I need a 10 page paper on the topic of "professional school counseling". The research paper needs to cover the following themes which should be within the body of the paper:
-brief history and development of this aspect of the counseling field in general.
-introduction of the topic and it's importance to the field of counseling.
-major themes relevant to the topic(include at least 5 aspects of the topic and describe them).
-a discussion of the important elements of counselor identity, function, and ethics related to the topic.
-biblical values and insights related to the topic.
-personal reflections about this topic and a discussion of commitment to provide biblically grounded, ethical, and empirically based counseling services.

Also need a reference page.

Hi I need an acceptance essay for Capella University, Harold Abel School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Counseling. I will be pursuing a masters degree in School Counseling. I am currently enrolled at the university but I want to change my major. I graduated from Georgia State University with a bachelor degree in psychology in 2006. I am a 31 years old female who came to this country in 2001 from Bosnia and Herzegovina (I was present there during the war) as a refuge.

I will attach the PDF file of the school requirements for this essay. Please read page 2 and follow the instructions! Let me know if you need additional information from me.
Thank You

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Read the ASCA position papers that will be sent and choose three of the positions, afterwards write a 4 page (APA 6th style) discussion paper that discuss how the ASCA (American School Counseling Association) stance compares with your view, opinion, or expectation of what school counselors actually do. Also within the paper address/answer the following question: How does the ASCA position mesh with your own desires regarding your potential functioning as a school counselor? Please use APA style headings within the paper.
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The paper must be 15 pages long. It must be on the subject of School Counselors and the Improvement of Academic Achievement in Students with Special Needs. Five of the articles used for reference should be empirically based research. The other seven articles can be from refereed journals in the field of school counseling or a closely related field. The paper should provide both an overview of the topic as well as specific implications for school counseling practice (prevention & intervention). The paper should also incorporate the ASCA National Model for School Counseling Programs and the South Carolina Comprehensive Developmental Guidance Model into the paper. The paper formatting should follow the proprer current APA style. The Bibliography page must be APA style also.

Culturally Responsive School Counseling for Hispanic/Latino Students and Families: The Need for Bilingual School Counselors Professional School Counseling, October 2006

*****(THE ABOVE ARTICLE WILL BE FAXED SEPERATELY)******

Evaluate this article and include in the paper:

Type of research study why it was chosen; would there be a better way to do the study
Hypothesis (es)
Tools of Research including issues of validity and reliability
Sampling approach taken and its appropriateness
Descriptive Statistics used and why
Specifically, discuss how these topics are addressed in the study in this article and evaluate the appropriateness of the methods used.

In addition, discuss any changes that you would recommend in the design and implementation to improve the study. Discuss the usefulness of this study.


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Article Critiques: You will be critiquing an article of your choice. The article must be from a peer reviewed journal, published within the last five years, and be related to either school or community counseling. These are worth 15 points each.

The following guidelines are for the Article Critique:

a. At least 2 pages, not including title page, abstract or references?
b. Appropriate use of APA style, including a title page, reference page and abstract?
c. Each student will choose a researchable topic in their area (school or community mental health)?
d. Once the article is selected, the critique must draw a conclusion on its impact on practice including measurable outcomes, interventions, treatments and/or activities to improve and/or inform practice either in CMHC or School Counseling.?
e. You will also want to evaluate the published research for ethical and cultural biases, while identifying what makes the article quantitative or qualitative.

This is more of journal /reflection type paper
>and it will also be used as one of my admission papers.
>I need a paper that synthesizes the following information. I
>need a paper that uses this synthesis to orient someone to the
>counseling profession. To help state how counselor behaviors,
>values, beliefs are related to the role of a counselor.
>I need a paper that addresses the following key aspects:
>â¢what the counseling relationship involves and
>differentiate counseling from other helping behavior
>â¢basic counseling skills and their role in the helping relationship
>â¢the relationship between oneâ™ own personal
>values, beliefs and behaviors and the role of the professional counselor
>â¢issues related to interpersonal style
>â¢the role of the counselor in a variety of settings
>
>Based on the following topics and information:
>A. Technology and Counseling
>â¢Cyber counseling/distance counseling (positives and negatives and ethical issues)
>â¢Computer-assisted counseling (Positives and negatives and ethical concerns)
>â¢Technology in assessment and diagnosis (Positives and
>negatives and ethical concerns)
>â¢Technology Aids/resources for client interventions
>(Positives and negatives and ethical concerns)
>B. Group Counseling
>â¢Types of Groups
>â¢Stages of Group Life
>â¢Group Facilitations-responsibilities and interventions
>â¢Issues and ethnics
>C. Career Counseling
>â¢Theories of Career Counseling
>â¢Framework (stages) for career counseling
>D. Counseling and Spirituality
>â¢Description of spirituality
>â¢Support for the inclusion of spirituality in the profession
>â¢Models addressing spirituality dimensions and the e counselors role
>â¢Characteristics of healthy spiritual development
>â¢Implications for counselors
>E. Creative Approaches to Counseling (individual and group)
>â¢Art
>â¢Imagery
>â¢Hypnotherapy
>â¢Music
>â¢Writing
>â¢Bibliography
>â¢Play
>F. School Counseling
>â¢Comprehensive developmental program characteristics
>â¢Program interventions
>â¢Characteristics of an effective school counselor
>â¢Counseling at elementary, middle and high school levels
>G. Counseling in Mental Health and Private Practice Settings
>â¢Description and types of the practices
>â¢Roles of the counselor
>â¢Ethics
>â¢Needs for children, adolescents
>H. Counseling Couples and families
>â¢Family systems perspective on the diagnosis of family dysfunction
>â¢Initial interview
>â¢Family techniques
>â¢Legal, professional, and ethical; issues

You should examine the INDIANA state laws and the counselor certification or licensure process for Indiana. A comparison must be made between the ethical codes and the laws. You must also report on the laws related to school counseling, mental health counseling, addictions counseling, and marital and family therapy. (all 4 must be addressed)

The following questions MUST be answered but not limited to these alone:

1. What are the states limits to confidentiality?
2. How is privileged communication defined?
3. How is a duty to warn or protect defined and what are the limitations?
4. How are ethical complaints handled?
5. What aspect of the state government is responsible for licensure?
6. How do the scope of practices differ among the noted professions?

An important function of a school counselor is to facilitate small group counseling sessions. Write a 10-15 page paper on the following:
Select a specific issue within the field of school counseling (academic, career, personal, or social developmental needs) and design a four-session program to support students on the issue. It is essential to determine the precise age group. For example, you could choose to focus on career counseling for high school students or a specific developmental issue for elementary students.
Describe the developmental approaches to counseling that are effective with this age group.
Design small group counseling approaches for the issue you have chosen that promote school success.
Components: Include a title page, table of contents and reference page.
Written communication: Develop accurate written communication that conveys the overall goals of the project and does not detract from the overall message. Your paper should demonstrate graduate-level writing skills.
References: The paper must include a reference list with at least ten references overall. You must have at least ten from peer-reviewed academic journals. Web sites, books, and other journals may be used, but are not counted toward the ten academic sites. Your research sources should not be older than five years.
Formatting: Use APA fifth edition formatting, including: correct in-text citations, proper punctuation, double-spacing throughout, proper headings and subheadings, no skipped lines before headings and subheadings, proper paragraph and block indentation, no bolding, and no bullets. Refer to the APA Style and Formatting module for more information.

Instructions:

There are many opportunities for counselors to use their skills to provide assistance in the process of helping others. Consultation and advocacy are two specific ways that counselors can make a difference.

Use the article "Are Consultation and Social Justice Advocacy Similar?: Exploring the Perceptions of Professional Counselors and Counseling Students" and two articles you found on Mental Health Counseling to respond to the following:

How do you see yourself related to advocacy or consultation as you become a professional within your area of specialization? Within your own definition, do you see consultation and advocacy similar or different?

How does advocacy benefit the care provided for children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families related to the specific specialty area that you plan to practice? Be sure to address institutional and social barriers that may be present.

The paper should be 5 to 7 pages in length and include a minimum of 3 academic references. In addition, develop at least a one-paragraph summary of a hypothetical situation of a child, adolescent, adult, couple, or family. For this hypothetical situation, address how counselors' knowledge of consultation and advocacy could interact with the progression of their counseling experience based on your area of specialization (mental health counseling, marriage and family counseling, school counseling, career counseling, and addiction counseling).

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What is a school counselor? The idea is to educate the public what a school counselor does and what important developments have happened in the field. Discuss the rigors of pursuing a degree in School counseling. What does it take to do well? How can a blog serve as an educational tool-- a tool to educate the public.

Conduct an informational interview with a school counselor in your community and write a 57 page paper answering the following:
Determine the function of the school counselor within their organization.
Inquire about professional development and continuing education opportunities within your state.
Determine which evaluation procedures are used by this school.
Ask the counselor how they can be a leader in the national organization, in their school, and in the community.
Based on the information gathered in the interview, what steps would you take at the school you are visiting to design a leadership model of school counseling focusing on standards-based education reform (clear standards, rigorous curriculum, and accountability).

Your paper must include a title page, contact information of the counselor interviewed, interview questions, and references. Post your paper to the assignments area of the courseroom.

This course, Introduction to School Counseling, provides you with an opportunity to understand the historical foundation of the profession, analyze the evolution of current trends, consider current counseling approaches, and define the role of the school counselor within a collaborative community. In order for you to apply evaluation and counseling techniques within a defined curriculum, it is beneficial to research current standards in your own community.

Therefore, for the project, you will:
Conduct an informational interview with a school counselor in your community, and write a paper (Assignment 1).


To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to:
1.Know the relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and other student services program in the school.
3.Design strategies of leadership to enhance the learning environment of schools.
4.Define the role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor within an organization.
5.Number of pages: The body of Assignment 1 must 5-7 pages.
6.Components: Include a title page, table of contents and reference page.
7.Written communication: Develop accurate written communication that conveys the overall goals of the project and does not detract from the overall message. Your paper should demonstrate graduate-level writing skills.
8.References: The paper must include a reference list with at least ten references overall. You must have at least ten from peer-reviewed academic journals. Web sites, books, and other journals may be used, but are not counted toward the ten academic sites. Your research sources should not be older than five years.
9.Formatting: Use APA fifth edition formatting, including: correct in-text citations, proper punctuation, double-spacing throughout, proper headings and subheadings, no skipped lines before headings and subheadings, proper paragraph and block indentation, no bolding, and no bullets. Refer to the APA Style and Formatting module for more information.


Introduction to School Counseling Grading Criteria


Criteria
(12 total points) 0
Non-performance 1
Basic 2
Proficient 3
Distinguished
Knows the relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and student services program in the school.
(3 points) Does not the relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and student services program in the school. Knows the relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and student services program in the school, but does not discuss collaboration or analyze school counseling curriculum. Knows the relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and student services program in the school. Knows the relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and student services program in the school and describes a collaborative team approach to program implementation and analyzes school counseling curriculum.
Designs individual and small group counseling approaches that promote school success, through academic, career, and personal/social development for all.
(3 points) Does not design individual and small group counseling approaches that promote school success, through academic, career, and personal/social development for all. Describes individual and small group counseling approaches that promote school success, through academic, career, and personal/social development for all. Designs individual and small group counseling approaches that promote school success, through academic, career, and personal/social development for all. Designs individual and small group counseling approaches that promote school success, through academic, career, and personal/social development for all, and applies a consistent theoretical framework to offer effective counseling to students.
Designs strategies of leadership to enhance the learning environment of schools.
(3 points) Does not design strategies of leadership to enhance the learning environment of schools. Lists strategies of leadership to enhance the learning environment of schools. Designs strategies of leadership to enhance the learning environment of schools. Designs strategies of leadership to enhance the learning environment of schools, and describes results of program evaluation that can be disseminated to school stakeholders.
Defines the role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor within an organization.
(3 points) Does not define the role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor within an organization. Understands the role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor within an organization, but does not accurately define it. Defines the role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor within an organization. Defines the role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor within an organization, and explains current and innovative strategies used in the field of school counseling

This is what the professor wrote as requirements for this paper:

Review recent (within the last 10 years) journal and newspaper articles related to your topic in Secondary School Counseling. The research paper should include a minimum of 5 journal articles referenced in your Works Cited page. The paper should be in APA style and represent a summary of the literature in your topic area. One element of your paper should include why this topic is a "hot topic" that school counselors should be aware of right now. The focus of your paper will be recent empirical studies pertinent to your topic with additional review articles, relevant case studies, and/ or clinical/theoretical reports adding clarity and depth.

I need the paper to be geared towards the following : the most
valuable aspects of this course is terminology, and what kind of
research
questions to ask when reading school counseling articles....in other
words, how
do you determine if what is written is reliable and valid. My
recommendation is
to look through several research and stat books at the library, scan
some
empirical articles in the literature, and make a list of a couple of
dozen
commonly used research and stat terms...define the terms and write a
sentence
or two as two how it may apply to school counseling. Also, read one or
two
articles in _The School Counselor_ and write what questions you would
have
regarding the reliability and validity of the articles. Writing the
definitions
of terms, plus your perspective on the article would make for a
practical
written paper.

open to all writers! We will pay more for this order.

I need another project to be completed and it is 15 pages of the thesis itself. I would like the author A.Art again to complete this project and need it to be done by Dec. 15th at the latest.....

The I need more sources that covers the topic......The sources that was used in the thesis plan 6 out of 20 references actually relate to the topic or methodology. The methodology references are more than 10 years old and need newer sources. Most of the sources should be from school counseling journals published by ASCA 2003-2005

Literature Review and Research
The literature review and research proposed will concentrate first on the history of guidance counseling and its affects on students and teachers prior to implementation of the ASCA model. The literature review will also provide a history and information on the reasons for developing the ASCA model, and identify the individuals or leaders pioneering this model in the educational context. I expect there will be much research both qualitative and quantitative available for review on the subject of school counseling and the ASCA model. I also predict however, that relatively little data has been systematically collected on the perceptions of teachers toward school guidance programs using the ASCA model. Thus, the intent of the literature review is primarily a synopsis and explanation of the events leading up to the ASCA implementation, and some review of any recent studies available describing the impact or influence this model has had on teachers. I propose providing a comprehensive overview of the events leading to implementation of the ASCA. For this reason, I will not rely on newer text and peer reviewed research alone, but also texts and research dating one, two and three decades previous, as it is important to explore history as well as modern philosophies of education.
I propose comparing the results of the survey and focus groups to information collected from the research. My intentions for this project is to include filling a gap in current research related to the effects the ASCA model has had on the perceptions of teachers.
Preliminary Bibliography

ACES-ASCA Committee on the Elementary School Guidance Counselor (1966),
Preliminary statement. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 44, 659-661.

ASCA, (2003) The ASCA National Model: A Framework for School Guidance
Counseling Programs. The American School Counselor Association. Retrieved
October 19, 2007: http://www.schoolcounselor.org/files/execsumm.pdf

ASCA. (2006). School Shooting Resources, American School Counselor Association,
Retrieved November 14, 2007: http://www.schoolcounselor.org/content.asp?contentid=524

Bass, D.D. & Yep, R. (2005), Terrorism, trauma and tragedies: A counselors guide to
preparing and responding, Alexandria: American Counseling Association Program

Brown, R.T. (2004). Handbook of pediatric psychology in school settings. Mahwah:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Burmaster, E. (2007). American School Association Model. Department of Public
Administration, Wisconsin. Retrieved October 20, 2007: http://dpi.state.wi.us/sspw/scascamodel.html

Clark, M.A., & Stone, C. (May 2000), Evolving our image: School counselors as
educational leaders. Counseling Today, 42, 1-52.

Dimmitt, C. (2003), Transforming school counseling through collaboration and use of
data: A study of academic failure in high school. Professional School Counseling, 6(1): 340-49.

Dimmitt, C., Carey, J.C., Mcgannon, W., Henningson, I. (2005), Identifying a school
counseling research agenda: A Delphi study. Counselor Education & Supervision, 44(3): 214

Houston, P. (2001), Superintendents for the 21st century: Its not just a job, its a calling,
Kappan, 82(1): 428-433.

La Greca, A.M., Perez, L.M., & Glickman, A. (2006), Keeping children safe: A program
to help children cope with community violence, Available http://keepingchildrensafe.com

Lenhardt, A., & Young, P. (2001), Proactive strategies for advancing elementary school
counseling programs: A blueprint for the new millennium. Professional School Counseling, 4(1): 187-194.

MacGregor, R.R., Nelson, J.R., & Welsch, D. (1997). Creating positive learning
environments: The school-wide student management program, Professional School Counseling, 1(1): 33-35.

Morris, V.C. (1961). Philosophy of the American School: An introduction to the
philosophy of education. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Patton. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Right on Course: How trauma and maltreatment impact children in the classroom, and
how you can help, Civitas, Retrieved November 14, 2007: http://www.civitas.org

Slavin, R.E., & Fashola, O.S. (1998). Schoolwide reform models: What works? Phi Delta
Kappan, 79: 370-79.

Strauss & Corbin. (1998). Basics of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
Publications, Inc.

Tarnowski, K.J., & Brown, R.T. (2000). Psychological aspects of pediatric disorders. In,
M. Hersen & R.T. Ammerman, (Eds.). Advanced abnormal child psychology. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Thompson, R.A. (2003), Counseling Techniques: Improving relationships with others,
ourselves, our families and our environment. New York: Brunner-Routledge

Worzbyt, J.C., ORourke, K., & Dandeneau, C.J. (2003), Elementary school counseling:
A commitment to caring and community building. PA: Brunner-Routledge.

Describe, Analyze and Reflect (DAR) Paper on Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). Describe SFBT, analyze the strengths and limitations of this theory for school counseling practice, reflect upon how it will be integrated into professional practice.

MUST INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

*Accurate description w/detail and conceptual links to developmental theory.

*Thoughtful analysis which conveys understanding and compares/constrasts to similar theoretical approaches

*Comprehensive reflection which includes accommodations, interventions and/or referrals.

The purpose of this research paper is to write my personal theory of career and guidance counseling after reviewing and discussing theories of career/vocational career guidance counseling. My personal theory will be based upon the theories that seem most appropriate and accurate to me to create my own model.

The broad categories of career counseling theories are trait-oriented, social learning and cognitive, developmental, and person-in-environment. Within each perspective there are several specific models. Select representative samples that fit the needs that are described in my comments about the constructs of the research paper.

My personal approach is integrative and eclectic, utilizing elements of various career counseling theories that complement each other and "mesh" well. The paper should reflect this.

Also, I believe in a holistic approach to career counseling - addressing both personal and career concerns. In all models, person-environment interactions are stressed as a multi-dimensional developmental process that is unique to each individual.

While the paper may address some of the historical background of the theories that are referenced, the specific models should primarily reflect current theory and application - the contemporary evolution of the career counseling models.

No footnotes are necessary, but the total pages should have an average minimum number of 3-4 parenthetical citations and/or quotations per page. If more are appropriate to improve the quality of the paper, please add them. Use solid professional judgment regarding the appropriate total number and variety of parenthetical citations and quotations.

My professional orientation is to school counseling, mainly grades 7-12. Although the research paper will reflect a "general" integrated personal theory of career and guidance counseling, part will include my belief that trait-oriented and developmental theories are very applicable to this age group, but not to the exclusion of other career counseling theories.

I hope that I have been explicit enough in my information and instructions to you. Please email me if you have any questions.

emphasizes qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches; (b) introduces descriptive and inferential statistics; qualitative and quantitative methodological and statistical issues involved in conducting research in the the field of education and in particular the field of school counseling..... focus on a variety of qualitative and quantitative research methods (as well as statistical methods), how they are used, and in what situations they are most useful.

Comparing the approaches of several different research methods. Focusing on research design, data collection, data analysis, and the ethics of research. It also focused on the strengths and
weaknesses of the different methods. Please use the above information and be able to incorporate both of these topics of research methods and statistics into the 15 page paper.......I need a combination of text books and websites, magazines etc. for the sources.......

Explore the Russian culture using at least 5 resources; analyze the findings and APPLY TO THE SCHOOL COUNSELING PROFESSION.

This paper will:

Address values, beliefs and assumptions of the Russian culture.
Recognize effective intervention strategies for students of Russian descent and how values, beliefs and assumptions of the Russian culture may differ from counseling theory values, beliefs and assumptions.
Answer the following about the Russian culture:
1. How do people approach activity?
2. How important are goals in life?
3. Who makes decisions in families?
4. What is the nature of problem solving?
5. How are social roles defined?
6. How do people relate to those whose status is different?
7. How are sex roles defined?
8. What is the meaning of friendship?

This essay is required for all programs. Please write an essay providing a response to each of the following questions:
1. What are your goals for graduate study and your future career?
2. In what ways do your academic background and your professional experiences provide evidence of your potential for success in the program you selected and in your eventual career? Please give specific examples of relevant coursework and/or experience.
3. Is there any further information we should consider in assessing your candidacy?

Here is some information about me: I need top quality essay that is on a personal-level, thank you:

My plan is to study with determination during the counseling program. Using knowledge and experience from my graduate studies to build a successful school counseling career.

Child Care- 13 and 11 year old girls: development of psychology in adolescents.
Helped them and guided them with problems and school pressures.
-Had the opportunity to speak to them on a personal level and was able to be there to counsel them.

Academic Background: Excelled in all of my psychology and education classes grade wise. As a history major and a minor in psychology with an almost completed teacher education certification, I found my greatest interest in my psychology and education classes.


For one of my education classes, I tutored a student in a middle school. As a tutor, I worked individually with one student in the eighth grade. I came once a week for an hour and helped him prepare for the state test, ASK. In addition, I would bring in different materials to help my student improve in his verbal skills. At the conclusion of the program, both my student and I did notice great improvement in his confidence and verbal skills. He also talked to me on a personal level. He would say how he was getting bullied and that he was unorganized. So I did help him in academic advisement by suggesting ways to become organize and not to be a procrastinator as well as listen to his problems and suggest ways to deal with it. I told him to practice confidence and speak to the bully verbally, but never use any anger towards him/her. He did try it and the following speak told me that the boy stopped bullying him.

When conflicts arose, I helped to solve problems. For example, coaching a volleyball team of high school girls for three years. Came a time when I had to be a mediator. Gave me the idea that I can become a counselor because the way I coached and counseled my players brought success to the team and players, on and off the court.


Many children find comfort in me as well as being able to trust me with their problems and follow through with/respect my advice. I have heard problems from school bullying, pressures of clothing, low self esteem, etc.

A school counselor helps with academic advisement. I myself am very organized and encourage others to do so. I also encourage good behavior to others and having children realize their potential and with hard work/determination is possible. Growing up in a positive atmosphere is what brings a child to have a good self esteem. As a school counselor, I would love to have each of my students believe in him or herself and work hard in school because that is where opportunities open up.

From my experiences dealing with children, I developed knowledge and an enormous desire to help them on a personal level. To be a school counselor is an obvious choice for me to become a productive member of society.

Introduce the issue of social networking sites in our schools and what school counselors should know and teach

Broader aspect of the problem's background: context within the world of school counseling, statistics, history, significance, general data

Specific statement of the problem to be researched and transition to the literature review (which I will order later)

The topic that I have selected for my research project is seeing if there is a correlation between the RTI program at the District I work for and the California Standardized Test (CST) results. The purpose of this research project is to evaluate if the RTI program is really working for students success. The students that are in the remedial program are the ones that score two grades below their grade level. The goal of this particular remedial program is to have students exit out of the RTI and enter back into the core curriculum. However students can only exit the program if they score ?proficient? on the CST, which is making it very hard for students to enter into the core curriculum because the CST is testing at a different level than these students are learning. There are so many problems with this set up, why not have these students in the RTI programs take a standardized test that tests what they are being taught? Why not give these students the CMA (modified version of the CST)? The system is set up for failure. RTI works only if it is implemented correctly, but even with proper implementation, they need to be tested on what they learn. How can students be expected to do well on a test that measures their ability for a certain grade when their remedial class is teaching them at a much-modified rate?

Please look at the Language! program in particular

Review of the Literature

Prepare a written literature review on a specific topic. The topic should be related to your major such as special education, educational administration, school counseling, or educational psychology. The review should include predominately primary sources. Use the guidelines in the text as you prepare the review.

Review relevant literature as appropriate for the topic you select. This should provide an interpretative summary of the topic. The purpose of the literature review is to provide the historical background for a study, theoretical framework, and current research developments. A good review critiques the research studies and shows how the findings relate to the problem under study. This provides the link between existing knowledge and the problem you might want to study. The major purpose of the literature review is to determine what has already been done that relates to a proposed study.

The review should provide an understanding and insight into the problem and provide a framework for a study. It should point out research strategies and specific data collection approaches that have and have not been found to be useful in investigating a similar topic. Differentiate between literature and research. Make sure you review at least 10-15 research articles published in the last 5 years or so. There should be smooth transitions into sections and from one paragraph to another.

Introduction

A review of the literature should start with an introduction that is untitled. Provide an orientation to the purpose of a study and refer to the topics to be covered in the chapter. The order of topics is from the global view to the specific. Generally one paragraph is sufficient.

A second paragraph should include how the review was conducted, the search engines utilized, and key words used to locate material.

Use subheadings as appropriate. (refer to APA, 2010, pp. 62-63). Based on the literature you have gathered, identify the three or so ?big? ideas or concepts related to the topic. Describe the relationship between these ideas. Each of the big ideas you have identified in the literature will become a heading or section of the review. There are three samples presented here.

Historical Overview

The historical overview provides information and context for the topic.

Relevant Theoretical Literature

In this section discuss the theoretical framework(s) that are underpinning the topic. For example a specific behavioral theory could be the basis for an instructional strategy or behavior modification strategy. Describe the theory and the supporting research.

Relevant Research

Review of relevant research studies related to the project. Discuss the existing knowledge base and identify the gaps in knowledge and make a link to your study. Review research studies that have contributed to current understanding and contribute to the need for your study. You need to cover thoroughly the research from the last 5 years. Classic research from more than 5 years may be cited as appropriate. You may have several headings related to different educational strategies.

Implications for Practice

Discuss the implications for educational practice raised by the research and literature you have reviewed. Given what the research says, what does this mean for your school, classes, or other teachers, counselors, or administrators?

Implications for Inquiry

What implications for future research can you draw from the literature you have reviewed? What additional kinds of studies should be completed?

Summary

Provide a brief summary of the literature reviewed and be sure to link to the methodology of your project. Discuss existing scientific knowledge base for your problem and identify gaps in the knowledge base and make reference or link to your study and methodology.

"Describe the content area and explain its importance in counseling."

There are 6 areas, 2 pages each. Describe each area and say why it's important in high school counseling. It would be wonderful if you could come up with an agency for each of the content areas (San Jose, CA). The areas are:

1. Teenage substance abuse
2. Teenage pregnancies
3. Teenage suicide
4. Teenage sexual abuse
5. Teenage STDs
6. Teenage anger management

This is a Personal Practice Theory paper for a Theories in Counseling class for a Master's Degree in School Counseling.

Please include a Title Page, Reference and Work Cited Page and Copies of sources.

Please email both addresses.

Thanks

Assignment Below
1) Scenario: You are working for a community mental health agency that serves male adolescents aged 14-16 who have received a diagnosis of conduct disorder. You have been asked by your director of clinical training to answer the following questions (choose only one):
a) What individual treatment modes have been found to be effective (best practices, evidence-based) for treating this population?
b) What group treatment modes have been found to be effective (best practices, evidence-based) for treating this population?
c) What family treatment modes have been found to be effective (best practices, evidence-based) for treating this population?
2) Using database searches (e.g., EBSCO), locate at least three resources that provide information to answer your question. Some keywords to try for the search are highlighted in the question (best practices, evidence-based).
3) Your assignment response will consist of two sections:
a) Submit an annotated bibliography with an entry for each of your resources. Include the references in proper APA format. Write a brief summary highlighting the theory, treatment, intervention, and research methodology discussed in each resource. Use the additional materials for this module to help you in creating your annotated bibliography. There is no minimum required word count or length for your bibliography; however, you should conduct enough research to write the assigned paper for Module 1 (see below), and even more importantly, to write your final research proposal.
b) Based on your readings, write a paper (750-1,000 words) in which you prepare an answer to your question, citing the resource(s) you used for your answer. Note any gaps in information, special considerations, etc., that you found limited your ability to answer your question. Use standard essay format in APA style, including an introduction, conclusion, and title page. An abstract is not required.

REFERENCES BELOW and Lecture NOTES
http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/mcgraw-hill/2011/research-design-and-methods_a-process-approach_ebook_8e.php
http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/research/skill28.htm
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/01/

Lecture 1
Introduction
Profession: "A calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive preparation, including instruction in skills and methods as well as in the scientific, historical, or scholarly principles underlying such skills and methods..." (Webster, 1968, p. 1811). In addition to skills, competencies, and professional standards, professions are typically characterized by a set of basic theories, foundation knowledge, and processes for ongoing collection and assessment of knowledge. Research methods provide basic philosophies and tools for continuing acquisition and critique of such knowledge.
The Role of Research in Professional Counseling
In a time of emphasis on evidence-based practice(King & Heyne, 2000), it is even more important for mental health professionals to be able to locate and critically review the professional literature that presents evaluation of both theory and clinical practice. In addition, practitioners should be able to evaluate their own clinical practice to ensure that their methods are appropriate and effective. In fact, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (n.d.)?the training accreditation arm of the American Counseling Association?has identified the following as knowledge that should be developed in the course of training in the profession:
The importance of conducting research
Various types of research methods
The use of technology and statistical methods
The roles of research in program evaluation and modification
Using research to improve counseling effectiveness
Ethical and legal issues in conducting research
What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Evidence-based practice generally refers to clinical activities and treatment protocols that are supported by systematic evaluation?in other words, research. Excellent resources on evidence-based practices for mental health professionals include edited collections by Stout and Hayes (2004), Roberts and Yeager (2004), and The Center for School Counseling Outcome Research (Carey & Dimmit, 2006). Professional journals and books are filled with reports of such research and preferred research designs to establish the level of evidence that have been identified (e.g., Chambless & Ollendick, 2001).
In practice, mental health professionals should be able to review the literature to seek information about the efficacy of various treatment options for specific disorders and client populations, apply this information in their own choices of service, and evaluate the progress and outcomes of their own treatment activities through single case designs and more structured experimental designs.
The Goals of Research
In general, any given research project will seek to fulfill one or more of the following goals:
Describing a phenomenon
Explaininga phenomenon (theory building, modeling)
Predicting events related to phenomenon (predictions generated from theories, models)
Controlling variables to affect a phenomenon
Describe
One goal of research is accurate portrayal of a phenomenon. Observation with description is often a first step in gathering better information about an incident, process, individual, etc. The information can become the basis for theory building. Various observational techniques might be used here, from naturalistic observation to more structured ways of collecting, coding, and counting information.
Qualitative research is frequently useful in gathering details about processes, such as how people are experiencing a phenomenon. Qualitative refers to focusing on features that are less understood in numbers. For example, while one may be able to count the exact wavelength of red light or count the number of red balls in a basket, this is not the same as studying the qualitative experience of seeing redness. Redness would be the quality of the experience. Diaries, folk stories, photo albums, newspaper reports, contents of speeches, open-ended responses in interviews and focus groups, and therapy session notes are but a few of the sources of information for qualitative research. Content analyses of the materials seek to identify common themes and relationships.
Quantitative research is also a tool for observing and describing a phenomenon. Quantitative refers to measuring and counting. Most phenomena can be counted in some way. Even the example from above regarding the experience of perceiving redness can be quantified. Early researchers of sensation and perception asked individuals to report when they first saw or experienced events such as color, and were able to devise measurement scales for these perceptual phenomena. They realized that experiences such as seeing a color are the result of much more than the simple wavelength of light?in fact, that they are very individualized processes.
Mixed-methods approaches might use a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to gather basic information about a phenomenon. Examples are interviews, which allow respondents to describe their thoughts, needs, feelings, and behaviors in their own words, and a survey, which asks questions about these areas but in a structured question-and-answer format (e.g., "Use a scale from 1-5 to indicate the level of agreement with the following statement.") related to thoughts, needs, feelings, and/or behaviors. For example, a researcher might collect information in a clinical interview about new widow's experiences with depression and administer a quantitative measure, such as the Beck Depression Inventory.
Explain
Gathering and describing observations can give researchers pieces of a puzzle. The next step is to build on these pieces through inductive reasoning in order to develop an explanation for these observations. This is theory or model building. For example, Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development was built on the observations he collected from his patients, while Piaget's theory of cognitive development was based on his observations of his own young children. In addition, trait theories of personality are based on factor analyses of numerous types of measures of attitudes, aptitudes, and behaviors (Schultz & Schultz, 2008).
Co-relational methods allow researchers to study quantitative relationships between phenomena (e.g., the correlation between level of poverty and alcohol abuse rates) and these correlations can then be used to create explanatory models via statistical methods such as path analyses, factor analyses, discriminant analyses, and regression analyses. Literature reviews and meta-analyses also allow researchers to integrate existing thoughts and research findings on a particular topic. For example, Avants and colleagues have used path analysis (Avants, Margolin, & McKee, 2000) and regression analysis (Avants, Margolin, Warburton, Hawkins, & Shi, 2001) to try to explain treatment adherence patterns among individuals in methadone maintenance programs. Prendergast, Podus, Finney, Greenwell, and Roll (2006) conducted a meta-analysis to integrate findings about the usefulness of contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders.
Good theories offer general principles to explain already observed events and relationships, but also generate testable predictions (hypotheses) about future events. Good theories are also economical or parsimonious, meaning they are explained in the most forthright manner and without unnecessary complexity. Theories ultimately rise or fall on their ability to be tested and to predict from their explanations.
Predict
It is important to test whether and how explanatory theories and models hold up in actual practice. This level of experimental research identifies predictions?that is, hypotheses?that would be made from a given line of explanation, and then devises designs that adequately test these hypotheses. The validity of these tests of hypotheses depends heavily on the quality of the research design. Previous co-relational research might suggest that there is a relationship between two variables, but it does not demonstrate cause and effect. For example, it might be observed that people who are depressed also express negative thinking; that is, the more depressed a person is, the more negative the beliefs, expectations, and interpretations he or she expresses. However, while there is a strong correlation here, it is difficult to know which factor is the cause and which is the effect. In other words, is negative thinking caused by depression, or is depression caused by negative thinking?
Abela, Brozine, and Seligman (2004) designed a study to test whether there was a cause-effect relationship between attribution style and later experiences of hopelessness depression in reaction to life stressors. Although they did not manipulate the person's attribution style (the independent variable, which is a subject variable that the person brought with him or her), the researchers measured it in advance as a predictor of later behavior. This type of directional prediction strengthens the argument that A must cause B. However, the problem is that investigators may not be able to rule out other confounding variables that might be equally as important or more important in causing B. For example, perhaps individuals who think negatively do so as an outcome of earlier depression, which could mean that depression predicts depression and that the thinking style is just an aftereffect of earlier depression. Perhaps these individuals are more likely to behave in ways that cause more negative stressors in their lives and feel more hopeless about their chances of not having negative outcomes in their lives. By contrast, those who do not think in a generally hopeless way may be able to see that bad things in their lives come along, but not as a consequence of their own choices. This would support greater hope that things could change in the future.
The true experiment involves the manipulation of the independent variable, which the researcher hypothesizes to be the cause, so he or she can observe what happens to the dependent variable, which the researcher hypothesizes to be the effect. In a simple experiment, Croft and Walker (2001) manipulated people's beliefs about Monday work days, and then observed their moods on subsequent work days. One group (A) was given information that supported the belief that people are more blue on Mondays, while the other group (B) was given information that this is not true. The hypothesis was that the more a person believe he/she will have the blues (negative affect) on Monday, the more likely he/she will be blue on that day (and more so than on other days of the week). That is, group A should then report more negative affect on Mondays than those in group B. In reality, the researchers found that both groups still reported more negative affect on Mondays, but that those in group A reported less positive affect on Mondays. Here, negative beliefs had more to do with decreasing the positive than increasing the negative. This kind of information may then be used to adjust the underlying theory about the relationship between beliefs and moods.
Control
Finally, once people believe there is a demonstrated relationship between an independent variable (cause) and dependent variable (effect), they may wish to manipulate the independent variable in order to control outcomes (dependent variable). An example of this might be the use of certain types of treatment to control symptoms. Background research demonstrates the effectiveness of a treatment mode for a particular client group. Researchers build on this by then using the treatment to affect outcomes.
Beginning a research process
Ideas for research projects may come from any number of sources. For example, one may simply be curious about something and want to know more using a systematic method. Alternatively, one may wish to gather data to assess a need, or to evaluate a program or intervention, in order to provide recommendations for treatment, program, or policy decisions. One might seek to identify risk factors for certain behaviors. One might wish to compare one form of intervention with another, or to compare the effectiveness of one type of treatment for different types of clients. Sometimes ideas for research projects are self-generated, while at other times they are requested or required by others (e.g., a class assignment).
Whenever someone begins a research project, it is important to collect information that is already known about the problem or target phenomenon. Information may exist on any or all of the four stages of the scientific method: observation, explanation (i.e., theories, models), prediction, and control. It is the researcher's responsibility to build upon previous work, not to start from scratch.
Step 1: Review of the Scientific Literature
Sources usually include scholarly books, articles in professional journals, and possibly unpublished manuscripts, such as papers delivered at professional conferences or dissertations. Sometimes something published in a less scholarly source can be of use. For example, a newspaper or magazine might contain an article on a topic and provide the names of researchers or theorists. One could then go to professional resources to track down the works by these researchers or theorists.
Whenever possible, primary sources?that is, those written by the original authors?are preferred over secondary sources, which contain secondhand reports and interpretations of the original work. Textbooks are a type of secondary source that should guide one toward finding the primary sources. Electronic databases such as PsycInfo and PsycArticlesprovide useful tools for searching a very large collection of publications (and some unpublished works) to find resources that pertain to a topic. In addition, e-mail addresses of authors are often provided in articles (or through Internet searches) and may be used to contact the authors directly to gather information. Reference lists within articles or books may also be used to gather references for more background information.
Creating an annotated bibliography is a good strategy while collecting and reviewing information. An annotated bibliography is an ongoing series of notes about all the materials that are read and reviewed in the process of researching the topic. Not all of the resources will be used in the final research proposal or report. However, they can serve as the source of background information.
It is important to write the reference for each item in correct APA format, with all of the necessary information recorded in order to access the source quickly when transferring the reference to the research proposal or report. Also, it is useful for researchers to use keywords that may help them organize the various items as they go.
Some create annotated bibliographies using Excel spreadsheets or other software to allow organization of and searching within the information that is collected. An example of an annotated bibliography and resources on annotated bibliographies can be found in the Overview section of this module.
Note that this step may lead to a dead end. Sometimes the review of the literature may convince a researcher that it is not a useful path to follow for a project. Perhaps there is too little known to build on, or, at the other extreme, it is a huge area that would be difficult to boil down to one project. If this is the case, repeat Step 1 with a new idea for review.
Step 2: Writing Introduction and Literature Review for Research Proposal
Research should be purposeful. Before collecting any data, it is important to state clearly the question or problem to be addressed. For example, the question might be, "How do military spouses who are recently widowed cope with grief?" Another question might ask whether a grief group for spouses who are recently widowed could be a viable new service to offer at an outpatient center. If such a group already exists, the question might be whether it has had any positive effects. Another question might be whether a peer support group for these recently widowed spouses is as effective as, more effective than, or less effective than a professionally facilitated grief group or individual treatment.
After stating the question or problem of interest, the next step is to present a review of relevant literature that can provide background knowledge on the question. Here, theories and prior research can be summarized. Key terms should be defined for the reader. Attention can also be given to operational definitions, measurement techniques, and research designs previously used to gather information. Limitations and gaps in information can be pointed out.
The review should be logical and not scattered. It should guide the reader toward expecting what the particulars of this new research project will be, such as the hypotheses.
Conclusion
Research plays an integral role in the development and maintenance of a profession. Members of the profession, including professional counseling, are expected to have a basic understanding of the research that supports theory and practice, to apply evidence-based practice as appropriate, and to be able to systematically gather information and evaluate services they provide.
Research activities help us to describe, explain, predict, and control phenomena, including those relevant in clinical practice. The ability to conduct a good review of the professional literature is a key skill underlying any research project.
References
Abela, J.R.Z., Brozina, K., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). A test of integration of the activation hypothesis and the diathesis-stress component of the hopelessness theory of depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(2), 111-128
Avants, S. K., Margolin, A., & McKee, S. (2000). A path analysis of cognitive, affective, and behavioral predictors of treatment response in a methadone maintenance program. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(3), 215-230.
Avants, S. K., Margolin, A., Warburton, L. A., Hawkins, K. A., & Shi, J. (2001). Predictors of nondherence to HIV-related medication regimens during methadone stabilization. American Journal of Addictions, 10(1), 69-78.
CACREP. 2001 Standards. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from http://www.cacrep.org/2001Standards.html.
Carey, J.C., & Dimmitt, C. (2006). Resources for school counselors and counselor
educators: The Center for School Counseling Outcome Research. Professional School Counseling, 9(5), 416-420.
Chambless, D.L., & Ollendick, T.H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685-716.
Croft, G.P., & Walker, A.E. (2001). Are the Monday blues all in the mind? The role of expectance in subjective experience of mood. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(6), 1133-1145
King, N.J., & Heyne, D. (2000). Promotion of empirically validated psychotherapies in counselling psychology. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(1), 1-12.
Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., & Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Addiction, 101(11), 1546-1560.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2008). Theories of personality. New York: Cengage.
Webster, N. (1968). Webster's third new international dictionary (Unabridged). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
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