B visas have)
4. H-1B visa debate
a. Transition (For example (though expand on this of course): The above problems demonstrate the inefficiencies of the H-1B visa program. However, this is not to say that the H-1B visa program should be scrapped. In fact, the program is good because , as discussed below.)
b. Proponents of the H-1B visa
i. The H-1B visa has been the subject of many debates among politicians, corporations, and workers. As President Bush said, "Immigration is not a problem to be solved. It is a sign of a confident and successful nation." Leah Phelps Carpenter, The Status of the H-1B Visa in These Conflicting Times, 10 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int'l L. 553, 554 (2003)
ii. Our tradition of allowing immigrants into the U.S. has led us to become "the beneficiary of the world's most talented and renowned research scientists, economists, engineers, mathematicians, computer scientists, and other professionals." Suzette Brooks Masters and Ted Ruthizer, The H-1B Straightjacket: Why Congress Should Repeal the Cap on Foreign Born Highly Skilled Workers, 00-05 Immigr. Briefings 1 (2000). By not allowing these immigrants into the U.S. we could possibly stunt our leading role in these areas.
c. What has led to the current H1-B visa program
i. Transition (For example: Unfortunately, the way the program has been changed and/or is run now, has created numerous problems.)
ii. Legislative/Legal History of current H-1B visa program
1. Cap
iii. Brief Discussion of any legal attempts to change the program (e.g., cases, lobbying congress, etc.)
1. End with transition into Solution section
b. Opponents of the H-1B Visa
i. Hurts American jobs
ii. Cheap Labor
iii. America has sufficient scientific talent
iv. Abuse
1. Administering the H-1B visa program involves corruption, but fact that its abused doesn't mean we don't need it. It is true that the H1-B program has been abused by some companies, but the answer isn't to punish the H1-B program, but to punish the abusers. The solution rather, would be to implement cost-effective methods Labor could use to check the applications more stringently that would enhance the integrity of the H-1B process.

5. Solution (be clear in youre wrting and delineate what others are proposing, and what youre saying about these proposals, what others may think about these proposals, and which you endorse and would change and why- do not endorse point based or other solutions, endorse most of gates proposal except the streamlined path to citizenship for foreign student visas)
a. Point Based System- Is that a solution for the U.S.?
b. Other solutions/ bills
c. Bill Gates proposal
i. Bill Gates proposal in reforming both our education system and our immigration policies by specifically extending the amount of time foreign students are permitted to stay in connection with their degree program, creating a streamlined path to permanent resident status for highly skilled workers and increasing the cap on visas could help to resolve the effects of .
ii. Senator Baird spoke about the importance of training the next generation of scientists and engineers and of funding critical basic research in applied science. He said "if we want our economies to be strong, we must invest in science. Senator Baird, 154 Cong. Rec. H1561-02
1. Reform education system, which is as important as reforming immigration policies, will not be addressed in this paper.
iii. Reform immigration policies
1. Extending amount of time foreign students are permitted to stay in connection with their degree program.
a. Until recently, these students had 12 months to be accepted into the H-1B visa. Now they have 29 months to stay in the United States as a student worker. (Associated Press: Highly Skilled Foreign Students Can Stay in U.S. Longer)
b. Not mentioned in Gates proposal, but necessary, is that it should be possible for foreign students earning advanced degrees in key fields to have the option at the time they apply for their visa to declare an interest in working in the United States after graduation. (nafsa.org: Immigration Reform and Attracting Foreign Talent)
i. The current law for student and scholar visas prevents the United States from benefiting from the contributions of foreign students who might want to stay here, whether for the long term or for a few years. (nafsa.org: Immigration Reform and Attracting Foreign Talent)
2. Congress should create a streamlined path to permanent resident status for highly skilled workers.
a. Rather than allowing highly skilled, well-trained innovators to remain for only a very limited period, we should encourage a greater number to become permanent U.S. residents so that they can help drive innovation and economic growth alongside America's native-born talent. (Written testimony of William H. Gates Before the Committee on Science and Technology, United States House of Representatives, P 15)
b. Instead of requiring graduates from top universities who receive jobs from American corporations to go through the tedious H-1B visa process, we should provide a direct path to permanent residence. We need to do all we can to attract and keep skilled immigrants, rather than bring them here temporarily, train them, and send them home. (American.com: America's Other Immigration Crisis)
c. This is not a feasible solution, but at a minimum, make it possible for foreign students earning advanced degrees in key fields to have the option at the time they apply for their visa to declare an interest in working in the United States after graduation. (Nafsa.com: Immigration Reform and Attracting Foreign Talent)
3. Congress should increase the cap on visas
a. By increasing the number of visas granted each year, Congress can help U.S. industry meet its near-term need for qualified workers even as we build up our long-term capability to supply these workers domestically through education reform. (Written testimony of William H. Gates Before the Committee on Science and Technology, United States House of Representatives, P 15)
b. Senator Gregg is in favor of expanding the H-1B program. He said "even though there may have been abuses in the program; I dont think they were at the core of the problem; that the primary energy of this program has been to create jobs in the United States by bringing smart people here. We should be going across the world and saying to the best and the brightest in the world, if you want to come to the United States and be a job center that adds to the value of our economy, we would like to have you come. We would like to consider you as being a participant under an H-1B visa program. Senator Gregg, 154 Cong. Rec. S1917-01
4. In addition to raising the caps and allowing a streamlined path to permanent residency, the H-1B program itself needs reform in conjunction with increasing the numbers in order to minimize the abuse that occurs from employers and give the Department of Labor more power over this program. Senator Grassley, 154 Cong. Rec. S2029-05

6. Policy Implications
1. Enforcement v Integration
i. Less enforcement focus and more integration (government is calling for enforcement while private sector like Microsoft is calling for more integration)
2. What does Microsoft's influencing immigration policy say about our immigration policy? Reflection of where our broken immigration policy is at. It is so ineffective that Microsoft and other businesses have to speak up.
3. America seems to be xenophobic even of the model immigrant worker- the highly skilled- what does that mean for other immigration policy reforms

7. Conclusion (Overall, this is what I propose, why it works, why it addresses the issues, and what will happen if theres no change (ie., why it matters))
1. The current restrictions on employing highly skilled foreign workers are hurting America's economy. Many occupations requiring workers with advanced skills are at full employment. There are not enough domestic workers with advanced skills available to fill the positions that businesses need to have filled. Many companies have been forced to expand operations overseas instead of in the United States because of the shortage of highly skilled workers for key positions. Congress should raise the H-1B cap to let businesses expand operations in America and to create jobs for Americans. Each highly skilled H-1B employee at a high-tech company supports the jobs for four Americans. The increased demand for workers with complementary skills both raises wages and reduces inequality. (Heritage Center Report, P 4)
2. It is possible that federal legislators will consider other immigration provisions, but insiders predict that there will be no immigration legislation until Fall 2009 and that any future H-1B relief proposals would need to be part of a larger comprehensive immigration reform package.




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Write an integrated critique of the Richard Dawkins The Selfish Gene and Jonathan Kozols Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools. The critique should be nine to twelve pages in length, typed and double-spaced. Include the following four topics in the critique:

1. A discussion of Dawkins evidence for the evolution of animal behavior through natural selection of the selfish gene. Include material from the Web sites.

2. Discuss the concept of the meme as Dawkins describes it. How does the meme concept relate to the inequalities in educational resources described by Kozol?

3. To what extent do the educational reform plans from your Web sites require cultural evolution through meme selection as described by Dawkins?

4. What kinds of cultural value changes would have to occur if this evolution of value memes is to take place?

Sources for material

http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World_US/JonathanKozol_page.html
http://salmonriver.com/words/bookreviews97/selfish.html
http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/printer_friendly.php?id=15
http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/selfish.shtml
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sociobiology.
http://www.city-journal.org/html/8_3_how_judges.html
http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/%7Ephoenix/Lit/meme-ess.html
http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000028.asp
http://www1.worldbank.org/education/globaleducationreform/pdf/corrales.pdf
http://www.humanists.net/pdhutcheon/humanist%20articles/Fear%20Ignorance20--%20Not%20Sociobiology.htm

Paper (60% of final grade): Write an eight page paper on the following: Compare approaches to services and the role of social work in different generations
a. Choose a client population (e.g., people with severe mental illness, people who were adopted, people in nursing homes, etc.) or an issue (e.g., lack of affordable housing, gender discrimination in employment, the funding of social services, etc).
b. Briefly research how this population or issue was responded to in the past. Please make sure it is enough in the past that social work practice is different from today.
c. Briefly research how this population or issue is currently responded to in evidence-based practice, best practice or normative practice.
i. You may conduct this research through journals or books, through reliable internet searching (e.g., the websites of social service agencies), by talking to knowledgeable people (professional social workers you know, social service clients/users, people at your field placement, relatives who may have knowledge of your chosen area, etc.).
ii. If you are interested in international social work you may choose the country of your interest for this project.
iii. If you are interested in a specific community for this project (e.g., informal adoption in the African American community in the past versus formal adoption through agencies currently; health care decision making for partners in states that do not recognize partner/spousal rights versus those that do in the LGBTQ community; etc.)
d. In a maximum eight page, double spaced, 12 point font, word processed paper with normal margins
i. Critically compare the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches for those affected (clients/consumers/users) and for social workers.
ii. What is/was the social work role in each? For example, was/is it empowering, controlling, punitive, enabling, etc.
iii. Would you be comfortable in that role in each period, and why?
1. If uncomfortable, how would you like to see it changed?
2. If comfortable, what is the effect of the role on clients, e.g., does it lead to self-reliance or dependence, keep the client consistent with social norms or challenge them, etc.?
iv. Where would you like to see social work changing (or not) in the future for this population or issue?
e. Some rules on writing:
i. Please use person first language (see, for example, http://www.asha.org/about/publications/journal-abstracts/submissions/person_first.htm. This means instead of using terms like the mentally ill, using a phrase such as a person with mental illness. It also means using the term disability instead of handicap, unless you are referring to social and physical obstacles imposed upon people with disabilities.
ii. Please use APA citation rules for this paper. If you are unfamiliar with APA citation, please consult with the Writing Center, the APA Publication Manual in the library, or a website on APA citation rules (you can Google APA citation or APA style.
iii. Dont plagiarize the ideas or writing of others. It is easy enough to quote or cite the work of others without penalty. If you are unfamiliar with these rules, consult with the writing center or others who know them.

Both the general public and prison officials consider sex offenders to be the vilest of all criminals. Texas has the second largest prison system in the United States but has few rehabilitation services especially for sex offenders. Sex offenders are at the bottom of the prison hierarchy in Texas and are frequently subject to intimidation and physical assaults by other inmates. Consequently, the Texas prison system places them in Security Housing Units for their protection. The lack of rehabilitation services for sex offenders in Texas and their special housing further contributes to their sense of isolation and alienation from society and also increases the probability they will reoffend when they are released from prison.

I plan to conduct a literature review on sex offenders in Texas to answer several critical questions about this important segment of Texas's prison population. First, what is the size of the sex offender population in Texas? What rehabilitation services are available to sex offenders in Texas prisons? What rehabilitation services are available to sex offenders when they are released from Texas prisons? What is their rate of recidivism and how does it vary for different types of sex offenders? How do race, ethnicity, and gender impact sentencing of sex offenders in Texas? What factors contribute to successful or unsuccessful rehabilitation of sex offenders in Texas? What reforms should be instituted in the Texas prison system to reduce the dangers posed by sex offenders to society?

Q2. Compare and contrast development patterns in China and India between 1950 and 1980. In this answer you should describe points of commonalities and important differences in the respective approaches. A complete answer will point out the key policy decisions taken and the reasons for them. You should take care to the political opportunities and constraints as well as the economic outcomes during this period. (2-3 pages, 12 font)

Q3. Describe and evaluate the process of Chinese reforms from 1978 to date. Your answer should elucidate the benefits and costs of the approach followed. (2-3 pages, 12 font)

There are faxes for this order.

The term project is a case study of a developing country, (which is Kenya), that has undertaken some sort of structural change and/or implemented some major developmental policy reform within the last five to ten years. The paper is to provide a description of purpose of the policy reform, including the motivation for the major change. That is, the paper is to describe the existing conditions in Kenya prior to the implementation of a structural change or major policy reform. The goal of this paper is to provide the "background" information of Kenya, including relevant statistical information, which sets the stage for describing why traditional, neo-classical policy reform was unsuccessful or detrimental to Kenya?s economic development. Try to draw connections between the actual growth experiences in Kenya and relevant theories (and criticisms of) economic development in the literature.
In addition to the background summary, you should explain why the previous, traditional, growth-oriented policies were inadequate. Development reform programs are almost always implemented because earlier reforms produced unsatisfactory results. What were these unsatisfactory results?
The statistical information you provide will likely be specific to the existing problems in Kenya as well as the nature of the policy reform; however, to get you started consider including some of the following information:
- the composition of Kenya''s population and household structure(i.e. demographic info,% population in rural areas, level of education attainment, roles of family members(economic, social, cultural, religious)
-structure of Kenya''s economy(i.e. to what extent are economic decisions answered by market forces as opposed to government policy, how well do prices(of goods, services, resources, foreign currency, etc.) adjust to market forces)

Specific Guidelines:
Typewritten, Double-spaced using a standard 12-font type such as Times New Roman with 1" margins. The paper must include a list of works cited and a list of other references used in writing your paper.

Discuss the possible introduction of a flat tax system in the Czech Republic and look at its possible benefits and potential failings, keeping in mind and using the other Central Europe countries that have adopted a flat tax, e.g. Slovakia, Stonia, Latvia, etc.
The paper should present some cogent argument using research as a means for making a point, but not as an end in and of itself. Descriptive sections of the paper should be used only in the context of the argument being presented.
Suggested sources: Toward Fundamental Tax Reform book; article in The Economist, April 05 issue; Euroativ.com: Flat Tax --> http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-136190-16&type=LinksDossier;

Slovakia has it right? An interesting article from the Dec 28th NY Times.

UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS EQUITY TO IN-STATE TUITION:
REDUCING THE BARRIERS

TEMPLE UNIVERSITY

EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION 5101

SECTION 012

RESEARCH DESIGN IN EDUCATION
SUMMER 1, 2011

York Williams, title








Immigrant undocumented students
challenges for residency for tuition
purposes and permanency in the
United States






Lori Daniels June 14, 2011

Table of Contents


Abstract ..
Acknowledgments .
Table of Contents
List of Tables ..
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction ...
Purpose of the Study..
Importance of the Study & Research Problem ..
Research Questions (number them)
Methods ..
Limitations .
Terms ..
Theory .
Chapter 2
Literature Review
Outraged


Chapter 3 Methodology & Procedures
Study and Design
Population
Procedures
Trustworthiness, Validity, Reliability
Ethical Consideration












INTRODUCTION

In todays universal society it is more important than ever to receive a quality education and to go to college. However, many undocumented immigrant high school students face many issues surrounding illegal immigration. The lack of legal residency and any supporting paperwork, green card, social security number, government issued identification, basically portrays undocumented students as nonexistent to the American federal and state governments. This occurrence has controlled the lack of undocumented students who are eligible to attend postsecondary educational institutions.

These constraints include opposed rights to admission, immigrant-specific obstacles to financial aid and disputes regarding in-state tuition privileges. Immigrant families with low-income, particularly Spanish immigrants, who are attending inner city high schools, are at a greater risk of having unfulfilled dreams of attending a university. Undocumented students are greatly concentrated in urban areas such as Texas, California and New York; however, these individuals are established across the states. Additionally, undocumented students are more likely to begin their postsecondary careers at community colleges rather than four-year institutions because access and lower cost.

Often time minority students from low socioeconomic status might have difficulty identifying their self?worth, and may develop inferior beliefs, and experience academic failures. It is essential that students of every racial background express their own ethnic identity and improve how they see themselves. Discrimination generally cuts across all underrepresented groups, African Americans, Asian American, and Latino/a. African American students consistently reported significantly more racial?ethnic conflict on campus; pressure to conform to stereotypes; and less equitable treatment by faculty, staff. (Ancis, Sedlacek and Mohr 2000)


Because of these instances the United States is currently evaluating an immigration law reform act.


The Dream Act was established in 2006 by Senator Dick Durbin democrat of Illinois and he presented the DREAM Act (S.729) in the Senate and Representative Howard Berman a democrat from California who introduced the American Dream Act (H.R.1751) in the House. (Palacios pg. 2) The In-state resident tuition legislation act that will benefit undocumented students is a significant policy to provide access to immigrant college students to four year institutions, the military and eventually the right to citizenship.

The Dream Act has established standards for the promotion of success for all undocumented students to attend a university of choice being a four year or community college. However, with the present new legislation that makes it a crime to be in Arizona without legal status and requires police to check for immigration papers many immigrants who have lived here illegally for many years and lead productive lives will be subjective to racial profiling. Besides Arizona, there are other states that are contemplating initiating this policy. I think that this will have a negative impact on the public school systems as well as universities and colleges in enrolling undocumented students because they already face many, cultural, social, and economical challenges. These stigmatisms could create difficulties in undocumented students identifying their self-worth, and may develop inferior beliefs.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to identify specific policies and procedures to provide the resources and capital to assist undocumented students as well as review key elements of showing the correlation of ethnic identity in access and equity to higher education. hat would help eliminate students frustration. And to illustrate there is no accountability system surrounding the success of undocumented students postsecondary education divide significant structure. In most states undocumented students whose family are long time residents
of the area and pay state and local taxes are considered a resident of that particular state. The realization for many first-generation, undocumented students is that they cannot attend a college/university of their choice because they are not documented. Moreover, after graduation they will have even more difficult than their peers finding a job because they dont have the proper documentation. Undocumented, underrepresented students are at a disadvantage to receive learning opportunities and achievements than their peers. Moreover, immigrant families need greater access to accurate information about college in a consistent manner.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH PROBLEM

The need for change is evident, reforms for better immigration laws for public education to create opportunities, access, and respect for undocumented students is imperative. Undocumented high school students need to have the accessibility to secondary learning and know that laws were created to employ citizenship and in-state tuition eligibility for residents who contribute to our society and social order.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Without the fundamental requirements met how will undocumented students achieve their goal to attain a degree, and seek a rewarding career?

Is it unjust to extradite an illegal alien who has been living a constructive life and contributing to benefit our society?

Because of the current economic hardship in the U.S., is it fair to allocate money for college to immigrants or only to American students?
METHODS


I first plan to visit

LIMITATIONS

Senator of Arizona, who has created a hindrance on immigrants who exist in that state. Moreover, federal law still prohibits states from granting unauthorized aliens residential rights for postsecondary education for in-state tuition. bigotry and prejudices against someone who is different still thrives even today. and state laws to the contrary are preempted by federal law

TERMS

Undocumented Immigrants
Immigrant
Dream Act
Antiaffirmative Action
Sociocritical Literacy

THEORY
Helms theory of racial identity most influential three concepts: Racial Identity ego status 1. Conformity, negative stereo type of group, commitment to white standards, Adaptation assimilation accepted into white culture, 2.ego status Dissonance much confusion discriminated against will always be viewed as an minority repress anxiety, People of Color Racial Identity, and White racial identity self-actualization. ethnic statuses mature, being able to perceive and cope with the realities of racism and other oppressive forces 3. Immersion/Emersion immerse into own cultural group reject white culture self blame for ignorance emersion educated about your culture true understanding strengths and weaknesses

LITERATURE REVIEW

Higher Education and Children in Immigrant amilies ??" Sandy Baum and Stella M. Flores

The article describes how new immigrants emerge in the U.S. every day, and how ones country origin, socioeconomic status can determine the educational goal attainment of immigrant students. The author talks about Asian immigrant parents who are primarily in the engineering and medical fields, whereas Latino and Caribbean immigrant parents are labor workers. The effect of having educated or non-educated parents plays a vital role on the success of immigrant students in attaining a post-secondary degree. The younger an immigrant enters the U.S. preferably before the age of thirteen the more likely they will succeed in secondary education because the language skills should be well-built.

The authors mention some of the barriers for immigrants attending higher education as language, not proficient in English, applying for college, financial aid, and lack of academic preparedness. Students with low income are able to enroll in college; however, they have a greater difficulty of completing college. Mexican parents do not want their children to leave home to attend college, discouraging to Mexican students.

Most immigrants who have permission from their native country to attend a university in the U.S. have been selected because of their intelligence and skills. The authors found this true except for Mexican immigrants who most likely have a higher social economical status. The article illustrates that more the half of illegal immigrants 53% has graduated from high school, and has attended postsecondary education. The research is contradictory in show a high postsecondary outcome of immigrants overcoming financial and legal barriers. This pertains to the students who arrive before age thirteen.

Outrage by Dick Morris & Eileen 2007 (Harper Collins Publishers)
Chapter 1- Immigration: The Wide Open Door

This chapter first discusses the extensive measures that the United States conducts on a daily basis to keep unwanted illegal immigrants from crossing our U.S Mexican borders. The chapter describes this as only half of the problem, the other half of this issue is illegal immigrants living in the U.S. with expired visa and the fact that our government does not kick them out. These immigrants come here legally as visitors tourist, workers or students; however, 50% of these immigrants never leave. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is the governmental agency responsible for protecting our borders and illegal visitors form residing in the U.S.
There are about 11.5 million illegal immigrants living in the U.S. Roughly about four to five million of them are here on expired visas. Sixty percent of these immigrants apply for permanent residency and many are granted regardless if they are legally or illegal living in the U.S. In 2001 there were 7,588,775 issued visas and 32,824,000 numbers of admissions into the U.S. The chapter talks about the fraud on the part of the immigrants, identity fraud, document fraud, counterfeiting, and corrupt employees, widespread lying and misrepresentation on the part of the applicants. Over $1billion dollars a year is spent on the imprisonment of about 300,000 illegal immigrants in the U.S. The consular officer is an ICE employee rarely who evaluates the application of the applicant; rarely does he turn an applicant away because of fraud. The consular does not want to complete the lengthy document that must be completed to justify the denial. One area where the consular is enforcing the law is on student visas.
Since the 911 attacks the government is doing better at identifying who enters the U.S. by having the home country fingerprint and photograph the immigrant before leaving, and the U.S. fingerprints the immigrant once they arrive to validate the accuracy of the entry is the same person. However, even with these provisions in practice not all U.S. airports and seaports fingerprint the immigrant when they leave. Without efficient exit check points there is no way to check immigrants whose visas have expired. Most of these immigrants live in poor minority cities.

Ethnic Identity
In Ortiz and Santos results suggest that like Asians, Latino/as identify as a distinct group. They are characterize
d as Puerto Rican, Chicana, Mexican, Dominican, Latino/a, 7 of 9 however, most prefer Mexican American (given that the study was done in California. Within this group some of the sub?groups have a negative association attached, Ferdman & Gallegoss (2001) model of Latino Racial Identity Orientation, (Ortiz & Santos p.133). Mexican American racial classifications do not fit neatly into the binary classification used by the United States, which leads to mistaken in ethnic identity.

The authors also discussed the Latino/a culture and traditions, describing how family members, music, food, language, religious beliefs, and cultural events contribute an important role in ethnic identity. Senior family members describe the traditions, cultural experiences and value of their history. For many students they lost their cultural awareness during high school. However, college became a time for students to return to their cultural background and understand the importance of family in their ethnic identity development.
In Ortiz and Santos critically examined immigrant Asian American family structure and its generational effects on ethnicity. Asian racial groups have sub?groups that self identify as Chinese, Cambodian, Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino and Korean. Additionally, within these sub?groups are varied religious beliefs, Christian, Catholic or Buddhist which also contribute to ethnicity. This is the only group that had a significant interaction with mainstream America during high school. In the Asian culture the extended family often lives in one 5 of 9 household, children, parents, grandparents, and they speak their native language. They believe in strong family ties, and that children must be respectful of their elders. Asian parents tend to be strict and have high expectations for educational achievement and preserving and protecting Asian culture.
Asian students felt that their cultural values were transforming, just from living in the United States and that Asian assimilation to mainstream American had occurred. An Asian female participant in the study discussed the strict cultural background and how she concealed her interracial dating from her parents. The author states that once ethnic identity is weakened when a group adopts the host society, group members sometimes lose all traces of their identity. However, Asian acculturation with the mainstream culture is strong and bicultural according to Berrys Model of Identity. Students value their language and traditions as well as positively interrelate with society as a whole. Asian college students had positive interactions with mainstream America, which made them begin to examine their own culture. However, some Asians feel that if you acculturate fully you have sold out your race to mainstream America.

The Dream Act
The immigration law reform act is one of the changes President Barack Obama has promised the American people. He is genuinely taking into consideration the Dream Act, along with other strategies to improve immigrant existence in the U.S. The initiative of the DREAM Act would allow states the right to determine eligibility for in-state tuition. The DREAM Act would successfully revoke a condition, Section 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), which has discourage states from offering in-state tuition to undocumented students unless they offer the same benefit to all out-of-state students. (Palacios pg. 2).

Some of the common barriers to college for undocumented students are the same as their peers such as and the insufficiencies in the academic preparation of the high schools years and financial difficulty. Under the Dream Act undocumented students who are enrolled in institutions of higher education and meet all of the requirements for conditional permanent residency staus would be eligible for federal student loan and federal work-study programs. However, with the current financial downturn in the United States economy, many federal and state programs will be negatively affected. This will have an impact on low-income students as well as undocumented students who want to participate in college grant programs, financial aid, tuition cost and the university/college student scholarships and loans. Because of the current economic hardship in the U.S., is it fair to allocate money for college to immigrants or only to American students? If immigrants are serving in the U.S. military and contributing to the economical structure than I would think that most would say that it is fair.
The Dream Act is a policy which states that, undocumented students willing to attend college or serve in the armed forces have the full ability to contribute to our society by creating a clear path to citizenship and allowing states to determine eligibility requirements for in-state tuition.
The DREAM Act, would allow illegal immigrants who were brought here at a young age by their parents a pathway to conditional legal status if they arrived in the United States before age 16, have been in the country for five continuous years, and have graduated from high school or obtained a GED or serve in the military.

To be eligible to apply for the Dream Act permanent residency the individual must live in the U.S. before the age of 16 and have continuous residency for five years. The individual must be able to speak English. The individual must enroll in some form of higher education, a trade school, community college, a four year institution or the military. Within a two year period and if the student has followed the aforementioned criteria the undocumented youth can petition for conditional residency. While in the conditional status a student cannot apply for Pell grants, but can utilize personal scholarships and loans. If the criteria are not met after six years the undocumented individual conditional status will lapse and they could be deported back to their homeland.

The Dream Act is still awaiting approval while many immigrants have spent more years illegally in the United States than in their home countries. The Dream Act gives hope to many immigrant American families for authorized work, education, and permanent residency. Hopefully the Dream Act immigration law reform will be passed this year along with many other initiatives the President is implementing to improve access to institutions of higher education.

Creating Pathways to College for Migrant Students: Assessing a Migrant Outreach Program





The article on Higher Educational Access for Undocumented Students suggested that:

Students should be encouraged to take student success courses during their first semester to learn early on about the transfer process, and/or major requirements to avoid taking unnecessary or inappropriate courses since cost is a major concern. These courses can also help students establish connections with undocumented student support clubs. Getting involved with undocumented student support clubs is particularly valuable because they provide students with peer role models and allow students to share information. The clubs also provide students with a sense of empowerment and official institutional (Perez pg. 35)

Most undocumented students situation correspond with the first-generation student as well as the low-income student. Poor students with no financial means and social capital are questionable to make it to college. The RAND study showed that economically disadvantaged families have been hit even harder by the recession, increasing the amount of financial aid and while the increase in Pell Grants to $5350 in 2009 and $5,550 in 2010 is encouraging, the cost of college education is significantly more. Additionally, undocumented students are not privy to state and federal grants.

Summary
Policy-makers and educationalists must effectively target services needed by undocumented students to improve the impact of accessing a secondary education on students security as a citizen. The Dream Act is an example of legislation that would provide a path to citizenship for undocumented students who were brought to the US as minors. Although efforts are being made to reform immigration laws, the legal status of undocumented students remains uncertain. As of now, prior to the Dream Act being standard, we should continued to try and improved involvement with parents, community leaders, counselors and teachers so that undocumented children will achieve their innate potential. A degree gives the student the potential for more career opportunities, earning power and recognition. To empower students this freedom the government would have to remove the barriers that persist in undocumented children from achieving goals.

A program could be designed to implement the effectiveness of undocumented students access and equity in institutions of higher education.

Identify older undocumented students to serve as role models.
Counselors (needs assessment) should be knowledgeable about government and college
admission
Identify private sponsors who can provide financial support to undocumented students
Involve Community partnership in internships and permanent positions after graduation
Survey undocumented student (for changes they would like to see)
Colleges/universities should support the Dream Act

The United States cannot maintain its global position if they do not utilize all the talent that is available, which includes undocumented students. I do think that the rules should apply to all U.S. citizens given the fact that taxes local and federal are paid by the people. So why would an immigrant who has only been paying taxes for a few years have an advantage of lower tuition cost than a person who has paid all their life.
On a daily basis I help undocumented students understand the legality of gaining residency for tuition purposes. There are many students who interpret the rules to favor their circumstances, however, I must examine each case individually and make an accurate assessment. Many of the students have attended PA public school system their entire lives. Additionally, many of their family members own businesses and work in prominent companies but are not considered residents for permanency or tuition purposes.
After all the _____ bigotry and prejudices against someone who is different still thrives even today. With all the talk about diversity and valued beliefs one would think that Americans would conquer their bias opinions of another culture integrating with the American society. America is made up of a melting pot of all races, colors, cultures, and economic status. However, there are more people who are accepting of immigrants, but you still have individuals, like the Senator of Arizona, who has created a hindrance on immigrants who exist in that state. Moreover, federal law still prohibits states from granting unauthorized aliens residential rights for postsecondary education for in-state tuition.


Bibliography

the text book is Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 3/e John W. Creswell

Not sure if the theory I selected is workable for the paper

*My instructor uses a digital drop box where we put our papers that checks authenticity*

I am african american, work for a major university, grew up in an urban metropolitan city, I work as the certifying official at my univeristy were I determine residency for all students. etc.

Must show triangulation - Kreswell

No math - analysis of the data SPSS, ANOVA - must match review

this is a qualitative research study
There are faxes for this order.

Hello, please write 20page and 2 page for summary I need. thank you.

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Objectives: International Organizations are not just "instruments" or "clubs" of
nation states but represent important parts of public administration and actors of
their own in international governance. A unique role is played by the supranational
EU. Describe, compare and evaluate the EU and WTO as international
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Subject : Is the European Union a state, or what else distinguishes it from other
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Sections of dissertation requested listed below:


Title: Can Nationalised Healthcare in the UK Successfuly Continue in the 21st Century?

Introduction

Literature Review


Chapter 1:
? Provide a historical perspective of NHS : with perspectives (several listed below) on why each plan/reform has been unsuccessful (do not include the 2000 plan)
o NHS lacked flexibility, incentives for efficiency, financial information (thus accountability) and patient choice of providers for secondary care.
o NHS has been a political pawn for the Central Government since it?s inception (the NHS is the most centralized healthcare system in the OCED area)
o NHS has been and is still financed mainly by direct taxation and not by the National Insurance contributions, which cannot even finance Social Security let alone healthcare. Demand has surpassed available resources since it?s inception. Provide data on Total Health expenditure as percentage of trend GDP and Growth rates of per capita health expenditure
(History is disastrous. Policy drivers have been short term and political)

Chapter 2:
? Summary of 2000 NHS plan
? Current and future UK healthcare needs.
? Is this plan currently meeting those needs.
(Plan has no strategic direction. It is operationally and strategically inefficient. Resource allocation is created by politics and not by community needs)

Chapter 3:
? Review of three other nationalized healthcare systems: Canada, New Zealand, and Germany (all OECD countries).
? Briefly compare each with UK system.


Chapter 4:
? World Health Organization position on health care funding.
? Brief review on current trends in Healthcare privatization


Conclusion:
? Complete privatization is not necessary
? Decentralization is necessary for the successful survival of nationalized healthcare in the UK.
? Additional funding options (increased private sector involvement in public sector business etc?) are necessary to meet the increasing financial pressure on the budget due to the rising elderly population, constantly changing technologies, and increased expectations.

(UK healthcare system is too centralized, and it cannot continue to provide quality healthcare services under current funding options. They will need to look at other systems and current trends in privatization an apply certain aspects into their system.)
Append. & bibliography

A minimum of 30 references.

This dissertation will take the form of critical analysis aimed at creating a model of effective leadership in an international school setting. [An international school is to be identified as school which serves the needs of expatriate families in non-English speaking countries.] I am interested in identifying the attributes and behaviors of effective educational leaders, based on theory and current research, and how and why certain individuals succeed in creating leader-follower relationships that function to serve the interests of their institutions and their stakeholders. I hope to illustrate that the characteristics and behaviors that lead to success in international educational leadership are clearly identifiable, derive from numerous perspectives, and can be used to create a useable model of an efficacious leader-follower relationship. The analysis must present literature that will serve as the theoretical foundation of the problem and present detailed results of articles from educational journals, books, and other publications. Except for those sources used for purely historical background, sources should be less than 10 years old, and preferably within the past 5 years, and emphasis should be placed on the most recent. Included in the literature review should be who did the research, when, what type of research was conducted, by what research design and methodology, and other necessary details.

The dissertation should be 125 pages in length and divided into eight chapters.

The first chapter, the Introduction, should introduce the problem and its theoretical foundations, and state the purpose of the research and why it is important. The problem is essentially that the requirements of effective leadership in an international school setting are unique and not sufficiently or comprehensively researched. It should include a brief historical perspective and clearly state the objectives of the research. The research question should be presented, as well as its importance within the context of international educational, and what the dissertation will accomplish should be explained. The research question should be similar to: What are the character and behavioral traits of leaders that facilitate the creation of an effective leader-follower relationship in an international educational setting? Definitions of terms and limitations of the study should also be included. This chapter should be approximately 20 pages long.

Chapters 2 through 6 should each be approximately 14-16 pages long. These chapters should discuss:

The uniqueness of international schools. For example, educators and leaders in international schools come from a variety of national backgrounds [USA, Canada, UK, Australia, continental Europe, and the ?host country?]; most staff at international schools have lived in more than one country outside their own and travel to countries outside their country of residence at least twice per year; few teachers or leaders in international schools remain in any one location for more than a few years; a high percentage of international educators have advanced degrees; most international schools are fully independent of any government regulations with regards to policy. Etc, etc?

Various leadership theories and styles, primarily within the educational field, but also including theory pertaining to corporate and political leadership. Among the types of leadership that should be discussed: authoritarian, laissez-faire, contingency, participative, educative, and transformational. I would like to demonstrate why certain of these leadership styles (authoritarian, laissez-faire, contingency) are effective in some circumstances but not the most efficacious in international educational settings; and why others (participative, educative, transformational) are more efficacious given the uniqueness of the international setting. Other theories of leadership can be included, but the dissertation should establish the value of leadership for change (transformational).

Chapters 7 should be approximately 20 pages long. This chapter should pull together the findings laid out in chapters 2-6. This chapter should include the model that could be used by leaders in international education to produce an efficacious leader-follower relationship.

The final chapter, ?Summary and Discussion?, should be approximately 10 pages long. This chapter should restate the research question, summarize the general findings, place the findings within the larger context of international education, and discuss the implications of the work. Suggestions for further research should also be formulated.

Also required: Title page, abstract (2 pages max), table of contents, list of any tables, list of ant figures.

*****************************************************
There should be 40 sources cited in the bibliography and a sufficient number of quotations and citations within the text of the dissertation. If any of the following can be located and used, please do so ? though these should not be cited if they are not used.


De Blois, R. (2000). The everyday work of leadership. Phi Delta Kappan,
82, 1, 25-27

De Vries, Kets (1995). The leadership mystique. Leading and Managing, 1,
3, 193-210

Evans, R. (1996). The Human Side of School Change, San Francisco,
Jossey-Bass

Fawcett, G. et al (2001). Principals and beliefs-driven change. Phi Delta
Kappan, 82, 5, 405-410

Fink, E. & Resnick, L. (2001). Developing principals as instructional
leaders. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 8, 598-610

Goldberg, M.F. (2001). The ability to persuade people to change.
Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 6, 465-467

Grace, G. (1995). School Leadership: Beyond Education Management.
London, The Falmer Press

Heifitz, R.A. & Laurie, D.L. (1997). The work of leadership. Harvard
Business Review, January-February, 124-134

Lashway, L. (1997). Multidimensional School Leadership. Bloomington,
Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation

Ogawa, R.T. & Bossert, S.T. (1995). Leadership as an organizational
quality. Educational Administration Quarterly, 31. 2, 224-243

Thomas, D.A. & Ely, R.J. (1996). Making differences matter: A new
paradigm for managing diversity. Harvard Business Review, September-October, 79-90

Wagner, T. (2001). Leadership for learning: An action theory of school
change. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 5, 378-383

Weiss, C.H. & Cambone, J. (1994). Principals, shared decision making and
school reform. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 16, 3,
297-301


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Since this will be a ?one-of-a-kind? piece of research, is it possible to have the research notes?

We will pay $590.00 for this order!!

MA in Politics and Economics of contemporary Eastern and South Eastern Europe
FINAL DISSERTATION

The paper seeks to examine the effect of specified variables on the profitability of the South-Eastern banking sector. Bank profitability, measured by ROA or/and ROE is expressed as a function of internal and external determinants. In particular, bank profitability (ROA or/and ROE as dependent variable) is examined in relation to the following determinants (independent variables):
1) bank-function determinants (liquidity, capital adequacy, overheads efficiency ratio, credit risk and bank size)
2) macroeconomic determinants (GDP growth. Unemployment rate and inflation),
3) foreign ownership
4) market concentration (CR3 or CR5)
5) any other determinants the writer can find or think such as privatization of state-owned banks, political changes in the related countries or the level of sufficient supervision from central Banks.(dummy variable)
The study refers to a number of 8 countries (Albania, Serbia, Fyrom, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Croatia and Moldova) of South Eastern Europe over the period 2003-2007 (5 years). The paper is organized as follows:
1) Abstract
2) Introduction
3) Section 1: Overview about the reform process and the foreign capitals role and participation in the banking sector of the related countries (separately for each country) from 2000 and then. Brief description of current situation and perspectives in banking sector of the related countries.
4) Section 2: Back-ground of the existing literature, relating to bank profitability to its determinants
5) Section 3: Description of data and econometric methodology
6) Section 4: Presentation and analysis of the empirical results
7) Conclusion remarks
8) Bibliography and sources
9) Tables
Please note that the size of dissertation must be about 40 pgs (11.000-12.000 words), sources and tables are included.(Tables are requested about the determinants and the findings of econometric model as they are presented to the below sample)
A perfect sample for the essay constitutes the Bank of Greeces working paper Nr 47/Sep 2006 with title Determinants of Bank Profitability in the South Eastern European Region written by P.Athanasoglou, M.Delis and Chr.Staikouras which is sent to you by e-mail in the following address [email protected] according to your instructions.
Finally useful sources would be Bank Scope, IMF, European Central Bank, EBRD, Eurostat and the Central Banks of the relating countries.
Please respond as soon as possible in case you face any problems or need further clarifications.
Best Regards,

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Presidency and the Congress from 2003 to Present day

I. Bush Administration (4 pages)
- Significant events in his administration
- Decisions that created controversy
- Relationship between the president and the Congress
- Bush approaches to the conflict in the Middle East (Iraq/Afghanistan)


II. Obamas Administration (4 pages)
- How the relationship between Obama and the congress changed when he came to office
- Obama perspective/plan/decisions for the Middle East Conflict (Iraq/Afghanistan)
- Obama and his Administration plan for
1. Health Care reform
2. Immigration reform
3. Better economy
4. Green technology development

the paper must be 4-5 pages and relating to the fiscal policy. the questions that have to be answered are: Are large deficits or government debt a problem? Entitlement programs(social security and medicare) will cost trillions of dollars;how should they be reformed? there are to be two articles used and there must be a abstract written for each and hopefully the articles have divergent opinions realating to the fiscal policy
here are two articles that can be used:(1)deficits,Eisner,R.(1989)."Budget Deficits:Rhetoric and Reality." The Jornal of Economic Perspectives,3(2):73-93.Blanchard,O.Macroeconomics,4th edition,chapter 26.Wray,L.R.,"teaching the Fallacy of Composition:The Federal Budget Deficit." http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/teaching-fallacy-of-composition-federal.html
(2)Social Security Reform. Feldstein,M."Structural Reform of Social Security."The Journal of Economic Perspectives,Spring 2005,Vol.19,No.2.Hines Jr.,J.and T.Taylor,"Shortfalls in the long Run:Predictions about the Social Security Trust Fund."The Journal of Economics Perspectives,Spring 2005,Vol.19,No.2.Wray,L.R.,"Social Security:Truthor Useful Fictions?" http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/social-security-truth-or-useful.html

this is my introduction following, so however the essay should correspond to the introduction.

Looking into macroeconomics you learn various things regarding the government and its role in the economy. The government deals which such things as transfer payments, unemployment benefits, Medicaid and social security. The government also plays a role in the fiscal policy. The fiscal policy is relating to taxation and government spending. So by changing tax laws, the government can effectively modify the amount of disposable income available to its tax payers. For example, if taxes were to increase, consumers would have less disposable income, and in turn would have less money to spend on goods and services. The difference in disposable income would go to the government instead of going to consumers, who would pass the money onto companies. Or, the government could choose to increase government spending by directly purchasing goods and services from private companies. Therefore, if the government spending is greater than what it collects in taxes, then that will result in a deficit. However, I will emphasis if large deficits or government debt is a problem, and also how should entitlement programs such as Medicare, and social security be reform knowing that they will cost trillions of dollars. I will use two articles that will give support in helping me obtain reasonable answers to the questions above, and incorporate more on the fiscal policy in regards to the government and taxes.

1. Analyze a unit of cirriculum in special education (elementary level).
2. It is important to find ways to make the curriculum more inclusive and of greater importance to students and their lives.
3. remember that a more inclusive curriculum is not just for schools with a large population of students from minority groups
4.It is also critical for students from the majority group, because diversity refers to differences in ethnic, religious, and cultural perspectives, class, race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and ability
5. The reaserch needs to go beyond "heroes and holidays" to a radical reform ( James Banks 4 stages for transformation of current cirriculum very important).
6. Please provide a reference page in APA format.

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1. Please use James Banks 4 stages of multicultural reform.



2. need reference pages in APA format

1. What are the 5 major themes of the Progressive Era according to lecture? Which of the themes do you think had the most impact on American society? (Explain). In the lecture the 5 features of democracy we discussed were 1. democracy: direct primary, initiative and referendum, and 17th amendment. 2. Efficiency: budget control, commission system, city-manager, 3. Regulation: Sherman anti-trust acts, Laissez Faire, trust busting, 4. Social Justice: dealing with child labor, workers compensation, etc, and lastly 5. Active Government: Building good roads, education, conservation under teddy Roosevelt, public health, and welfare. If you could include those things in this answer, it would be great.

2. What are the 4 major groups of reformers in the Progressive Era? What are their goals? Which group 'wins' out in the end? The 4 major reformers we talked about in class were the middle class who were the biggest to reform, upper class or the elite who wanted to limit reform, working class, and the socialists. So if you could talk about them in their, it would be good.

3. Briefly describe America's territorial gains from the Paris Peace Treaty of 1898. What did the conclusion of this war do for the American people at home? Cuba, Guam, Costa Rica, Philippines, etc...

4. After taking Theodore Roosevelt's program and accomplishments in office into account, what do you think is his 'lasting legacy? Such as his reforms (elkins act, dept. of commerce, Hepburn act, meat inspection, pure food and drug act), his conservation legacy. You don't have to put all those acts in, just briefly talk about them or summarize.

5. America claimed neutrality in WWI. Were we really neutral? Fully discuss at least 2 examples that reveal whether America was neutral or not. In the class lecture we talked about how the U.S. gave more money to the allies instead of Germany (J.P Morgan Bias as well), and another was how bias they were toward the Germans when it came to the actions they did such as the blockades and Lusitania blowup than the allies.

The answers to these questions don't have to be long, maybe a paragraph and half would be good for these answers. Thanks!