Reposted Paper.

a 9 page paper including specific references to the articles and attribute to its source any materiak quoted or paraphrased.

Several writers in this set emphasize that the Second Amendment exists in historical and cultural contexts, including: the intent of the authors of the Bill of Rights, the history of legal rulings, "prudentialism" (p.11), and the relationships of oppressed minorities to governmental protection and authority. With specific references to all five of the readings in this set, explain how three of these historical and cultural considerations contribute to the controversial interpretations of the Second Amendment.

I will be faxing you all the reading materials needed for the paper. You will not need any other sources for this paper.
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Here is a list of requirements, followed by thesis statement references I want used and special instructions:

Requirements:
A research paper of eight- to ten-pages is due. The topic will be 2nd Amendment: The Right to Bear Arms

A research paper is more than a report or compilation of information on a subject. Among other qualities, your research paper will have the following characteristics:

A clearly-stated thesis that indicates your view of the subject matter.
Adequate research from a number of different sources (no less than three published sources should be used).
Appropriate documentation. Sources should be cited according to APA standards.
Writing the Research Paper

The Research Paper:

Must be eight- to 10- double-spaced pages (not including the cover page, reference page, etc.) in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in your approved style guide.

Must include a cover page that includes:
Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement.
Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph.
Must use APA style as outlined in your approved style guide to document all sources.
Must include, on the final page, a Reference List that is completed according to APA style as outlined in your approved style guide.




Thesis statement and references:
Below is the thesis statement along with references. I was assigned to turn this in thesis statement and references in last week. I'd like this thesis statement to be used, it is a rough draft, it doesn't have to be exact but it should resemble the rough draft version.

Thesis Statement-rough draft
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution states: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."
The crime rate in the United States grows and pressures mount for laws restricting the use of firearms, the need for an understanding of the development of the "right to bear arms" has increased. Perhaps more than any other "right" enumerated in the federal and state constitutions, the "right" to bear arms was directed to maintaining a balance of power within our society.
The "right to bear arms" developed at a time when a well-armed population was necessary for defense, and when the social and political structure was kept in balance by a balance of armed power. While the American "right to bear arms" developed at the time of the Revolution, it grew out of the duty imposed on the early colonists to keep arms for the defense of their isolated and endangered communities.
How is this amendment that was developed so long ago still relevant today? We will take a look at the Second Amendment; determine its relevance, the pros vs. cons, and whether gun control works. We will also discuss if the Second Amendment has been tested in todays Supreme Court? Just recently a landmark case, District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) was the first Supreme Court case in United States history to decide whether the Second Amendment protects an individual right to keep and bear arms for self defense.



References- I want to use these references if possible. The first one listed is our text.

OConnor, K., & Sabato, L. (200). American Government. Longman: Pearson Educ., Inc.

The Oyez Project, District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. ___ (2008)
available at: (http://oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2007/2007_07_290)

http://www.trolp.org/main_pgs/issues/v11n1/Volokh.pdf

Chicago-Kent Law Review Originally published as 48 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 148-167 (1971). The Right to Bear Arms: The Development of the American Experience.
http://www.guncite.com/journals/jldevae.html

*Special Instruction*
*I want this research paper be to favorable towards the 2nd Amendment in today's society. Friendly towards gun owners, hunters, and self-defense. With a negative outlook at Governements that have attempted gun-control.*
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Whybrew



Humanities Research Paper Assignment
For your humanities research paper, you will select a topic from the following discipline:
History: I want this paper to be about why we shouldn?t have gun control in the United States .I?m pro second amendment . I own many guns and think that we should be able to buy and store them in our homes.

Write a 1200-1700 (minimum; max of 2000) word paper (normally about 5-7 pages) that gives background on your topic, but moves beyond just providing information to analyzing, critiquing, evaluating, or interpreting (all of which are arguments, by the way). College instructors expect to see some critical thinking in the papers they assign, so you must learn to do more than just retrieve information and summarize your sources. Use the MLA documentation system found in the handbook on pages 629-652. Remember that whenever you use original source material in your paper, whether it is in the form of summary, paraphrase, or direct quote, you must cite your source properly using the documentation system appropriate to the discipline.
Find at least 8 sources for your paper; these should be from a variety of at least four different types of sources?references, periodicals, books, and web sources. One of the goals of this course is to teach you to use many different types of source information in your research.
When evaluating your essay, I will be looking for the following elements:
? a title that gives your reader a sense of what you are writing about
? an introduction that provides background on the topic being discussed
? a claim that expresses the main point you will argue in your paper (should be located in the introduction of the paper)
? a body that supports your claim using your sources, and which may include relevant details from your personal experiences with the topic
? a consideration of what others may have to say about your conclusions?what our handbook calls "counter-argument"
? a conclusion that offers your reader an answer to the "so what?" question?what have you learned about your topic, and what can your reader take away from this new understanding?
The first draft of the essay is due Monday, July 19th. Bring three copies of the draft to share with your group and receive peer response.

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See the attached file for the Supreme Court case of District of Columbia v. Heller. Read and brief this case. Include the relevant facts, the issue(s) the Supreme Court is addressing in this case (the question presented for review), and the conclusion of the court on this issue but most importantly discuss the Court's reasoning and analysis including prior precedent in coming to the majority decision.

In addition, find a state High Court decision or a lower court federal decision on the Second Amendment decided since Heller. What state? What is the issue in this state or federal case? Since the Heller decision was narrowly tailored there are still many unanswered questions on the Second Amendment. Is it likely that this issue will be heard by the Supreme Court of the United States? Based on your reading of these cases what is the likely outcome?
Finally, how might these issues be affected going forward by the new President Donald Trump? Address issues in terms of Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendment. DO NOT include any topic of abortion or gay rights these are not significant since the focus should be the criminal justice system. Sufficiently answer and develop these issues.

I would like a research paper based in this paragragh

Legality of have guns
The Second Amendment of the US Constitution reads, ?A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed?. From this just Militias should have guns not individual citizens. I think that it is true because when individuals have guns it leads to more ?street violence? in the US. The definition of street violence is fighting between rival gangs and drug networks. This is counter to pro-gun arguments because some people believe they have right to protect themselves with guns. I am against civilians having guns because there is more violence in society when individuals beyond militias and governments posses firearms.

General topic: "Your paper should offer a critical analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's reasoning by focusing on the policy implications of the decision."

Topic case and brief description: District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).In this case, the Supreme Court considered whether the Second Amendment gives individuals not connected with any state militia the right to own guns and its implications for gun control laws.<<<

Full instructions: A superior paper is structured carefully. Among other things, you should: briefly summarize or reconstruct the main points in the case; assess the key arguments advanced by both sides; identify the moral and political assumptions on which these arguments rely; and analyze the institutions, groups, and individuals likely to experience the impact of the decision. Develop a reasoned defense of your own views on the controversies at issue, and refute possible objections to your argument. Do not simply state your opinions; provide arguments for your views. Clear, systematic, and imaginative arguments will make for the most successful papers. This should be approximately two-thirds of the essay.

An important part of the essay is the impact analysis. If you identify the social, political, economic, and ideological forces that shaped the opinion, this should guide you to its effects. If possible, determine through empirical investigation whether the decision caused any specific reactions such as demands for new statutes or constitutional amendments, or whether the decision provoked public outcry for or against the policy. What enforcement problems might be encountered in the process of implementing the decision, if any? Even if empirical study is not feasible at present, how might one go about measuring the impact of the court case? Indicate what questions you would pose, what data would be relevant, and how you would go about gathering this information. This part should about one-third of the paper.

Research for this assignment is necessary. You should do some background reading on the general subject of your paper. Look for scholarly books, articles in journals and law reviews, and also newspaper coverage of the case. Consider at least six scholarly sources before writing your essay. Four should be in-depth articles, and two should be scholarly books. You should conduct two interviews with individuals or organizations affected by the ruling as part of the research project. (Please note that you should not contact professors unless they were directly involved in the litigation.) Include the names and titles of the individuals you interview in your bibliography, alphabetized according to surnames. Phone interviews are acceptable for the purpose of this assignment. One interview may be via email. Conduct your own interviews for your research project.

Proper Citation in the Endnotes and Bibliography
Be sure to cite your sources properly in the endnotes and bibliography. Your bibliography should be typed, and double-spaced. Be sure that every citation is complete. See the examples below as they serve as models for your bibliography. Also look at our course syllabus. All items in the bibliography should be in alphabetical order. Do not subdivide them by category, e.g., articles, books, and cases---just make one list. Please call the list of sources your bibliography or references. Do not use works cited because that refers only to sources you cite or quote. I prefer that you include all the sources you consulted whether you cite or quote them in the text of your paper.

Examples for the bibliography.
Article: Charlesworth, Hilary, Chinkin, Christine and Shelley Wright (1991). Feminist Approaches to International Law. American Journal of International Law 85, 613-645.

Book: Watson, Alan (1974). Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1974.

In the endnotes, the names of authors in the notes should be first name first and then surname. This is the reverse of the order in the bibliography.

Papers without footnotes AND a bibliography will NOT be graded. Footnotes are required to indicate any ideas which are not your own. Any time you use a direct quotation from someone else or take an idea from a source, you must reveal this to the reader. This includes quotations from the court decision itself. Failure to acknowledge sources constitutes plagiarism and will result in a failing grade as well as possible University disciplinary action. Keep copies of all of your sources, as you may be asked to submit them should there be any question about your use of reference materials."

Note: Please pay extra attention to the bibliography and sources. :)

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Persuasive Essay

Topic : Should the united states ban gun control
My view : No
Thesis : should be along the lines of making it more difficult to buy and own a gun, but no not take away a US citizens second amendment

8 to 10 pages in length,double spaced,font 12 new times roman. MLA standards

need between 8 and 12 sources, needs to have between 12 and 20 citations. NO singles source can be cited more than 3 total times or more than twice consecutively. no more than 3 sources of any kind can be used. The number of direct quotes must be equal to or less than the number of pages of text and no longer than four lines each.

Sources must include : a primary source, a qualified website, a book/ebook, a journal, a magazine, and a newspaper.

The report must by a typed (8-pages, double spaced) and is titled "The Right to Bear Arms. It should include a cover page. I prefer the document to be Word format.

The report needs to include the issues involving 5 chapters in the class textbook and how it relates to these 5 chapters. I have photo copied the 5 chapters and will email it to be included for the report. I have indicated (arrowed) where it mentions "guns", "Second Amendment" and "NRA", etc.

The report should also include my opinion that I do believe we do have a right to bear arms. It should also include any additional research and reference where I found it. Any additional support such as: Supreme Court, Presidential support or the impacts.

The written report will be graded based on format and style, substance and grammar.

My paper must also quote sources from those five chapters in the class textbook. Please reference the Chapters I provided. I also included the notes page from the back of the book those chapter to reference the quotes that are determined for the paper.

I need you to invalidate the following argument using the essay that is listed below. it is on gun control. They are counter argumnents i need them invalidated
Counter Arguments
Violation of Second Amendment Right
Gun control laws directly violate a citizen?s right to keep and bear arms as granted under the second amendment to the constitution. Gun control, by definition, limits the resources that are available for self-defense thereby reducing the ability to defend oneself. The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America states that ?A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.? Merriam-Webster defines the word ?infringe? as ?to wrongly limit or restrict? 1(Merriam-Webster). It is clear that the intent of the Second Amendment is to not restrict gun ownership by citizens. Gun control does the opposite of this by restricting and limiting gun ownership.
But should the Second Amendment be interpreted to mean that gun ownership is a fundamental human right subject to strict limitations? Todd Barnet attempts to answer this question in an article in the Missouri Law Review ?The Supreme Court has not ruled definitively on this question so far, although in several cases the Court did indicate that it considered the right to bear arms provided for in the Second amendment a fundamental right? 2(Barnet). The author goes on to say that ?The viability of an interpretation of the Second Amendment as a self-enforceable fundamental right fundamental right was demonstrated in a dissenting opinion in Quilici v. Village of Morton Grove, where Judge Coffey of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals viewed the right to bear arms as one of the ?basic human freedoms?.? (Ibid)
The Second Amendment should be interpreted to mean the right not only of a militia, but also that of an individual to keep and bear arms. Barnet argues that ?legal academia generally has argued that the individual right approach is consistent with the language of the Second Amendment and its interpretations at the time the Bill of Rights was drafted and debated? (Ibid). It is important for the right of an individual to keep and bear arms not be infringed not only because that was the original intent of the Second Amendment, but also because infringing upon that right limits the individual?s ability to defend himself against a greater criminal force. If a person cannot adequately defend him/herself then who would? The government?s duty is to protect the citizens as a whole not to protect the individual 24/7; only the individual can do that therefore he/she must have access to firearms unrestricted by the government. To infringe at all is to violate the right granted by the Second Amendment.
Invalidation
Thad
Gun Control Laws will not Necessarily Affect the Homicide Rate
Gun control laws do not necessarily lead to a lower crime rate. Current gun control laws do not restrict all firearms so those committing violent acts with firearms can still commit them albeit with firearms that are not fully automatic. Even complete gun prohibition would not change the homicide or crime rate. Violent individuals would just find other ways to perpetrate their crimes or obtain a firearm illegally.
In their article in the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Kates and Mauser point out that historically the Soviet Union has pointed to the homicide rate in the U.S. as a good reason to prohibit gun ownership while at the same time ignoring the fact that their homicide rates paralleled or surpassed that of the United States. Murders were still being committed in the Soviet Union at a very high rate but with weapons other than firearms. The authors state that ?In the 1960s and early 1970s, the gun-less Soviet Union?s murder rates paralleled or generally exceeded those of gun-ridden America? 3(Kates, et al). They go on to say that by the 1990s the murder rate was three times higher in Russia than in America. ?Between 1998-2004 (the latest figure available for Russia). Russian murder rates were nearly four times higher than American rates? (Ibid). Those for gun control in the U.S. point to the high murder rate and immediately blame guns while ignoring the socio-economic factors that influence murder rates.
Authors Kates and Mauser also point out that there are many developed countries with high gun ownership that have the same or less murder rates than countries with gun prohibition (Ibid). ?For?example, Luxembourg, where handguns are totally banned and ownership of any kind of gun is minimal, had a murder rate nine times higher than Germany in 2002? (Ibid)?This makes clear then that high murder rates cannot be attributable only to high gun ownership. One must also consider the conditions, culture, poverty level and other factors that contribute to high homicide rates.
Invalidation

The works cited from this essay are below
Works Cited
1 Merriam-Webster. www.merriam-webster.com. November 9, 2014. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Accessed November 9, 2014 < http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infringe>
2 Barnet, Todd. Gun Control Laws Violate the Second Amendment and May Lead to Higher Crime Rates, 63 MO. L. Rev. (1998) Available at: http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol163/iss1/10
3 Kates, Don B.Mauser, Gary. Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? ? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Vol. 30. Available at:

Assignment - The literature review should include subheadings and citations of at least five (5) sources outlining factors/reasons/objectives related to the issues of each student's project. The source of information should academic journals.


My topic is on Gun Control and the effects of Crime In the Black Community


Below is the statement of the problem that I have already submitted.

Statement of Problem

Since the expiration of the Brady Bill back in 2004, the homicide rate among young African-American males is at an epidemic level. According to the FBI, the NAACP, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, firearms, in the United States, is the leading cause of death for Black males between the ages of 15 and 34. The magnitude of this problem, the mortality rate of American Black males, by illegal guns, is unconscionable in a free society.

This national trend (mortality rate) started seven (7) years ago when Congress failed to reenact the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. From the very beginning, the Brady Bill was a controversial issue which took several years before it finally passed and was signed in to law by then Democratic President, Bill Clinton. The controversy, at that time, as it does currently, centered on the Second Amendment, and the interpretation of the right to bear arms, by the Supreme Court.

The Brady Bill, enacted on February 28, 1994, was designed to ensure that background checks were done before any guns could be sold by licensed dealers, to the public. The bill was aimed at restricting the sale of guns to felons and a host of other criminally misfit citizens.

Prior to the Brady Bill, the first major gun control laws were put in place by Congress in 1934. This legislation mainly focused on the sale of fully automatic rifles and machine guns. It wasnt until public outrage over the deaths/assassinations of President Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Jr., that gun control was again addressed. In 1968 Congress passed the 1968 Gun Control Act.

In the meantime, somewhere in the midst of the madness, the Black Community was infiltrated with a ton of illegal fire arms; and the impact is killing young Black Men. There are so many variables that have contributed to the rise in crime committed by and against Black People, by Black People (better known as Black on Black Crime.) Some of the variables include: racism, black self-hatred, broken families, poverty, the lack of role male models, the lack of education, voter apathy, and the availability of guns. The gangster imagines displayed on television and the violent music played over the air waves only adds to our demise as a race of people.

The lack of strict gun control legislation will only continue to destroy our community, by first eliminating our young black men. The use of illegal guns in the Black Community has become a public health issue. This problem needs our immediate attention.

The action needed to address and to correct this problem must be through the legislative process. There must be a major dialogue between the stakeholders. As President Obama recently stated in an op-ed article, We must seek agreement on gun reforms.

Can the reenactment of the Brady Bill curtail the number of illegal firearms that are readily available in the African-American Community, thereby reducing the high homicide rate among young African-American males? Or will White America continue to cowardly hide behind the Second Amendment.

Gun Control and Crime
One of the longest running debates in the criminal justice field is whether or not gun laws have any effect on crime rates. There are those that believe private citizens do not need nor should have the right to carry firearms for personal protection; then there are many people that believe the passage of right-to-carry laws as a direct correlation to a decrease in violent crime. It is the belief of many that no matter how strict the government makes gun laws for the law abiding citizen, those that want to or are going to commit a violent crime, are going to do so no matter what gun laws are passed. So, all this brings up the question of; does a private citizen that lives and operates within the law who has chose to exercise his/her right to carry a firearm for personal protection decrease crime or has zero to little affect on violent crime? In this paper I will examine the second amendment to the constitution, gun laws that have been approved and passed in the state of Virginia, the crime rates before and after the most recent passage of gun laws, how many people in the state of Virginia do carry a firearm(both openly and concealed carry) for personal protection; so that I may examine whether the government crackdown on the rights of the everyday law abiding citizen who chooses to carry a firearm for personal protection does or does not reduce the crime rate in the state of Virginia.

This is the first page of my paper, it needs to be Times New Roman, size 14, double spaced, i am including the websites of what i have found so far, it needs a Title page, it needs a reference page, at least 5 sources, it needs to be about the crime rates in the state of Virginia and if the Gun Control Laws on the books for the state of Virginia have any effect on those crime rates. I need to have statistical numbers of the crime rates for the last 7 years in the state of Virginia in the paper. This needs to be in APA formate, and i need it as soon as possible. I need internal Citations in the paper.

http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+TOC

http://gun.laws.com/state-gun-laws/virginia-gun-laws

http://leg1.state.va.us/000/lst/LS022587.HTM

http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0308.pdf

After reading Case 8.1, ?AIDS in the Workplace,? discuss the following:
What are the moral issues in this case?
What ideals, obligations, and consequences must Carla Lombard consider?
What rights, if any, are at stake?
Will it make a difference whether Carla adopts a Kantian approach or a utilitarian approach to this situation?

After reading Case 8.5, ?Have Gun, Will Travel . . . to Work,? discuss the following:
Assume that either the Second Amendment or state law gives you a legal right to keep a gun in your car.
Do you also have a moral right to do this?
Do you have a moral, not only a legal, right to own a gun?
Do you have either a moral or a legal right to park a car with a loaded gun in a public parking lot regardless of what the lot?s owner wants?

Instructions for Assignments:

In a 2-page, typed, double-spaced assignments, using your textbook, course pack, lecture material, and the Internet where appropriate, discuss in a brief essay, in your own words, any four of the following topics. If you simply copy an entire article, you will receive a zero for the assignment and will not be allowed to make it up. Each extra credit assignment is worth the weighted equivalent of 10 points added on to your lowest course grade. Extra credit assignments must be sent submitted through the EO assignment tab.

TOPICS:

a.The genocide in Darfur. (Why did it start, who is to blame, what should be done?)

b.In light of the various massacres in public areas around the United States since Columbine High School in 1999, and most recently the December 2012, Newtown, Connecticut murder of twenty 6 and 7 year old children in their elementary school, should guns be in the hands of citizens or not? Think about this as you write this essay.

The US Constitution's Second Amendment states "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html
People have been arguing about what this means since the 1980s. Does it mean that individuals have the right to have guns? Or, does it mean that guns should be heavily regulated and that individual citizens should have guns only for hunting and guns should be only in the hands of law enforcement and the military?

c.Religious violence and/or religious extremism. (Remember that all religions have engaged in violence and extremism throughout history.)

d.The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. (Why did they happen and what can be done to prevent terrorism from happening again on American soil?)

e.The use of the N word and the B word in popular music. (Should artists continue to use this language or should it be banned? Defend your answer!)

f.The situation of the Jena 6. (Was justice served in this case in any way? Defend your answer!)

This particular paper will be a topic of the issues, both pro and con, for Arizona SB 1070

Papers must deal with an agreed constitutional question or question involving civil liberties. For example, the student may wish to look at the Second Amendment in first a general sense, then focus, as to the paper itself, on some narrow sliver of this broad constitutional right to bear arms. The thrust must be narrow and focused rather than grand and general. Hence when narrowing the Second Amendment, it makes sense to look at some case, some attempted statutory regulation or other slice of the larger problem.


Formal requirements for the paper are:

Footnotes or Endnotes: 30-35 (Uniform System of Citation)
1.5" margins
1.5 line spacing
Source material: required to use 10 differing primary sources in the form of actual text or periodical literature. Web locations are not scholarly source material.
required to express ideas at a level consistent with the graduate designation and the content of delivery but also attentiveness to grammar, punctuation, and other predictable aspects of what creates a solid and defensible piece of scholarly material.
Use at least 10 independent, credible, scholarly sources such as Journals, Law Reviews and texts (no Wikipedia, please)

Absolute attention must be given to documentation of sources. The Uniform System of Citation must be utilized.

Topic: The effects of the National Defense Authorization Act of 1916 & 1920 on the National Guard

May want to also include some most recent news like the Defense Authorization Act of 2012 which gave the National Guard a seat at the table with the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Please, No internet sources

I will need primary and secondary source material (to include original source documents, books, journal articles, newspapers, etc.)

The style of the research paper must be "historical narra-tive;" that is, like Jay Luvaas, Is Military History Still Practicable. Transition from one idea to another should be smooth, without numbering your paragraphs or using sub-paragraphs.

Use FOOTNOTES only when attributing sources. With current computer technology, there is no reason why footnotes ??" the standard of historical attribution ??" should not be use.
Things that should be included:

A clear thesis statement
A well-organized line of thought
Well-developed, supporting paragraphs
Specific and relevant details
Good sentence structure
Logical transitions
Good word choice
Correct, standard English usage
Attribution of sources (Footnotes Only)
A Bibliography (NOT Works Cited) of all sources consulted (include those sources that you researched but did not find useful for your paper).


I have included the research plan I turned in

Introduction
The impact of the reserve component military forces in the United States has been significant over the years, and continues to be a vital part of American defense and homeland security. The reserves also provide valuable support when there is natural disasters and other emergencies in the U.S. that call for the capabilities that the National Guard and other reserve forces provide.
The Literature ??" the History of Reserve Military Forces in the U.S.
Barry Stentifords book, The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century, is a valuable resource when reviewing how the current National Guard came to exist. Stentiford explains that soon after the first settlers arrived on the shores of North America, as early as 1636, militia companies were formed strictly because the settlers feared attacks by Native Americans (Stentiford, 2002, pp. 4-5). In fact the militiamen were trained to fight and protect the colonies from Indian attack ??" and the French ??" up until the Revolutionary War, Stentiford continues.
During the Revolutionary War the state militia augmented Washingtons Continental Army and also enforced revolutionary discipline in the communities, according to Stentiford (5). What Stentiford means exactly by stabilizing the homefront is not clear, but after the colonies won the Revolutionary War, the militia had the responsibility for protecting the United States of America. The citizens did not want a standing army because of the cost and, Stentiford explains, it would be dangerous to the survival of the new republic ??" at least thats what colonial citizens feared (5).
Author Lucia Raatma explains that the militia in colonial times were called Minutemen and they could be as young as 16 or as old as 60. They bought their own weapons and trained for four hours at a time, usually twice a week (Raatma, 2005, p. 6). As brave and clever as the Minutemen were, Raatma explains, they were also just ordinary citizens that struggled to make ends meet. Clearly though, the militia played a vital part in the Revolutionary War.
Meanwhile, the document that laid out the details of our new government, the Articles of Confederation (effective from March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789, when the U.S. Constitution became the supreme law of the land), did not address the need for the retention or re-creation of the Continental Army following the Revolutionary War. After the Constitution went into effect in 1789, however, Articles I and II ??" and the Second Amendment ??" clearly spelled out the need for a federal standing army that did not rely on local militia (Stentiford, 6).
The federal government passed the Militia Act of 1792, and that legislation required most free white males ages 18-45 to arm themselves and attend regular muster in order to be prepared. However, Stentiford explains (7), that law was never firmly enforced. The states however did manage their own militia groups, and the men that came into the groups were there because they had a sense of patriotism or they were afraid of a slave uprising, Stentiford continues (8).
President Jefferson in 1800 was a strong supporter of the militia, he believed it to have one of the essential principles of our government (Doubler, et al, 2007, 19). Taking the same position of many citizens, Jeffersons policy as far as the military was concerned was the supremacy of the civil over the military authority; the president believed that a well-disciplined militia was Americas best reliance in peace and for the first months of war, till Regulars may relieve them (Doubler, 20) By 1804, Doubler explains, the War Department of the young nation claimed to have 525,000 men enrolled and organized into a hodgepodge of regiments and brigades ??" a situation that was unacceptable to Jefferson because the soldiers were far from ready to perform as a coherent, national defense force (20).
Hence, Congress agreed to allocate $200,000 for the purchase and distribution of weapons (at $13 per musket) of about 15,000 new muskets annually (Doubler, 20). Moreover, it became very clear that the militiamen were not up to the task of defending the nation, when in 1814, British Redcoats landed near Chesapeake Bay heading to Washington, D.C.. About 5,000 militiamen fought the Redcoats but were overrun and retreated while the British entered Washington and torched the Capitol, the White House, and a number of other public buildings (Doubler, 21).
On June 3, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Defense Act into law, legislation that expanded the size and scope of the National Guard, which had previously been a network of state militias (History.com). The Act brought all those militias under federal control, making it a backup to the regular army; in other words, the president could call out the National Guard for a number of national or international services.
President Wilson had been resisting the temptation to inject the U.S. military into World War I ??" even though Theodore Roosevelt and other Republicans had been pushing to get American troops on the ground in Europe ??" partly because the Guard and the U.S. Army were busy battling Pancho Villa who was raiding cities. Eventually (on April 6, 1917) Wilson and Congress made the decision to enter WWI, knowing that American allies needed the support to fight the Germans.
The National Defense Act of 1916 established qualifications for officers serving in the National Guard, authorizing them to receive training at regular Army schools, the History.com site explained. In fact all National Guard personnel would be organized according to the standards of regular Army units; and, for the first time, the National Guardsmen would be paid, not just for their active duty during annual training exercises (raised from 5 to 15 days a year), but also for their monthly drills, which were increased from 24 per year to 48 every year (History.com).
Moreover, the National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) which began training high school and college students for eventual service in the Regular Army (History.com).
Maurice Madloff is the author of the book American Military History, and he writes that the upgrade of the National Defense Act of 1916 was put into legislation by the National Defense Act of June 4, 1920, which fully governed the regulation and the organizing structure of the Army until 1950 (Madloff, 1996, p. 65). What the Act of 1920 accomplished was to establish the United States Army into three components: the professional Regular Army; the civilian National Guard; and the civilian Organized Reserves (composed of Officers an enlisted Reserve Corps), according to Madloff.
The author explains that this 1920 Act actually served as an official acknowledgement that what had been the rule of thumb during the previous two hundred or so years was officially now federal policy. That is, the U.S. had always maintained a standing peacetime force that was too small if it needed to be expanded to respond to a major land war, but that same standing army also depended on a new Army of civilian soldiers that would be trained and available for large mobilizations (Madloff, 65-66). And now, after the passage of the 1920 Act, there would be a standing army of 17,726 officers (three times the strength of the officer corps prior to WWI), Madloff continues (66).
The 1920 Act also authorized the military to expand to three more branches ??" the Air Service, the Chemical Warfare Service, and a Finance Department. After WWI General John Pershing reorganized the War Department (now known as the Defense Department) into five divisions, which made it easier to for the National Guard to be ready to respond should another war break out. Pershing had a personnel staff in what he called G-1, G-2 was intelligence, G-3 deals with operations and training, G-4 was supply division, and G-5 was focused on strategic planning (Madloff, 66).
Meanwhile, the Congressional Digest (the official federal publication that explains legislation) in 1934 provided some basic details on the Act of 1920. Beyond what has already been described vis--vis the 1920 Act, the Congressional Digest explains that the Act fixed the number of members of the Army at 15,034 combat officers, 280,000 enlisted men, in addition to the number of officers (17,726) alluded to earlier in this paper. There was also flexibility built into the military, in that the size of the army could be varied depending on the changing importance of the branches in the scheme of defense (Congressional Digest, 1934).
In conclusion, the Army National Guard has been very active in protecting Americans at home and abroad. At one point in the Iraq War, the Army National Guard made up more than 50% of the U.S. Army combat force and after Hurricane Katrina, more than 42,000 Army National Guard troops from many states provided relief and security. Ever since the National Defense Acts of 1916 and 1920, the National Guard has grown and become an huge part of American homeland and foreign defense activities.

Works Cited

Congressional Digest. 1934. Provisions of the National Defense Act. Vol. 13, Issue 4. Retrieved
November 18, 2011, from EBSCOhost.

Doubler, Michael Dale, Listman, John W., and Goldstein, Donald M. 2007. The National Guard:
An Illustrated History of Americas Citizen-Soldiers. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books.

History.com. 2010. U. S. President Woodrow Wilson signs National Defense Act. Retrieved
November 19, 2011, from http://www.history.com.

Madloff, Maurice. 1996. American Military History: 1902-1996. Jackson, TN: De Capo Press.

Raatma, Lucia. 2005. The Minutemen. North Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books.

Stentiford, Barry M. 2002. The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth
Century. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.



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Foundations of Bureaucratic Ethics



In this week's Discussion, you weighed in on how modern-day policy debates reflect the normative nature of foundings. In particular, you considered how founding principles of the United States may influence the interpretation of current issues such as gun control, which is related to the Second Amendment. Now you are asked to think more concretely about these concepts by assessing whether democratic governance constitutes the very foundation of bureaucratic ethics. Those working in government are required to adhere to a professional code of ethics. Public servants take an oath upon appointment or election to uphold the principles of the Constitution as part of their professional duties. For example, a public servant should support the ideas of separation of powers and rule of law, which are basic tenets of democratic government. The question remains, however, whether taking action that advances the cause of democratic governance is a legitimate way to measure ethical behavior.



To prepare for this assignment:



?Review the article ? The Constitution in Public Administration: A Report on Education? in this week's Learning Resources. Focus on the constitutional underpinnings of public administration. Also, consider the oath that public administrators take to uphold principles of the Constitution as part of their professional duties.

?Review the article ? Ethics and Comparative Administration? in this week's Learning Resources. Think about the ethical obligations of public administrators as public servants of U.S. bureaucracy.

?Consider the argument that democratic governance is the foundation of bureaucratic ethics.

?Think about whether you agree with this argument.

?Consider what you believe to be ?true? about the foundation(s) of bureaucratic ethics.



The assignment (1?2 pages):



?Analyze the argument that democratic governance is the foundation of bureaucratic ethics.

?Explain whether you agree with this argument and why or why not. Be specific. Use examples to illustrate your points and justify your position.

?Based upon your analysis, draw at least one conclusion about the foundation of bureaucratic ethics.

Study guide questions:

1. Social movements are a way for
A. those dissatisfied with government to get its attention.
B. the politically weak to force government to be more responsive than usual to their
interests.
C. people to present their views through more dramatic means than conventional political
activity.
D. people to get news coverage of their issue.
E. All of the answers are correct.



2. Among the Constitution's denials of powers is the right of habeas corpus, which prohibits
government from
A. prosecuting persons for acts that were legal at the time they were committed.
B. establishing a state religion based on Christian beliefs.
C. enacting laws that would legalize the practice of indentured servitude.
D. jailing a person without a court hearing to determine the legality of her/his imprisonment.
E. silencing freedom of the press.



3. Public opinion is ordinarily used in reference to the whole society. This perspective is

A. accurate, since Americans are one people and indivisible.

B. less accurate than a view of public opinion based on the majority, since the political
system operates on the principle of majority rule.

C. less accurate than the idea that Americans form many publics, which differ greatly in
such things as the level of attention they pay to politics.

D. less accurate than a view of public opinion based on what the news media are saying
about the public.

E. accurate, because there is little diversity in American public opinion.



4. Historically, the American press has shifted from
A. a political to a journalistic orientation.
B. objectivity to subjectivity.
C. a journalistic to a political orientation.
D. partisan to very partisan.
E. negative to positive.



5. In the United States, the primary responsibility for registration of the individual voter rests with
the
A. state and local governments.
B. local courts.
C. employer.
D. individual.
E. federal government.



6. Most political talk shows on radio offer a(n) _____________ point of view.
A. liberal
B. conservative
C. middle-of-the-road
D. objective
E. non-partisan




7. James Madison, in Federalist No.10, argued
A. against all interest groups.
B. for the advocacy of self-interest free from all systems of restraint.
C. for regulation of interests through a governing system of checks and balances.
D. for the replacement of interest groups by formal political parties.
E. for a powerful judiciary.



8. Political conflict is rooted in which two general conditions of society?
A. authority and scarcity of resources
B. differing values and scarcity of resources
C. differing values and competition
D. authority and competition
E. authority and differing values



9. Which of the following ideological types favor government activism in the economic realm?

A. liberals and populists

B. populists and libertarians

C. conservatives and liberals

D. populists and conservatives

E. liberals and libertarians



10. Economic groups have an advantage over non-economic groups because
A. they nearly always have larger memberships.
B. they are organized primarily for political purposes.
C. they have better leadership.
D. they have greater access to financial resources.
E. their members are committed to their causes.



11. The accuracy of a poll is usually expressed in terms of

A. population density.

B. census parameter.

C. population error.

D. sampling error.

E. interview error.



12. The yellow journalism of the early 1900s was characterized by
A. the use of the telegraph.
B. the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers.
C. prejudice against Asian people and countries.
D. an unwillingness to take editorial positions because of a fear of losing circulation.
E. the desire to present the news in an objective manner.



13. The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to
A. passage of the Second Amendment.
B. political pressure from the Progressives.
C. Jeffersonian democracy.
D. Jacksonian democracy.
E. the fact that state legislators no longer desired to select them.




14. ________ significantly changed American attitudes about the role of the federal government in
the economy.

A. The War of 1812

B. The Spanish-American War

C. The California Gold Rush

D. The Great Depression

E. The Civil War



15. A broad effort to achieve change by citizens who feel government is not responsive to their
interests is called
A. a social movement.
B. a voter upsurge.
C. a citizen lobby.
D. a popular resistance.
E. a regular election.



16. Which of the following is true?
A. Public schools are becoming more segregated nationally.
B. Many urban public school districts have ended the use of busing for desegregation
purposes.
C. Suburbanization has made it more difficult to desegregate urban schools.
D. Reformers have shifted away from busing and focused more on school financing in
recent years.
E. All of the answers are correct.



17. Dramatic change in public opinion on basic issues is uncommon and is almost always a
consequence of

A. a change in the policy position of the president.

B. an extraordinary change in national conditions.

C. popular satisfaction with a government initiative.

D. a change in the law.

E. a Supreme Court ruling.



18. The media perform the signaling role by
A. informing the public of important news developments as quickly as possible.
B. serving as an open channel for leaders to express their opinions.
C. exposing officials who violate accepted performance and moral standards.
D. acting the public's representative.
E. All of the answers are correct.



19. As an influence on what happens in American politics, public opinion can be described as a(n)
_______ force.

A. elusive

B. powerful

C. inexact

D. contradictory

E. All of the answers are correct.




20. According to James Madison, the source of most interest groups or factions is
A. the unequal distribution of property.
B. the American political tradition of association.
C. the system of separation of powers in America.
D. the spirit of individualism.
E. the concept of majority rule.



21. The federal government's power to tax, regulate commerce among the states, and to declare
war are all examples of ________ powers.
A. reserved
B. enumerated
C. implied
D. concurrent
E. None of the answers are correct.



22. Until 1965, immigration laws were biased in favor of immigrants from
A. Asia.
B. the Middle East.
C. Europe.
D. Africa.
E. Latin America.



23. The writers of the Constitution established a federal system of government because
A. the states already existed.
B. it was consistent with the philosophy expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
C. Locke and Montesquieu concluded it was superior to other systems of government.
D. the British political system was based on the federal principle.
E. George Mason wanted to abolish the states.



24. Most studies on the influence of ideology on public opinion agree that

A. liberalism and conservatism have such imprecise meanings that it is not useful to think
about politics in these terms.

B. Americans overwhelmingly identify themselves as liberals.

C. Americans are highly sophisticated in their political thinking.

D. only a minority of Americans understand and apply ideological frames of reference.

E. Americans are highly consistent in their political thinking.



25. Prayer in the public schools violates
A. the free exercise clause.
B. the establishment clause.
C. the exclusionary rule.
D. procedural due process.
E. the clear and present danger test.



26.The first American political parties emerged from the conflict between

A. slave states and free states.

B. the older Eastern states and the newer Western states.

C. the interests of small landholders and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests.

D. business and labor.

E. Protestants and Catholics.


27. In 2004, as a result of the state's Supreme Court, ________ instituted same-sex marriage.
A. California
B. Texas
C. Vermont
D. Massachusetts
E. Alabama



28. The prevalence of mass elections helps the political system by
A. providing leaders a means for deceiving the public.
B. lessening the frequency and need to protest violently.
C. assuring the voter turnout will be very high among all citizens.
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. None of the answers are correct.



29. Political participation among Americans can best be described as a ________ activity.
A. futile
B. middle-class dominated
C. female-dominated
D. universal
E. working-class dominated



30. The only minor-party or independent candidate in the twentieth century to win more votes than
a major-party candidate in a presidential election was

A. Strom Thurmond (Dixiecrat, 1948).

B. George Wallace (American Independent, 1968).

C. Theodore Roosevelt (Bull Moose, 1912).

D. Ross Perot (Independent, 1992).

E. John B. Anderson (National Unity, 1980).



31. The medium of exchange for most inside lobbying activity is
A. money.
B. information.
C. bribery.
D. coercion.
E. deception.



32. In comparison to Europeans, Americans? awareness of public affairs

A. is about the same.

B. is higher.

C. is lower.

D. is higher on domestic issues but lower on international issues.

E. is lower on domestic issues but higher on international issues.




33. Which of the following developments in the national political system provided for more popular
control?
A. primary elections
B. direct election of U.S. senators
C. recall elections
D. initiative and referendum
E. All of the answers are correct.



34. The words of the Declaration of Independence reflected
A. Aristotle's conception of democracy.
B. Montesquieu's view of constitutionalism.
C. Hobbes's idea of the state of nature.
D. Locke's philosophy of inalienable rights.
E. Madison's view of factions.



35. Proportional representation systems encourage the formation of smaller parties by enabling
parties to

A. win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections.

B. receive campaign funds from government in proportion to their support in opinion polls.

C. win legislative seats by lottery for parties that have no chance of winning majority
support.

D. share in patronage appointments which serve as an incentive to lure campaign workers.

E. advertise on television.



36. Most Hispanic voters support ________ candidates.
A. Republican
B. Libertarian
C. Democratic
D. Socialist
E. Independent



37. The American press serves most importantly as a key link between
A. parties and interest groups.
B. the three branches of government.
C. the public and its leaders.
D. the United States and other nations.
E. the national and the state governments.



38. Which of the following is correct with regard to obscenity and the law?
A. Obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment.
B. Obscenity is never unlawful.
C. Child pornography is protected by the First Amendment.
D. Obscenity has been easy for courts to define with precision.
E. Obscenity is protected under the Ninth Amendment.




39. Which of the following is not a common ideal in America?

A. liberty

B. equality

C. individualism

D. self-government

E. collectivism



40. Overt discrimination against Hispanics was eliminated from U.S. immigration laws
A. after the Spanish-American War at the turn of the twentieth century.
B. during World War I.
C. during the 1960s at the time of the civil rights movement.
D. in the early 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union.
E. after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.



41. Interest groups' efforts to influence policy are aimed at all institutions except
A. the presidency.
B. Congress.
C. the bureaucracy.
D. the courts.
E. None of the answers are correct.



42. Political parties in the United States originated with a political feud between

A. John Marshall and John Adams.

B. John Adams and Andrew Jackson.

C. George Washington and Patrick Henry.

D. James Madison and James Monroe.

E. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.



43. The New York Times
A. sets a general standard of news reporting that other news organizations emulate.
B. sets the news agenda for other news organizations.
C. was a pioneer in the development of objective journalism.
D. has been described as the bulletin board for other major newspapers.
E. All of the answers are correct.



44. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution
A. by the Framers during the Philadelphia Convention.
B. in stages, with free expression rights added first and the rights of the accused added
years later.
C. in response to the freeing of the slaves during the Civil War.
D. in response to the ideals of Jacksonian democracy.
E. None of the answers are correct.



45. During _________, the age of eligibility for voting was lowered from twenty-one to eighteen.
A. the Civil War
B. World War I
C. World War II
D. the Korean War
E. the Vietnam War




46. A purposive incentive is defined as
A. a goal of direct economic gain.
B. the opportunity to promote a worthwhile public cause.
C. a goal benefiting a specific group.
D. any common purpose which brings groups together.
E. corporate profit.



47. Which of the following would be an indicator of weakening partisanship?

A. an increase in split-ticket voting

B. an increase in independent voters

C. an increase in voters? responsiveness to the issues of the moment

D. an increase in voters? responsiveness to candidates? personal characteristics

E. All of the answers are correct.



48. From President Abraham Lincoln's perspective, the decision to wage a civil war against the
southern states is best summarized in what fashion?
A. States that allowed slavery were no longer sovereign.
B. The states were older than the union.
C. Southern states had abused the "reserved powers" amendment.
D. The union was older than the states.
E. None of the answers are correct.



49. Libertarians are opposed to governmental intervention in

A. both the economic and social spheres.

B. the economic sphere, but not the social sphere.

C. the social sphere, but not the economic sphere.

D. neither the social nor the economic spheres.

E. only affirmative action.



50. In recent decades, groups that offer collective goods as an incentive for membership have
found it easier to attract new members because of
A. changes in public attitudes?people today have a highly favorable opinion of interest
groups.
B. changes in the tax code that allow a tax deduction for membership dues.
C. the development of computer-assisted direct-mail techniques.
D. changes in the nature of collective goods themselves, such that they are more easily
allocated to people who need them.
E. None of the answers are correct.



51. The citizens of ________ are most actively involved in interest groups and community
causes.
A. the United States
B. Germany
C. Italy
D. France
E. Great Britain




52. The effectiveness of busing in achieving racial integration in the public schools was limited by
A. the refusal of many local communities to fully implement the busing plans prepared
specifically for them by federal district court judges, who have no effective means of forcing
them to comply.
B. the Supreme Court ruling that limits the use of busing across school district boundaries,
which has insulated predominantly white suburban schools from busing plans.
C. state laws that have prohibited busing in any of the state's school districts.
D. local referenda on busing, which have produced the two-thirds vote against busing that
is required to rescind the policy.
E. school superintendents who routinely violate federal law.



53. When the United States was founded, who was eligible to vote?
A. everyone?there was universal suffrage
B. all males and females who were at least 21 years of age
C. only white males who owned property
D. only citizens who had lived in the nation for at least ten years
E. all native-born citizens



54. The reporting of national news is relatively uniform among news sources because
A. the government dictates much of what is reported.
B. there are only a few important events each day that merit news coverage.
C. a small number of news organizations and news services generate most of the news.
D. reporters are not given much freedom by their editors.
E. journalists have a tendency to be fairly lazy.



55. Minor political parties have problems with

A. financing their campaigns.

B. getting their candidates on all 50 state ballots.

C. having a lasting impact on American politics.

D. All of the answers are correct.

E. None of the answers are correct.



56. In the Constitution, procedural due process is protected by the
A. Fourth Amendment.
B. Fifth Amendment.
C. Sixth Amendment.
D. Fourteenth Amendment.
E. All of the answers are correct.



57. Native Americans
A. have always been legal citizens of the United States.
B. were not given citizenship status until the twentieth century.
C. do not today have the full legal rights of other U.S. citizens.
D. are U.S. citizens unless they choose to live on a reservation.
E. have numbered roughly ten million in the United States since the 1700s.




58. _______ was the only Republican elected president from 1932 to 1964.

A. Richard Nixon

B. Barry Goldwater

C. Dwight Eisenhower

D. Herbert Hoover

E. Calvin Coolidge



59. All of the following tend to decrease voter turnout except
A. sharp differences between major parties.
B. alienation.
C. frequent elections.
D. a registration system that places the burden of registration on the individual rather than
on government officials.
E. lack of interest in politics.



60. In contrast to European news media, American news media are more likely to
A. guide readers by providing ideological interpretations of current events.
B. play a partisan role by taking sides in political debate.
C. act primarily as neutral transmitters of information.
D. use yellow journalism.
E. None of the answers are correct.



61. In a constitutional system,
A. there are no restrictions on the lawful uses of power, as long as this power is obtained
by majority rule.
B. citizens have basic rights which government cannot take away.
C. the economy is based on the free enterprise system.
D. officials govern according to the traditions established by their predecessors.
E. the judiciary is more powerful in all respects than the legislature or executive.



62. A set of lobbyists, legislators, policy experts, and executives who come together temporarily in
debate over a complex policy issue is
A. an iron triangle.
B. an issue network.
C. a caucus.
D. a policy system.
E. an ideological network.



63.During the twentieth century, American parties lost some of their control over

A. nominations.

B. the financing of campaigns.

C. platforms.

D. the giving of government jobs to loyal party workers.

E. All of the answers are correct.




64. By definition, the interest-group system consists of all interests that are ________ and seek
________ goals.
A. organized; political
B. cohesive; narrow
C. mobilized; ideological
D. small; narrow
E. None of the answers are correct.



65.The chief obstacle to Americans' participation in community activities is
A. the lack of opportunity because there are few groups active at this level.
B. the lack of personal motivation to get involved.
C. the low potential for success, since key decisions are made at the national level.
D. the low potential for success, since key decisions are made at the state level.
E. All of the answers are correct.



66. As distinct from alienation, apathy is
A. associated with a low rate of voter turnout.
B. a feeling of powerlessness.
C. a general lack of interest in politics.
D. a sign that the political system is working properly.
E. widespread among affluent Americans.



67. Which of the following is true?
A. The federal government has more employees than the state governments combined.
B. The federal government has more employees than the local governments.
C. The federal government has more employees than the state and local governments
combined.
D. All of these statements are true.
E. None of these statements are true.



68. The exclusionary rule states that
A. federal law cannot be applied in state courts.
B. the laws of one state court cannot be applied in the courts of another state.
C. after seven years, the statute of limitations applies except in murder cases.
D. evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court.
E. state law cannot be applied in federal courts.



69. The FCC's equal time requirement
A. includes the print media.
B. prohibits broadcasters from selling or giving time to political candidates and denying it to
their opponents.
C. requires broadcasters during elections to give free time to candidates for use as they
see fit.
D. requires broadcasters to give equal time to news programming as to commercial
advertising.
E. requires broadcasters to give equal time to third parties as well as the Democrats and
Republicans.




70. In its rulings on religion in the public schools, the Supreme Court has held that
A. organized prayer and Bible reading in public schools are unconstitutional.
B. organized prayer, but not Bible reading, in public schools is unconstitutional.
C. organized Bible reading, but not prayer, in public schools is unconstitutional.
D. organized prayer is constitutional but only if in the form of time set aside for private
meditation, thus giving students a choice of which prayer they will say.
E. prayer is constitutional only during homeroom classes and not regular classes.



71. If a state accepts a federal grant-in-aid, it must
A. comply with federal restrictions on its use.
B. reimburse the federal government after a specified period.
C. match the funds with twice that amount in state funds.
D. reduce its income tax rates to adjust for the increased income.
E. None of the answers are correct.



72. The patronage system was

A. a means of rewarding party workers for their loyalty.

B. established by the Progressives.

C. completely replaced by the merit system.

D. always fair in practice.

E.All of the answers are correct.



73. Which of the following is characteristic of a capitalist economic system?
A. free enterprise
B. self-reliance
C. private property
D. individualism
E. All of the answers are correct.



74. In the 1960s, presidential candidates
A. received more negative coverage than they do today.
B. were largely ignored by the media.
C. were hounded by the media incessantly.
D. received more favorable coverage than they do today.
E. None of the answers are correct.



75. In recent elections, even though candidates for public office still spend most of their campaign
money on televised ads, they have increasingly put money into the effort to get out the vote
on Election Day. Among the reasons for this is

A. an increase in partisanship among voters, which makes it harder to persuade them to
switch sides but makes it more important to get the party?s supporters to the polls.

B. the discovery by candidates that the Internet is not a good medium through which to
campaign.

C. the reluctance of candidates to use negative advertising, which has made more money
available for other activities, including get-out-the-vote efforts.

D. the fact that people like to get telephone solicitation calls.

E. the insistence of donors that their money be used to get out the vote because it makes
donors feel they are making a contribution to civic participation as well as to a candidate
they would like to see win.



ESSAY QUESTIONS ? answer essay questions Brief answers with probably not receive many points.


1. Why have the Democratic and Republican parties been so durable so as to maintain existence since the Civil War? Explain. Explain why the single-member district system of elections tends to promote a two-party system only. What is meant by a realigning election? Give an example. What are primary elections and what impact have they had on party organizations?




2. Identify and discuss the frames of reference that Americans rely upon when forming their
political opinions. Discuss the major characteristics of the political socialization process
through which Americans acquire their political opinions. Define what is meant by a political
ideology and give an example of what it is. How informed is American public opinion? Explain.




3. Identify two sources of conflict among America?s political ideals. Illustrate these sources of conflict in the context of a specific political issue. How could one argue that America is not run by a small power elite? Describe three systemic reasons why Americans vote at a lower rate than Western Europeans.

this is a little note from the instructor , there are a number of Authorized titles that you can write about, i will paste them after the the note from the instructor.


. . Many times students start writing their research papers and include whatever thoughts comes into their mind. As with many things in life, you need a plan or format to follow.

Your Opinion on the Research Topic: I want to know your opinion of the topic. How you support or do not support areas of the topic. For instance, suppose you were writing a research article on gun control, some would support the concept and others would feel it is an infringement on the Second Amendment. Either side would be correct. As I previously stated: give me your opinion of the topic and defend your position.
Length of Research: The basic minimum is four (4) pages. More quality research will enhance your grade; not just "cutting and pasting" cited work.
Cover Sheet: The cover sheet should include your name, title of the topic, and course and section number (CRJ120-D01). This information should be centered in the middle of the page

Introduction: Every research article/paper/etc. starts off with the introduction being the first paragraph. In the introduction, the author notifies the readers what will be the main research areas they are to find. The word: INTRODUCTION should be at the top of the paragraph
Paragraph Titles: Above each paragraph should be the title. The title should be short and identify the main thoughts of the paragraph
Reference Citations: Whenever you use material from a resource or personal interviews (my favorite), you need to cite your reference source. Using material from sources and not giving credit is known as plagiarism, a form of stealing. How to make reference to citations can be found in the APA Guidelines for CSN Students. The Pathway location is: Course Content> Web Links> APA Guidelines for CSN Students.
Amount of Reference Citations: There are to be four (4) reference citations; this may include personal interviews.
Conclusion: In the conclusion you discuss if in fact you meet your research goals; sometimes the greatest research does not lead to a solution of a problem. Also, what further research is needed for the topic.
(Explain how the Current "Justice Model" has Replaced the "Medical Model" of Earlier Years Relative to Corrections.)
(Why are Most Community Relations Problems of the Criminal Justice System Directed Towards the Police?)
(Police are an Important Role Model for the Young Because of Frequent Contact with, and High Exposure to, the Public. Discuss.)
(The Police Must Deal with People and Their Problems. Are Police Social Agents in the Community? In What Ways?)
(Discuss How Professionalism is the Total Result of the Way a Person Acts and Performs.)
(Crime Prevention Orientation Tends to be Replacing Service-Oriented Programs in the Community Relations Philosophy. Is the Good or Bad?)
(What Problems are we Facing at this Time Relative to Carrying Out Traditional Police Functions in this Country?)
Please remember my comments, if any, on your first written assignment.

Amendment: Right to Bear Arms

Using a minimum fo 4 outside sources prepare a 1050-1250 word paper detailing your finding of an analysis of one of the ten amendments to the US Constitution (Right to Bear Arms).

1. The paper is to provide a background history of the issues surrounding the Amendment
2. A synopsis of the evolution of the interpretation of the Amendment in various Supreme Court decisions
3. An analysis of how this Amendment has impacted American society
4. And predictions as to how interpretations of this Amnedment might change in the futrue.

I need an solution essay on GUN CONTROL with the following outline.

1.- Presentation of the Problem(Cause and Effects)(first paragraph).

2.- Discussion of inadequate proposed solution and why you dont support it (second paragraph).

3.- Overview of your solution and map of the components or steps (third paragraph).

4.- First Component/Solution: Exploration and logical background (fourth paragraph).

5.- Second Component/Solution: Exploration and logical backgound (fifth paragraph).

6.- Third Component/Solution: Exploration and logical background (sixth paragraph).

7.- Refutation of others people''s likely objections to your solution (seventh paragraph).

8.- Conclusion (Recomendations for implantation).

Use good logical data
View from an economic standpoint, NOT social standpoint
Must be able to support my argument why we should abolish the 2nd Amendment

1.Explain why the amendments are an important part of the U.S. constitution and their effect on the legal system.

2. Choose one amendment that comprises the bill of rights for closer anslysis. In your opinion, which amendment in the bill of rights offers the most protection for defendants? explain your answer.

3. which offers the most protection for the victims? explain your answer.

4. give three examples of how the constitution affects your daily life.

Objective 102.6.6-30: Analyze the implications of the 1st and 2nd Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

Among the most controversial issues of our time are those rooted in the 1st and 2nd Amendments to the Constitution: the freedom of the press to protect their sources of information, the separation of church and state, and gun control.

Write an essay (maximum of three pages) that discusses the relationship between the 1st and 2nd Amendments and contemporary political issues. Be sure to address the following topics:

1. Explain the contents of the 1st and 2nd Amendments.

2. Using at least one specific illustration for each subject, explain current controversies relating to freedom of the press to protect sources of information, the separation of church and state, and gun control.

3. Analyze the two amendments as they relate to these contemporary issues.

Research Paper: The research paper is required to be between 10 - 15 pages in length and will discussed and tilted Open Field Doctrine and the Fourth Amendment .

It is further required to demonstrate your cumulative legal studies knowledge, and is to be scholarly in nature. That means that the professor will be looking for primary research sources upon which you relied, as well as your use of Bluebook citation formatting.

The research paper will be turned in at Turnitin.com and checked for plagiarizing. So ensure quoted material and resources are properly cited and original opinions and writing.

I will be attaching resources along with various research links. Additionally, I will include Bluebook citation information if needed. I have also included my draft explaining the concept in summery.

Additional Research Links:
https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbo=d&rlz=1C1TSNP_enUS490US490&q=open+field+doctrine+cases&revid=2041357651&sa=X&ei=x5HDUNGZFav24QSvjIDwBQ&ved=0CIQBENUCKAE

http://cyb3rcrim3.blogspot.com/2010/02/wi-fi-privacy-and-trespassing.html

https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbo=d&rlz=1C1TSNP_enUS490US490&q=open+fields+doctrine+vs.+a+fence&revid=1300921211&sa=X&ei=g4rDUM_bDKWh4gTt0IHYAQ&ved=0CIkBENUCKAU

1. One of the most dramatic consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction
was that the South was effectively driven from national power for roughly six
decades. Southerners no longer claimed the presidency, wielded much power on
the Supreme Court, or made their influence strongly felt in Congress But
beginning in the 1930s, the South was able to flex more and more political
muscle, and by the 1970s some began to think that American politics and
political culture were becoming southernized. How did this happen and what
difference did it make to the development of the South and the United States?

2. Some scholars have argued that the United States in general and the
American South in particular experienced TWO Reconstructions: the first
initiated by the Civil War and slave emancipation (1863-1877), and the second
initiated by the developing struggle for civil rights in the 1950s and 1960s.
Do you believe that this argument has merit? What would the similarities and
differences be between such a first and second Reconstruction? Were the goals
and objectives similar or different? Were the parties and groups brought into
conflict similar or different? What of the achievements and failures ??" how
similar in fact were they? Was there a historical relationship between the two
periods? And how fundamental were their challenges to the organization of
American society?

Your answers to BOTH of the questions should not exceed 15 double-spaced,
typewritten pages in length