UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH PROJECT: (2 Pages)
- Sir, in your opinion, how do you describe a stable political environment?
- What is your assessment of the Nigeria's political system and processes in the last 2 decade?
- Are there indicators that Nigeria has since 1999 experienced political stability?
-- a. If yes, please enumerate
-- b. If no, please enumerate
- Having experienced a decade of uninterrupted democracy and a civilian to civilian transition, what are the assessments of Nigeria's political stabilty?
- What indices can be used to measure a country's political stability?
- With the benefits of understanding events in the country, to what extent has political stability affected national security in Nigeria in the last decade?
- How does the Niger Delta, Jos and the Boko Haram Crises affected political stability and national security in Nigeria?
- What are the challenges militating against political stability in Nigeria since the last decade (2000 - 2010)?
- As a young democratic state, what do you think are the prospects of political stability in Nigeria?
- Based on Experience, what measures can be adopted to ensure that political stabilty enhances national security in Nigeria?
18 Pages RESEARCH PAPER ON: POLITICAL STABILITY AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES & PROSPECTS ( REPRODUCE THE SAME TEXTS, PATTERN & STYLE IN ATTACHMENT FOR CHAPTERS I & 2 & COMPLETE CHAPTERS 3, 4 & 5 ) CHAPTER 4: STRATEGIES FOR POLITICAL STABILITY TO ENHANCE NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
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Customer is requesting that (PHEELYKS) completes this order.

This paper needs to assess the political and economic prospects for the future of both Syria and Pakistan. It needs to address the level of political stability, the degree of prosperity, the influence of a political culture, the role played by history, the influence of leadership and the many intervening forces like religion, insurgency, military rule, and even outside forces including colonial masters, dominant outside superpowers and even international organizations like the IMF or the UN.

The objective is to get an appropriate picture of the political system of both countries. The detailed survey of the systems should allow for a comparative analysis of what is similar and what accounts for the respective similarities or differences between the two countries.

Are there really common experiences for these countries like colonialism of the past and neocolonialism of today or is the third world so broad that common characteristics do not exist?

integrate concepts like third worldism, leadership types, the changing roles of political parties and other institutions as well as consolidated versus procedural democracies.

1. Given Afghanistans troubled history, are political stability and economic prosperity realistic long-term objectives in that context?

2. Are there any innate impediments to economic growth in Afghanistan? If so, are such impediments attributable primarily to political, ethnic or religious factors?


3. In what ways are ongoing nation/state-building operations in Afghanistan, the Balkans and Iraq similar and dissimilar?

4. To what extent is the construction of a politically stable and economically prosperous Afghanistan indispensable to the achievement of progress in the context of the war against terrorism?

5. How effectively have states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations collaborated in the pursuit of post-conflict stabilization and reconstruction projects in Afghanistan since the removal of the Taliban from power by U.S.-led forces in 2001?

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- The course relates to the issues in development and democracy
- Write a research paper on informal/personalistic politics on corruption, political stability and development of Egypt and Morroco
- Argument/ thesis statement needed
-Include extra research to broaden the sope of study on informal exchanges in the countries

What does the history of political philosophy say about the sources of political stability and instability according to Machiavelli?

Source: The Prince (Machiavelli), and cited work about The Prince

My thesis Statement:The Prince, written in 1513, was intended to be a guide that gave advice on how to be an effective ruler and stay in power. Though they can lead to both order and disorder, Machiavelli explains his methods for achieving and maintaining political stability within a principality as following: comprehend human nature, maintain authority over the people, and master the art of manipulation.

I need one page, Stability by understanding human nature-

one page -stability by maintaining authority

one page- stability by mastering the art of deception/manipulation.

In my Classical Theory class we read Aristotle's "The Politics" and "Nicomachean Ethics", Plato's "The Republic", and Thucydides "The Peloponesian War." Remember that the question does not ask for your views but rather for your analysis of the theorists' views. Remember also to pay attention to the definitions of key terms and to the context of any quotations. Note that that to "compare" means to consider both similarities and differences. (Do not include direct quotations in the paper).
The question is as follows:
What is the key to political stability, according to Aristotle? Why? Compare Plato or Thucydides' answers to these questions.

European Union (EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have shown a model of regional integration and have made significant contribution to political stability and economic prosperity. Please describe a comparison of EU and ASEAN - their motivation and objective of forming the organization, way of development, management and administration of the organization and level of integration.

The essay should be 1,200 to 1,400 words.

Dear Writer,
I am applying this 40 pages just for chapter 2 and chapter 3, please read my notes carefully then let me know what do you think about them. please let me know if you need more time for your writing.
I am asking you to help me for writing the current literature review for PhD dissertation that titled in (private investment and economic development in Iraq).
First of all, I made the temporary outline which mentioned bellow for the current literature review of this thesis, I don't mind if you improve it, this literature contains four chapters.
I am planning to write all the thesis with you. Chapter by chapter, which should be based on the objective of the proposal that has done by me.
1- This literature review should consist of 90-100 pages and include four chapters.
- the first chapter consists of the two sections.
-First section it has to address the theories which are related to this topic of this thesis (private investment and economic development in Iraq), then we have to write about the nature of these theories, what are the reasons to chose these theories we have to carefully to investigate which of these theories can be related and applied on our further work.
-second section will address the empirical studies what they say about Investment and economic development, please avoid to just summaries some articles, I need critical work you can know more from the guide for literature review that I will send it later.
this chapter has done by one of your writer Betty, but I am still not happy with this, I have made some extra comments about other theories that related to the subject. It will be great If you could help me with this chapter and make it perfect.
2- Second chapter should be about (the determinants of the private investment in the developing countries)
- first every section construction should have introduction, main body and conclusion.
- then in this section the writer should carefully address the determinate of the private investment in the developing countries, then write new topic about the determinants of the private investment in the non oil developing countries refer to the some example countries, what factors can influence their economy and why. later investigate and address the factors can influence the private investment in the oil rich countries , then we should identify the factors can revive and influence Iraq's private investment and through which economic development can be achieved explained carefully.
3- Chapter three should addressed to the role of public investment on the private investment , in which field the public investment can encourage private investment and help to create friendly investment climate in the developing countries.

- we need to address the role of the foreign direct investment on the private investment and economic development in the developing countries. how can FDI help to encourage private investment and how it helps to achieve economic development in these countries.
- Economic and Institution Policies for Stimulating Private Investment in the Developing Countries
- what are the most important reforms has done recently in order to encourage private investment in the developing countries. with refer to the economic reforms which have done by some developing countries, they have succeed to encourage and increase the rate of private investment to GDP and market oriented strategies.
chapter four (assess and evaluate the nature of private and public investment and economic development in Iraq) this chapter will address all necessary topic .
-we need to address that why private and public investment are poor in the Iraq economy.
-what can be done to speed up economic development in the Iraq.
-in which sectors should private investment get active in the case of Iraq's economy.
what kind of the polices can help and improve the private investment in the Iraq , I would like to confirm that all depend on the writer skills how to address these topics in a creative way.
I just wanted to confirm that if the writer see the number of the pages is not sufficient just let me know.
additional point to the writer to write the literature in the creative way not just summarising the paper we have got our construction to write the literature I will send to the writer to help him how to write this literature review. it will be very great if writer try to connect and link all section that give the whole meaning. for example we will use compare and contrast in the view. I do not want the literature to be like essay.

all these notes were provided just for the literature review.
I want to ask the writer to give the clear details about the methodology when the literature has done
which methodology can be applied in this dissertation according in this literature and what are the variables we will assess them in the methodology chapter?

Introduction
Chapter 1: Private Investment and Economic Development
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Investment and Economic Development (Theories)
1.3. Empirical Studies on the Positive Role of Investment in Economic Development
1.4. Conclusion
Chapter 2: Determinants of Private Investment in the developing countries
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Determinants of Private Investment in the Developing Countries
2.3. Determinants of Private Investment in the Non-oil Developing Countries
2.4. Determinants of Private Investment in the Oil rich Countries
2.5. The Most Essential Factors to Stimulate Investment (private, public) in the case of Iraq
2.6. Conclusion
Chapter 3:The role of Public Investment in stimulating Private Investment in the Developing countries.
3.1. Introduction
3. 2. the role of Economic and Institution Policies ( political stability, good governs, transparency,etc ) for Stimulating Private Investment in the Developing Countries.
3.3. Creating Friendly Investment Climate for Developing Countries
3.4. Foreign Direct Investment Role in Private Investment and Economic Development in the Developing Countries.
3.5. what are the most important reforms has done recently in terms of private investment in the developing countries.
3.6. Conclusion
Chapter 4: Assess and evaluate the nature of private and public investment and economic development in Iraq
4.1. Introduction
4.2 Assess and evaluate the nature of private and public investment and economic development in Iraq.
4.3 What is the most important economic sectors in Iraq, which the private sector can play a key role.
4.4. Conclusion


References

I will send my files to you by email, you can use your own references as well,
I want to have a copy of those references which you are going to use.

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Customer is requesting that
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Your essay should illustrate (1) knowledge of the material; (2) creative and personal reflection and (3) a clear conclusion. Be sure to document your sources (see class syllabus for details) and to argue your position.

Using North Korea as a case study, elaborate on their political position regarding the United States. Why is this threatening posturing occurring now? What are the implications for international, political stability? How is this a case study of competing ideologies? What are your predictions in terms of outcome of this escalating situation?

please try to not exceed 2070 words.

please use 1-inch margins, double space and 12 point Times New Roman font.

10-12 Page Research Paper on Advancing Democracy in Latin America through the Church. (Catholic & Christian Missions)

Standard Format w/intro, main points, and conclusion....using transition sentences between topic areas. Use end notes in lieu of foot notes.

Central Research Question(s):
Can Catholic/Christian missionaries be engaged to help stabilize Latin American States? Can these institutions be leveraged to advance the US National Securtiy Strategy goals concerning democracy, human rights, education, economic growth, and regional security?

Main Points
1. Current State of Democracy in Latin America. Where are we in terms of Human Rights, Education, Economic Growth, Political Stability.
2. Role religion plays in Latin American culture. Most readings indicate that the Church is the most respected institution in Latin American countries. The Churches Social & Cultural influence. The relationship betwen the Church and the People.
3. Political influence of the Church in Latin Amer. Church relationship with the government, the military, narco-trafficers, & businesses.
4. Briefly discuss Christendom vs secularism & liberation theology vs conservatism in the region.
5. Globalization. Can the Church speed globalization of the region? How to bridge the gap between poverty and wealthy? People & Church attitudes toward globalization in Latin America.
6. Would the church be willing to advance these ideas to secure a wider peace/more stabilized region? What are the obstacles to prevent their intervention.

Desired Objective/Conclusion: Would like to make a case that leveraging religion might be a step to take in advancing the U.S. democracy/human rights/economic growth agenda.

Request the following references be used in the bibliography and if possible be used as source material for the paper.

Understanding Contemporary Latin America; Richard S. Hilman; 2001
Latin America and the Caribbean; G. Pope Atkins; 1999
Modern Latin America; Skidmore & Smith; 1997
Rendering Unto Ceasar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America; James A. Gill; 1998
Religion and Political Conflict in Latin America; Daniel H. Levine; 1986
The Church, Dictatorships, and Democracy in Latin America; Jeff Klaiber; 1998
Globalizing the Sacred: Religion Across the Americas; Vasquez and Marquardt; 2003
The Struggle for Human Rights in Latin America; Ed L. Cleary; 1997
The Missionary Movement in American Catholic History; Angelyn Dries; 1998
?Bridging the Gap between Empowerment and Power? Transnational Religion; Rudolph & Piscatori; 1997
Catholicism, Social Control, and Modernization in Latin America; Ivan Vallier; 1970
Christian Democracy in Latin America; Mainwaring & Scully; 2003
"Catholicism, social control, and modernization in Latin America (Modernization of traditional societies series)"
by Ivan Vallier
"Globalizing the Sacred: Religion Across the Americas"
by Manuel A. Vasquez
"The Missionary Movement in American Catholic History (American Society of Missiology Series)"
by Angelyn Dries
"Christianity, Social Change, and Globalization in the Americas" by Anna Lisa Peterson
"Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts" by Scott Mainwaring

Purpose of Assignment (I WILL EMAIL WEEK 3 ASSIGNMENT WHICH WAS APPLE)

This week students will review and revise their Week 3 Research Analysis for Business Signature Assignment based on economic analysis. Students will also expand their Week 3 analyses to evaluate the challenges of expanding their chosen company\'s production to a foreign market.

About Your Signature Assignment
This signature assignment is designed to align with specific program student learning outcome(s) in your program. Program Student Learning Outcomes are broad statements that describe what students should know and be able to do upon completion of their degree. The signature assignments might be graded with an automated rubric that allows the University to collect data that can be aggregated across a location or college/school and used for program improvements.

Assignment Steps
Resources: Tutorial help on Excel? and Word functions can be found on the Microsoft? Office website. There are also additional tutorials via the web offering support for Office products.

Revise your Week 3 assignment, Research Analysis for Business,This assignment report should only include one conclusion, so you will need to rewrite the conclusion you included in your Week 3 assignment, Research Analysis for Business.

Select a foreign market in which to expand your chosen product (APPLE)

Prepare a minimum1,750-word report addressing the points listed below. The use of tables and/or charts to display economic data over the time period discussed is highly encouraged, you may submit any economic data in Microsoft? Excel? format in a separate file. You may use the U.S. Department of Labor\'s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Dept. of Commerce\'s Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), the Federal Reserve of St. Louis\'s FRED data, the CIA World Fact Book, World Bank data, and World Trade Organization, or other appropriate sources you might find on the Internet or in the University Library.

The new sections of your report should:
Evaluate current global economic conditions and their effects on macroeconomic indicators in your selected country. Provide forecasts for population growth, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, GDP per capita growth, export growth, and sales growth.
Evaluate any competitors\' existing production in the chosen country.
Assess sales forecasts in the selected country by using the Federal Reserve of St. Louis\'s FRED data, the CIA World Fact Book, World Bank data, World Trade Organization, or other appropriate sources you might find on the Internet or in the University Library.
Categorize the type of economy that exists in your selected country as closed, mixed, or market. What is the difference between these types of economies and how might this affect your expansion?
Assess how your chosen country\'s current credit market conditions, especially interest rates and the availability of financing, affect demand for your product or service and your planning or operating decision for your production in that country.
Analyze the role of the selected country\'s central bank on that country\'s economy.
Compare the availability, education, and job skills of the work force in the selected country. Discuss any additional challenges of international production, such as political stability, availability of government financing or other incentives, threat of capital controls, and exchange rate risks.
Explain any additional supply chain challenges you anticipate if attempting to make your product in your chosen country and selling the product in other countries.
Based on the data gathered and analysis performed for this report write a conclusion in which you:
Create business strategies, including price and non-price strategies, based on your market structure to ensure the market share and potential market expansions and explore global opportunities for your business in a dynamic business environment and provide recommendations.
Develop a recommendation for how the firm can manage its future production by synthesizing the macroeconomic and microeconomic data presented.
Propose how the firm\'s position within the market and among its competitors will allow it to take your recommended action.
Recommend strategies for the firm to sustain its success going forward by evaluating the findings from demand trends, price elasticity, current stage of the business cycle, and government.
Recommend any comparative advantages your company will have over competitors currently operating in that country, and defend your position, either for or against, expanding your company\'s production into your chosen country based on your research.
Integrate with the Week 3 Individual Assignment (APPLE),The final report should be a minimum of 2,800 words.
Cite a minimum of three peer reviewed sources
Include all peer-reviewed references and government economic data sources/references from Week 3.
Format your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.

Comprehensive Country Evaluation:

You must first select a country to study. Then identify and describe the characteristics of your selected country that make it attractive or unattractive to U.S. companies who already are or who may consider doing business here. What characteristics of your country make it a favorable place to do international business? What characteristics are unfavorable for international business?. Country characteristics that must be reviewed in your report include:

International Trade
Exports and imports (type and volume) to and from other countries, including the U.S.
Commercial policy (tariffs, quotas, non-tariff barriers, licensing requirements)
Exchange Rate Determination
Description of the exchange rate system
Exchange rate stability: past, present, and future
Foreign Direct Investment Policies
Tax policies
Equity ownership requirements
Other regulations?
Economic Structure and Performance
Degree of privatization
State of infrastructure (transportation, communication, energy)
Macroeconomic performance indicators (such as GDP per capita, growth rates, inflation, interest rates): past, present, and future
Labor markets (availability, wage rates, skill/education level, regulations)
Environmental issues (regulations, types and degrees of pollution)
Cultural Complications (language, customs, etc.)
Social and Political Stability: past, present, and future

VII. Use your evaluation of your country to make recommendations about the types of companies/industries that should pursue international business opportunities in in your selected country. Be sure to specify the types of international business (exporting and/or licensing and/or direct investment etc.) that you would recommend.



Please note that:
This is NOT a position paper. It is a factual investigation of a country followed by the investigators own analysis which includes recommendations for doing business in your country. The length of the introduction and description should be about 4-6 pages, excluding references. Papers must be type-written and double spaced with standard font size such as Times New Roman 12. Any additional material should be left for the appendix (such as maps, charts, and other interesting & relevant info).
Additional characteristics may be relevant to the type of industry or form of international business that you select for your country. If so, be sure to include these additional characteristics in your analysis and evaluation.
Your recommendations and conclusions should be about 2 pages. Thus, the total length of the paper should be about 6-8 pages.

The paper will be graded based upon the quality of the description and evaluation of the countrys characteristics as well as overall grammar, organization, presentation, and bibliography.

I want you to answer the questions below.each question in one page.
the book is Dragon Rising (inside look at china today) by jasper becker.

1. explain why the history of china matters to the present. what can it tell us about modernization in china?
2.what images do we get of Shanghai from the author?
3.explain the relationship between China's northeast and the soviet union.how does this region illustrate china's difficulties with industrial growth?
4.why has china's government often mistrusted the people of the south? how has this attitude affected the region-positively and negatively?
5.what is "coolie " labor and why is this important to china's trade/what are SEZ's and how do they factor in china's economic growth/
6.how has all of china's modernization affected rural china,in places as Fengyang?
7.why was the one child policy introduced and what has been some of its effect? (chapter 6)
8.in chapter 7 the author states "the invironment poses one of the gravest threats to the political stability of the country.."(p.199) why? give examples touching on various enviromental issues.
9.how is china's rise affecting the world, not just the west? and how is it affecting china?
10.what did you learn about china's history and its impact on china's present and future?

Topic:Graduate paper describing how Hilton might expand into Chile. Begin by formally researching the background of your selected company and country. Then research the current business enviornment of your selected country and evaluate the political stability, economic infrastructure, and cultural aspects that might impact the success of your company. You must support your conclusion that the company will or will not be successful in your chosen country.
Each paper will be turned into Turnitin.com

Assignment: Persuasive Business Memo

Situation :You are the head of an international marketing department of Burger Delight, an American-based fast-food restaurant. The Minister of Trade and Commerce of a foreign country (Kenya) is trying to lure Burger Delight to his nation.

Assignment: Write a memo to Burger Delight''s CEO (you supply the name).Answer the question: Should Burger Delight open restaurants in Kenya? Think about how an American fast food franchise might affect the country??s culture, economy, and diet. Also, consider the political stability of that country.How receptive is the government/citizens to American enterprise?
Explore these areas as subheadings (four total) in your memo.Use the guidelines for a persuasive business memo, and build your case around arguments according to how strong they are. Try introducing the subject by establishing common ground. Don??t forget to refute any opposing argument(s) in the middle section, and close with a request for a move to action.

Resource:1.http://www.countryreports.org/ 2.http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ 3.http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/index.html
4.http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/regions.htm
5.http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html

1. What information should a small business owner gather before deciding to export products?

2. Which countries are riskier markets for small businesses to enter? Why? Where would you find information regarding political stability, financial risks, and cultural differences?

3. How can the owner of a small business apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to working with employees?

4. Give examples of stress, eustress, and distress.

5. Are you a good manager of time in your personal life? How will this affect your ability to manage your time as a business owner?

*Answers separately. Not as an essay!*

Type the following information on either a separate title page, or at the top of page one:
your name, the course number, the date, and a title, like the one above. At the top of page
one (using a hanging indent of typical bibliographical style), type the
of the selection, including the authors name, the selections title, the articles
title, the facts of publication and the page range of the selection.
4. Description: Using the lecture and the first two chapters of the Pollock text as your guide,
concisely describe the selection (do not summarize it); its , the
used in the selection and the of International Relations that it falls under. For the
purpose question, draw upon our class discussion (i.e. the four goals).
5. Analysis What are the general strengths and weaknesses of the theory, methods and
approach used in the selection? Do you think that the author has set up his study well
and used appropriate theory and methods???" why or why not? Has he
operationalized well, and tied his research question to his methods and evidence
collection? Give and discuss specific examples from the article. Do you think that it will
help you learn something new and useful about International Relations? Why or why
not?
(typed, double-spaced, in a standard font size and type, and standard oneinch
margins all around the page).
Scholarly Analysis # 1:Methodological Approaches to International Relations
Deadline:
Length: 2
peer-reviewed
.
full standard
citation
overall purpose methods
subfield
specifically


Below is the article to be review
Copyright 2001 The Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved.
SAIS Review 21.1 (2001) 147-158
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Approaching Humanitarian Intervention Strategically: The Case of Somalia

John G. Fox

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In Carl von Clausewitz's classic treatment of strategy, On War, he makes clear that war is never an autonomous activity, that it finds meaning only as an instrument for reaching political goals--hence his famous dictum "war is the continuation of politics by other means." In an age of frequent calls for humanitarian military interventions, it is clear from the case study of Somalia that Clausewitz's insight holds true for humanitarian crises that are caused by war as well. Such crises, unlike those caused by natural disasters, cannot be isolated from the prevailing political-military situation. Intervening militarily in such a crisis with "purely humanitarian" goals can be perilous in that such goals frequently cannot be reached without altering the political conditions that caused the crisis.

In 1992, when the United States decided to intervene militarily in Somalia, U.S. decision-makers faced such a crisis. The goal of Operation Restore Hope was to put an end to famine in Somalia, but that famine was largely the result of fighting among various clan-based militias. Decision-makers should have realized from the outset that in order to end the starvation it would be necessary to strike a blow to the power of the warlords and their militias as well as to aid the development of some sort of civilian political structures that would encourage an alternative to the politics of the gun. In short, U.S. military action should have been dictated by a definitive set of political goals. [End Page 147]

Once the strategic goals of the operation had been specified in political terms--the establishment of stability that warlords no longer could threaten--operations and tactics consistent with the overall goals could have been formulated. A realistic assessment of the resources and time required to reach the operation's aims could have been made. Armed with this assessment, decision-makers could have decided whether they still wished to go ahead with the mission.

Decision-makers instead viewed the crisis in Somalia as purely humanitarian in nature. This was a fundamental strategic error caused by their backgrounds and by the process through which the decision to intervene in Somalia was made within the U.S. government, especially within the U.S. military. Strategic misjudgment led in turn to a series of operational decisions that, while understandable from a purely military or purely humanitarian point of view, aggravated rather than improved the political situation in Somalia. When military intervention ultimately faltered, it left behind both a series of questionable "lessons" and a paralysis within the Clinton administration when faced with later decisions on humanitarian intervention.

Background to the Intervention
In January 1991, the U.S. embassy in Mogadishu found itself in the line of fire between Somali President Siad Barre's troops and armed opponents. 1 As fighting increased, U.S. Marines and Navy SEALS evacuated the embassy staff and a large number of foreigners. Following their overthrow the president, rebel factions fell to sporadic, sometimes heavy, internecine fighting. Having narrowly avoided a loss of American lives during the evacuation of the Mogadishu embassy, the U.S. government was not inclined to risk them anew through an on-the-ground presence in such an anarchic environment. For the next eighteen months, the U.S. government "covered" Somalia by means of a Nairobi-based Foreign Service Officer, a so-called "Somalia watcher," and one U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) contractor. I was the Somalia watcher.

In the summer of 1992, a famine, caused in part by continued fighting and lawlessness, sharply worsened in southern Somalia. News of the deteriorating conditions reached Washington through diplomatic reporting from the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, through reports by non-governmental agencies active in Somalia, and [End Page 148] increasingly by newspaper and television journalists reporting from the south of the country. Senators Paul Simon (D-IL) and Nancy Kassenbaum (R-KS) visited the country, reported their observations, and urged U.S. action. In August 1992, President Bush, reacting to the worsening famine, ordered the U.S. military to mount an airlift of food and medicines into Somalia from Kenya. By late fall, there were persistent reports that, despite the U.S. effort, warlords were pillaging the bulk of the food aid. Many voices in Congress, the mass media, and non-governmental organizations urged deeper U.S. action to end the famine. 2

The Decision to Intervene
In parallel with the growing concern regarding the situation in Somalia, key U.S. government agencies were rethinking the problem and slowly coming to the conclusion that a larger and more forceful U.S. military intervention was both feasible and desirable. 3 President Bush asked his staff to outline policy choices on Somalia, making it obvious to the various bureaucracies that the issue had top-level attention. Furthermore, a telegram to Washington from the U.S. mission to the United Nations emphasized the need to increase UN credibility in peacekeeping. The telegram was consistent with Bush's views and had obvious application to the case of Somalia. Consequently, it increased pressure on the Deputies' Committee, an interagency body composed of the second-ranking officials of relevant agencies, such as the Department of State, Department of Defense, and CIA, to be more aggressive in its approach to the crisis.

In a November 25 meeting, the Deputies' Committee presented President Bush with three policy options: 1) provision of U.S. air-power and sea-power in support of a strengthened UN force; 2) limited U.S. military intervention as a prelude to an expanded UN force; and 3) insertion of a U.S. division, plus allies, under UN auspices. To the surprise of the committee, which had formed a consensus around the second option, Bush selected the third, most aggressive approach. The president's decision soon became even more forceful when General Joseph Hoar, the Commandr-in-Chief of the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), concluded that the intervention would require two divisions rather than one. Despite the choice of option three, President Bush described the impending U.S. intervention as "purely humanitarian." The mission of the coalition forces, he said, was "to create a secure environment in the hardest-hit [End Page 149] parts of Somalia so that food can move from ships overland to the people in the countryside...devastated by starvation." 4

In evaluating the process of making the decision, several points deserve emphasis in regard to future lessons to learn. It appears as if President Bush drove the decision himself and that his primary motivation was compassion for starving Somalis. In particular, a July 10 message from the U.S. ambassador to Kenya, Smith Hempstone, entitled "A Day in Hell" that described horrific conditions in a crowded refugee camp on the Kenya-Somalia border appears to have been an important spur to his decision to undertake the August airlift. 5 Bush was also eager to strengthen the UN's peacekeeping credibility. There is no indication that Bush saw more conventional U.S. interests at stake in the Somalia crisis. Perhaps most importantly, it seems as if Bush approached the crisis as being "purely humanitarian" rather than considering it on a political plane.

Second, the interagency process as well as outside actors served as a mechanism for airing a wide variety of views and for formulating options for the president to choose from. The Deputies' Committee discussed Somalia in numerous meetings throughout the summer and fall. All relevant foreign affairs agencies were represented in those meetings and had ample opportunity to express their views. Moreover, non-governmental actors, specifically relief organizations, proved influential in the decision-making process. Although not formally a part of the process, their well-informed lobbying played a role in persuading the U.S. government to act. Moreover, shortly before the president announced the beginning of Operation Restore Hope, a delegation of U.S. non-governmental agency representatives was invited to CENTCOM Headquarters in Tampa and asked to comment on the operational plan. According to Ambassador Robert Oakley, President Bush's special envoy to Somalia during Operation Restore Hope, their suggestions proved useful in identifying the most urgent humanitarian needs and in planning logistical approaches. 6

In sum, the process of creating Operation Restore Hope incorporated a wide spectrum of views, including those of the military, of governmental and non-governmental relief officials, and [End Page 150] officials from the Department of State and Department of Defense, both foreign policy and strategy experts. Nevertheless, despite the wide variety of voices influencing the decision-making process, the plan was essentially a military one; CENTCOM drafted the operational plan that President Bush ultimately adopted. It was a plan dominated by practical military concerns, with little consideration given to political or strategic matters.

Moving Ahead in a Political Vacuum
In retrospect, the most interesting and consequential aspect of President Bush's decision to intervene in Somalia lay in the failure to establish realistic political objectives for the mission. Bush viewed the mission as purely humanitarian in nature and believed that a follow-on operation, led by the UN with substantial U.S. military participation, would take responsibility for the political tasks of national reconciliation. The U.S. operation's stated goal, to create a sufficiently secure environment to allow food aid to be distributed successfully, was vague and led to bickering between the United States and the UN concerning whether the situation was sufficiently secure to allow the United States to hand-over the operation to the UN. In other words, the lack of clear and meaningful strategic goals for the operation meant that the United States would hand over to the UN an essentially unchanged political situation. Moreover, the conditions to prevail at the time of the hand-over would be poorly defined. A small but experienced diplomatic staff, headed by Ambassador Oakley, lacked a clear political mandate and was largely created to assist the U.S. military in dealing with the warlords. 7

The absence of political goals is remarkable for several reasons. First, the "Powell doctrine" of then Chariman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell, stresses the importance of clear aims, including political goals, for any military operation. Second, as previously noted, the decision-making process leading to Operation Restore Hope incorporated State Department and civilian Defense Department officials who might be expected to view military interventions in political terms. Finally, it was widely, if vaguely, understood at the time of the decision that it would be difficult for a purely humanitarian operation to succeed in the man-made chaos prevailing in Somalia.

Op-ed writers with no specialized knowledge of Somalia and Americans sending letters to the editors of home-town newspapers [End Page 151] voiced essentially the same worry: what good will it do to feed Somalis for a few weeks or months, then leave them prey to the same warlords as before? In his memoirs, General Powell acknowledges that he and National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft had similar concerns: "The famine had been provoked not by the whims of nature but by internal feuding. How were we to get out of Somalia without turning the country back to the same warlords whose rivalries had produced the famine in the first place?" 8 Powell did not respond to his own question, but the implied answer was to use the military intervention to alter the political-military situation in Somalia enough to leave minimum stability behind after U.S. forces left. In other words, it was necessary to approach the intervention in a strategic, Clausewitzian manner.

Why did the United States not pursue this approach? First, as noted above, the administration intended to leave political questions to the subsequent UN operation, a hope that seems wildly optimistic in retrospect. This illusion may have encouraged decision-makers simply to "assign" tasks they did not wish to undertake themselves to the future UN operation.

Second, CENTCOM developed the operational plan for Operation Restore Hope based on military feasibility, without serious attention to political considerations. For example, CENTCOM rejected the proposal of independent relief expert Fred Cuny to bypass Mogadishu port and deliver aid to outlying regions, partly in order to weaken the Mogadishu warlords. Diplomatic reporting from the embassy in Nairobi had also repeatedly supported a regional political strategy and a de-emphasis of Mogadishu in the U.S. approach to Somalia, although not in the context of a U.S. military intervention. From a strictly military and logistical point of view, however, centering operations on Mogadishu, with its airport and seaport, made sense.

Third, another influential participant in the Somalia decision, the USAID, argued that U.S. relief operations in Somalia should be free of political considerations. For example, Andrew Natsios, USAID assistant administrator and the president's special coordinator for Somalia relief, rebuffed a proposal that the relatively calm northeastern area of Somalia should be provided food aid in order to increase its stability. Natsios argued that this would amount to using food aid for political purposes. 9

However, CENTCOM and USAID were not the only actors who failed to set political goals for the Somalia intervention. There is no [End Page 152] indication in the published record that any agency, including the State Department, urged a more political approach. Oakley provides an explanation for the inattention to the political realities of Somalia by the great haste in which Operation Restore Hope was conceived. 10 He points out that the operation was put together in the ten days between the president's decision and the arrival of the first troops in Mogadishu, although, as noted above, contingency planning had begun earlier. CENTCOM's plan, Oakley says, was relatively brief and it left many details to be worked out on the ground. Agencies had little time to reflect on it and, perhaps, to question it.

Oakley also notes that only a few weeks remained in the Bush administration when the operation began. Bush therefore hesitated to commit the country to the sort of longer-term operation that a more politically oriented plan would have necessitated. According to Oakley, Bush was even more reluctant to make a longer-term commitment because he could not consult with Congress, which had just been elected and would not assemble until after Bush had left office.

Furthermore, Oakley argues that his own professional experience and that of other key figures influenced their views of how Operation Restore Hope should function. For example, he and Lieutenant General Robert Johnston, the commander of U.S. troops in Somalia, had both served in Lebanon, and were thus well aware of the damage that could be inflicted by poorly organized militias with primitive weapons. Oakley states also that his experience in Vietnam and that of Johnston's deputy, (then) Brigadier General Anthony Zinni, led them to avoid engaging the United States in a civil war, a risk associated with a more active political approach. Oakley and Hirsh offer a clue as to why other agencies did not scrutinze the military's plan more closely when they describe a turning point in the decision to intervene. They report that, on November 21, 1992, General Powell's representative to the Deputies' Committee, Admiral David Jeremiah, "startled the group by saying 'if you think U.S. forces are needed, we can do the job.'" 11 Until that point, other agencies might well have feared that any plan of action might encounter strong resistance from the Joint Chiefs on using military force. One State Department official later remarked that "the military 'came forward' after deciding it was a workable mission," and "he was not inclined to question an initiative that surprised and delighted him." 12 Perhaps the representatives of other agencies reacted similarly to the Pentagon's unexpected offer and were likewise disinclined to [End Page 153] question the details or to press for a more politically-grounded approach.

Another possible explanation for the inattention to political issues, maintained in the face of widespread unease about the prospect of continuing instability in Somalia, is that Operation Restore Hope was a truly new departure for the United States. Although the inherently political nature of humanitarian operations was conceptually familiar to U.S. decision-makers due to foreign policy successes like the Marshall Plan, in practice they were simply not accustomed to thinking in these terms.

In sum, the failure to view the situation in Somalia strategically was not the fault of any one individual or organization. It was a failure by all those involved in the decision to act upon the noted reality that politics, not a lack of food, was at the heart of Somalia's misery. This failure was compounded and encouraged by a lack of time, by narrowly-focused thinking on the part of the military and USAID, by the personal experiences of key figures, and by the apparent failure of those who should have been most likely to view such an operation strategically--the State Department, the civilian side of the Pentagon, and General Powell--to do so.

The Price of Ignoring Politics
Not placing Operation Restore Hope into a framework of sensible political goals had important effects. First, the failure to establish a minimum of political stability made the "hand-over" to the subsequent UN-led operation more difficult than it might have been, and later led to recriminations over who was at fault for failing to stabilize the political situation.

Second, the reluctance to recognize the political nature of the Somalia situation later led to confusion about what the international community's goals in the country ought to be, and to criticism of the UN for expanding its operation to include ambitious political objectives: that is, for succumbing to "mission creep" aimed at "nation-building." 13 A more realistic understanding of the situation at the outset would have made clear that the U.S.-led operation itself had unrealistically narrow goals. This could have produced a common definition of which political objectives were appropriate for both the U.S.-led and UN-led operations.

Third, choosing Mogadishu as the main base of operations, a decision that made sense from both a military and a relief point of [End Page 154] view, made the capital more valuable, both politically and financially, to the contending Somali factions. The decision was, therefore, bound to increase competition and tension between the two principal Mogadishu warlords, Ali "Mahdi" Mohamed and Mohamed Farah "Aideed."

Finally, the decision to concentrate efforts on the warring south--understandable from a relief point of view, since the greatest famine was there--implied a relative neglect of the more peaceful northwestern and northeastern regions. These may have been more fruitful areas in which to begin to restore Somalia's stability. By directing almost all aid to the south, Operation Restore Hope gave northerners the impression that they were being "punished" for good behavior, while the south was being "rewarded" for bad behavior. 14

The initial strategic error of failing to establish realistic and meaningful political goals for Operation Restore Hope therefore led directly to a series of operational errors. These failures aggravated tensions between the United States and the UN, between the warlords, and between regions of Somalia.

Could it Have Turned out Differently?
The fundamental truth about Somalia in 1992 was that its disastrous condition, including but not limited to the well publicized famine, was due to a war caused by a number of clan-based militias. For the most part, the men who led these militias owed their standing in society and, increasingly, their wealth, to the war itself. Most Somali warlords, therefore, had no interest in peace and had an increasingly large stake in the continuation of the war. To put an end to Somalia's humanitarian catastrophe called for restoring some minimum level of political stability to the country and weakening the warlords. It was not necessary to restore a centralized Somalia state in order to accomplish this, but it was essential to attain a level of stability and security at which some politics other than that of the gun would be possible. Achieving this in a country as troubled and unfamiliar to Americans as Somalia would not amount to "nation-building," but it would be ambitious.

If from the beginning decision-makers had clearly understood that a rather challenging set of political goals was essential to the success of Operation Restore Hope, the structure and scope of the operation would have been much different. A much larger diplomatic [End Page 155] component would have been called for, including some of the military's civil-military affairs specialists. This might have necessitated calling up reserve officers. Disarming the warlords in order to weaken them and to allow other, more peaceful forces to emerge would have been considered seriously from the beginning. Importantly, the operation would have been viewed from the outset as likely to take considerable time, years rather than months.

In addition, the operation would probably have been more regional in nature, de-emphasizing Mogadishu in order to bypass and therefore weaken the warlords there. The operation would have paid more attention to the more peaceful regions of Somalia, such as the northwest and the northeast, on which the stability of the country might have been rebuilt, but which were less in need of emergency relief than the warring south. Among other things, this would have required a new political approach to the breakaway northwestern region, the "Somaliland Republic."

Faced with such an ambitious undertaking, President Bush might have decided not to intervene at all. Alternatively, he might have chosen one of the other options put to him by the Deputies' Committee, which placed more of the burden on the United Nations from the very beginning. In any case, there is no guarantee that any type of operation would have worked in Somalia, and I think it is unlikely that any would have. Who can say with confidence how to rebuild political stability from the ground up in a country as radically different from the United States as Somalia? The United States--or, for that matter, the UN--has very few experts on Somalia, and even fewer that could be marshaled into a long-term effort to restore stability to that country. The long-term effort that would have been required, even assuming we knew how to accomplish the task, simply lies beyond what the U.S. is willing to do. George Marshall's famous remark about the Second World War--that Americans are not willing to fight a Thirty Years' War--is true a fortiori for a humanitarian intervention in an area of no strategic consequence to the United States.

Looking to the Future
The U.S.-led military intervention in Somalia had profound consequences for how the United States would view later humanitarian operations overseas and the use of military force, in general. The ultimate failure of the international community's [End Page 156] intervention in Somalia, and especially the death of eighteen Army Rangers in Mogadishu in October 1993, not only forced the end of the operation, it caused the Clinton administration to be more cautious about future such interventions and less likely to risk U.S. casualties. Moreover, questionable or bogus lessons concerning "mission creep," "nation-building," and the effect of U.S. soldiers serving under foreign commanders were drawn from the experience, and came to color official U.S. thinking on military interventions. American reluctance to act during the genocide in Rwanda shortly after the end of the Somalia operation can be attributed in part to the traumatic experience there, as can the U.S. refusal to take decisive action in Bosnia until 1995.

There are, however, lessons that can be applied from the Somalia failure. The Clinton administration attempted to make constructive use of its experience in Somalia and in other overseas humanitarian operations. In May 1997, it issued Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 56, on "Complex Contingency Operations." This directive calls upon foreign affairs agencies to approach situations such as that of Somalia in 1992 in a systematic and strategic manner. PDD-56 mandates, among other things, that the activities of U.S. government agencies involved in a "complex contingency operation" be governed by a "political-military implementation plan," or "pol-mil plan." According to PDD-56, the pol-mil plan "will include a comprehensive situation assessment, mission statement, agency objectives and desired end-state." The pol-mil plan is intended to compel decision-makers to define the objectives of a complex contingency operation, to formulate a concept for achieving those objectives, to define the roles of various U.S. government agencies in the operation, and to identify the resources required to carry out the operation. In short, agencies must define a strategy for the operation.

PDD-56 is a significant step toward remedying the strategic errors made in conceiving Operation Restore Hope. As with any set of procedures, however, PDD-56 can only work if decision-makers embrace its spirit as well as its literal wording. PDD-56 will make a real contribution if its demand for a pol-mil plan is taken as a spur to think through a problem strategically. If, on the other hand, the [End Page 157] plan is treated as a burdensome requirement to be disposed of with minimum effort, as merely a bureaucratic "box to be checked," its potential will remain largely unrealized. After all, the real problem with Operation Restore Hope was that those who should have known better did not insist that the goals of the operation should be, not simply clear and achievable, but also realistically connected to a desired end-state. In the future, U.S. humanitarian operations should build on PDD-56 and adhere to the lessons learned in Somala. The most fundamental of which being that humanitarian operations need to be viewed in the strategic manner laid down almost 200 years ago by Carl von Clausewitz.






John G. Fox, a Foreign Service Officer, was involved extensively in the U.S. intervention in Somalia, serving as political advisor for the 1992 U.S. food airlift and for the opening phase of Operation Restore Hope. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the U.S. Department of State.

Notes
1. The events leading up to the decision for military intervention in Somalia are well treated in Clarke, Walter and John Hirsch, eds., Learning from Somalia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997) pp. 151-159.

2. For more on the media see, Strobel, Warren, "The CNN Effect," American Journalism Review (May 1996): pp. 33-37.

3. For details see, Menkhaus and Ortmayer, Key Decisions in the Somalia Intervention, Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, Case 464, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1995.

4. "Bush Sends Forces to Help Somalia," Washington Post, December 5, 1992 p. A1.

5. Oberdorfer, Don, "The Path to Intervention," Washington Post, December 6, 1992, p. A1.

6. Oakley, Robert and John Hirsch, Somalia and Operation Restore Hope (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1995), p. 40.

7. Interview with Ambassador Robert Oakley, December 1999.

8. Powell, op cit, pp. 565-566.

9. Discussion with Natsios, fall 1992.

10. Interview with Ambassador Robert Oakley, December 1999.

11. Oakley and Hirsch, op cit, p. 43.

12. Oberdorfer, op cit.

13. "Mission creep" refers to a tendency for a well-defined mission to gradually take on additional responsibilities beyond those originally set for it. "Nation-building" is a less well defined term. In the case of Somalia, it seems to have been used by critics to mean tasks aimed at restoring Somalia as a functioning political entity, as opposed to purely humanitarian aims.

14. Author's discussion with northern political leaders, 1992-1993.







There are faxes for this order.

Pick a foreign country (one other than the United States) and analyze it from the standpoint of a place to export to or invest in. The objective of this paper is to provide you with experience in collecting and analyzing information on a foreign market.

Please remember that this is a market analysis, not a geography study. You are expected to analyze the data you collect and reach conclusions about trade, investment, and other business opportunities. Look at growth rates and trends and be forward-looking. Please remember to analyze the data and not just present it. It is up to you to draw conclusions from your data.

Further, you may want to use charts to make your information more accessible to the reader. For example, you could plot exchange rate movements against the U.S. dollar over time. This may help the reader gain a clearer picture of trends.

There should be 10 references from at least five different resources. For example, Business Week is considered one source, The Wall Street Journal another, etc. Must use at least five good Internet links.

Topics to discuss include:

Country Demographic DescriptionMarket Size
1. Population, age distribution, gender, population growth, density, urbanization
2. Ethnic groups
3. Languages
4. Religions
5. Health and literacy

Political Environment
1. Political system, political stability
2. Nature and degree of political risk
3. Membership in international political/economic organizations such as the EU, NAFTA, OPEC, APEC, etc.

Economic Environment
1. Basic economic system - market, centrally planned, etc.
2. GNP or GDP - size, growth rate
3. Per capita national income - size, growth rate, income distribution
4. Percentage of national income and employment in agriculture, and different service or product industries
5. Government disbursements and revenues as a percentage of GNP
6. Balance of trade and payments - major trade partners, surplus/deficit, trade issues
7. Foreign exchange rates and trends
8. Inflation rates and impact on foreign exchange

Trade and Investment Opportunities
1. Nature and extent of inward foreign direct investment
2. Special rules and regulations that may affect FDI, including the repatriation of earnings and/or restricted industries
3. Special rules and regulations that may affect FDI, including the repatriation of earnings and/or restricted industries
4. Restrictions, opportunities for exports to the country

-students must answer one question out of three listed below
-the essay should be 1200-1400 words
-Assessment will be made one the basis of your knowledge and your level of analysis and argument.
-references are required.

1. European Union(EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have shown a model of regional integration and have significant contribution to political stability and economic prosperity. Please Describe a comparison of EU and ASEAN, their motivation and objective of forming the organization, way of developement and administration of the organization and level of integration.

2. The Asian financial Crisis of 1997 gave the serious impact on the economic and political development of East Asian countries and gave the pivotal impetus to acknowledging economic interdependence and realizing importance of cooperation and integration within the same region. Please describe the main causes and outcomes of the crisis and explain how the crisis created a momentum of integrating the region.

3. In East Asia, There already exist many regional organizations, each of which has different functions and members. Please pick up major organizations that you regard important and make a short description on their functions. Please give your assessment on how such organizations would contribute to managing or regulating the process of building up a new regional order.

A company is planning to expand foreign sales. You expect to enter a foreign market and establish a distribution center. You are trying to decide which country to enter first. Several other groups in your hypothetical company are researching potential partners, cultural and management norms, legal environment issues, distribution channels, local competitors and transportation infrastructure. gather macroeconomic data for Mexico.

Outline:
Executive Summary
A. Strengths:
- Low inflation & Low unemployment
- Stable currency
- Free Trade Agreements
- Low Debt to GDP ratio
B. Macroeconomic summary

Economic Indicators 2013 Data Trend
GDP Growth Rate 1.1% Slowing/Stagnant
Trade Balance -1.01 USDB Balanced
Debt to GDP 10.3% Slight Increase
Inflation 4% Stable
Business Confidence 53.3% Stable
Currency Stability $13.08 USDMXN Stable
Unemployment 5.7% Low/Stable
Corruption Index 106th/177 Persistent Corruption
Global Competitiveness Index 52/144th Somewhat Competitive
Human Development Index 57/188th High
Happy Planet Index 22nd Mid-Range
Open Budget Index 52/100 Some Info Available


C. Risks

- Slow GDP growth
- Corruption/Public Safety
- Labor Shortage (projected)
- Income Inequality

2. Macroeconomic Variables
A. GDP
?-? Mexico GDP Constant Prices
?-? Mexico GDP per capita PPP
?-? Mexico GDP Annual Growth Rate
?-? Mexico GDP Growth Rate
?-? Mexico GDP
B. Trade Balance
?-? Trade deficit ??" imports/exports
?-? Free Trade Agreements
?-? Remittances from USA
C. Business Confidence Index
?-? Trend 2004 ??" 2014
D. Monetary and Fiscal Policies
?-? Budget Deficit
?-? Government Policies
?-? Economic Aid
E. Lending and Currency Exchange
?-? Floating Exchange Rate
F. Employment and Wages
?-? Unemployment rate
?-? Quality of good jobs
?-? Income per capita

The Long View - Question of Sustainable Prosperity
Rivlin and Jordan articles - view of Mexico (See Global Competitiveness Index)
?-? Infrastructure
?-? Institutions
?-? Legal Structure
?-? Banking and Financial Systems
?-? Political Stability
?-? Government Regulation
?-? Projections for Future Economic Growth

5. Conclusion
A. Strengths:
- Consistent growth in GDP
- Low inflation
- Stable currency
B. Challenges and Risks
- Corruption
- Labor Shortage (projected)
- Income Inequality


Appendix
Macroeconomic indicators, charts and graphs.

Writing summary paper.
The paper should be two pages, single spaced with the topic discussed and introduced in your introduction paragraph. Discuss the issues involved and/or the current situation that your article tackles. Give the both arguments if the topic is a debated issue within the industry. You can include your thoughts and how it might affect you, if
relevant.(YOU WILL FIND THE ARTICLE BELOW)





this is the article:
The Economy
http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/34.htm
Saudi Arabia Table of Contents
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAUDI ARABIAN ECONOMY has gone hand in hand with the establishment and expansion of the Saudi state during the last fifty years. The process of building the state, fortified by oil revenues distributed through the modern institutions of bureaucracy, worked to unify this economically diverse country. So pervasive has been the influence of these relatively young institutions that few vestiges of the old economy survive unchanged.
Before the discovery of oil in the Arabian Peninsula, it would be difficult to speak of a unified entity such as the Saudi Arabian economy. Before the 1930s, the region that would later come under the control of the Saudi state was composed of several regions that lived off specific resources and differentiated human activities. The western province, the Hijaz, for example, depended chiefly on subsistence agriculture, some long-distance trade, and the provision of services to pilgrims traveling to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. A plantation economy that grew dates and other cash crops dominated the Eastern Province (also known as Al Ahsa, Al Hasa, and Ash Sharqiyah). An extremely hostile environment determined geographical separation of peoples. Because permanent habitation could exist only where there was water--at natural springs and wells--the long distances between water sources isolated clusters of people and hampered travel. The difficulty of travel also discouraged penetration from the outside, as did the lack of readily exploitable natural resources.
The discovery of oil in the Eastern Province in 1938 came just six years after another major development: the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which unified a number of diverse areas of the peninsula under one ruler. Moreover, the rebuilding of Europe after World War II and its need for cheap, reliable sources of oil greatly enhanced the position of the newly established Saudi Arabian oil industry. The combination of these three events formed the basis of the current structure of the Saudi economy.
The quantum jump in revenues that flowed into the treasury of Abd al Aziz Al ibn Abd as Rahman Saud (ruled 1932-53) fortified his position and allowed the king to exert greater political and economic control over the territories he had conquered. At the apex of the economy was the state with all the mechanisms needed to ensure the rule of the Saud family (Al Saud). The state became the widespread agent of economic change, replacing the traditional economy with one that depended primarily on the state's outlays.
The conjuncture of these events also thrust Saudi Arabia, by virtue of its location and its enormous oil assets, into the center of the West's strategic concerns. At first the issue was the reconstruction of Europe; later, however, the steady flow of oil from the kingdom would be regarded as essential for international economic stability. In this sense, Saudi oil production and investment policies have assumed paramount importance to the industrialized world and, more recently, the developing world. This importance of oil to the West, particularly to the United States, could not have been more clearly underscored than it was by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and may have been a key reason for the massive military effort marshaled to expel Iraq from Kuwait. After the Persian Gulf War (1991), Saudi Arabia's standing in the world oil market increased, because it was the only major oil-producing country that had significant excess capacity of crude oil production and thereby a strong influence on international oil supplies and prices.
Maintaining this position in the international oil market has been the basis of Saudi economic policy in the early 1990s and was likely to remain so in the near future. Despite attempts to diversify the economy, developing a self-perpetuating nonoil sector has proved more difficult than earlier Saudi planners had envisioned. This is not to say that the government has not raised the average Saudi citizen's standard of living to one of the highest levels in the world and established for most of its inhabitants world-class infrastructural and social services. But sustaining real income growth still depended primarily on government spending, which was largely facilitated by oil revenues. Therefore, the government could not afford to neglect the oil sector, the primary engine of economic growth.
Developing the oil sector was crucial to domestic political stability, and it was the kingdom's importance as an oil producer that guaranteed its protection during the gulf crisis. During the early 1990s, it was becoming clear that with the expected decline of oil production from the republics of the former Soviet Union, combined with the stagnating output in other debt-ridden and geologically constrained Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and non-OPEC oil producers, Saudi Arabia had the chance to obtain a disproportionate share of any net increment of crude oil demand over the coming years.
Saudi Arabia had set out to meet this challenge with a major capacity expansion plan for its oil industry. First, the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco, the national oil company) accelerated plans to push sustainable domestic crude oil production capacity by 1995 to between 10.5 million and 11 million barrels per day (bpd) from 8.4 million bpd in 1992, with an increased share of lighter grades of crude oil produced. Second, the Saudi Arabian Marketing and Refining Company (Samarec) planned to upgrade its refineries to meet the new environmental standards in the West and growing domestic demand. Third, following its acquisition of downstream assets in the United States and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), the kingdom planned to purchase refining capacity closer to key consuming markets. Although shrouded in secrecy that made details observer, this strategy seemed designed to obtain or increase Saudi Arabia's market share.
During the 1970s and early 1980s, the sharp increase in oil prices relieved the chronic financial constraints that had plagued the Saudi state since its inception. Massive oil revenues, combined with delays in using the funds and the Saudi economy's limited absorptive capacity, created large financial surpluses in both the private and government sectors of the economy. The vast majority of these assets were invested in international financial institutions and in Western government securities.
After 1982 government authorities were obliged to change their emphasis from managing surpluses to coping with growing budgetary and balance-of-payments shortfalls. With the downturn in oil prices beginning in 1982, oil revenues to the kingdom began to recede. Given the huge investment expenditures to which it was already committed, the government was forced to finance large budget and current account deficits of the external balance of payments through foreign asset drawdowns. At first, the small decline in oil prices was considered a necessary "cooling off" period and a chance to review the investment program begun fifteen years earlier. Facing an ever-worsening international oil supply glut, the burden of reducing oil output under OPEC's newly installed quota system fell largely on Saudi Arabia. The kingdom's oil revenues therefore took a double blow--reduced prices and reduced exports--not to mention the devaluation of the United States dollar, the currency in which oil is sold on international markets. By late 1985, responding to domestic concerns, Saudi Arabia sharply boosted oil output in an attempt to regain its market share and to impose production discipline on other OPEC members. This policy led directly to the oil price crash of 1986.
The replacement in 1986 of well-known Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Ahmad Zaki Yamani by Hisham Muhi ad Din Nazir, and King Fahd ibn Abd al Aziz Al Saud's personal intervention in the kingdom's oil affairs, were followed by a more commercial approach to oil exports that was designed to maintain Saudi Arabia's world market share. Greater OPEC discipline and a revival in world demand, stimulated by lower oil prices and rapid economic growth in Asia, helped return some buoyancy to the oil markets after 1986. Nonetheless, oil revenues in the late 1980s remained at 25 percent to 30 percent of levels during the early 1980s and proved insufficient to cover government expenditures and offset imports, thus perpetuating budget and external payment deficits. The authorities further reduced foreign assets and attempted to stanch capital flight (aggravated by the short-lived Iranian military thrusts into Iraq in 1986 and 1987 and the "tanker was" of 1987) and to induce the repatriation of private capital through the sale of government bonds. This strategy stemmed the hemorrhage. By early 1990, following the end of the Iran-Iraq War two years earlier, increased oil output and higher oil prices combined with improving private sector confidence to revive an economy that had contracted for several years in a row.
In the two months following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, all government efforts at restoring confidence in the economy since the 1986 price crash evaporated, precipitating another large outflow of private capital and a virtual standstill in domestic investment. But as oil prices and Saudi output soared to replace embargoed Iraqi and Kuwaiti oil, and with the arrival of the United Nation (UN) coalition forces, calm returned to the economy, helped no doubt by substantial expenditures related to the war effort. After the war, the repatriation of private funds and renewed economic confidence created what some journalists called a "miniboom." Despite budgetary problems at home and international economic problems, promising regional trade prospects emerged. Such prospects consisted of new markets in Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia, as well as the reconstruction of Kuwait, that opened new opportunities for Saudi businessmen.
The Persian Gulf War was disastrous for government finances, however. Higher oil revenues were insufficient to cover the estimated US$60 billion that the war cost the Saudi government. The authorities had to deplete the last of the financial reserves remaining from the oil-boom days of the early 1980s. In mid-1992, official external assets stood at the minimum needed for ensuring confidence in the Saudi currency, the riyal, and for maintaining prudent reserves. Although budgetary and external deficits have been sharply reduced, the government was forced to borrow on the international market and to reduce subventions to government enterprises, such as Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Sabic) and Saudi Aramco, forcing such firms to seek capital overseas.
The status of government accounts in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War clouded the prospects for smooth financing of the three major expenditure categories on the ruling family's priority list for the 1990s: the oil-sector capacity-expansion plan, major increases in defense and arms purchases, and the maintenance of public investments to sustain the domestic standard of living. The options faced by the government to alleviate its financial constraints were limited, especially on the oil revenue front, and debt financing would be clearly unsustainable over the medium term. During the 1990s, therefore, the government will probably strive for financial maneuverability by reducing the dependence of the private sector on government funds and by attempting to diversify budget revenue sources.

BUSI 1358 Assignment request
Detailed description of assessment
This course aims at providing you the opportunity to directly apply the knowledge and skills you acquire in the different sessions to real business situations. The two main components of the assessment are linked with each other.
Individual Report (60%)
This assignment aims at measuring your understanding of the implications of globalization on the international business environment and its impact on the country you choose. You have to submit a round 3000 words individual report covering the following areas.(+- 10% of words )
Identify and discuss the impacts on the business activities of the features of the legal and political environment of the chosen country. Discuss the motivations for multinational firms to invest in the country and identify the industries that are more likely to attract FDIs. Also discuss the risk and obstacles that firms could face when entering the country and how they could be reduced. Finally, present the main features of the national innovation system of the chosen country. Do you think investing in the country is likely to promote innovation? Why? Which strategies should firms put in place to leverage the peculiarities of the national innovation system?
Please note that the report is expected to provide evidence of the application of relevant theories discussed during the lectures, as well as your personal opinions. Try to develop you argumentation in a consistent, structure and clearly organized way. Use relevant and updated data to support your ideas.
The marking criteria for you individual report will be the following:
20% Content :The depth of the data collected
35% Application: The application of proper framework and the correct interpretation of the implication of the data presented.
20% Structure and style: The clarity, The logic and presentation report.
15% Originality: The presence of personal contributions and ideas.
10% References: The use of an adequate list and a proper and consistent referencing style.

Detail (important )BUSI 1358 ? Globalization and Innovation
Individual Assignment
Submission Date: 11 November, 2011 (closes at 3.00pm)
Length: 3,000 words ?+-10%?
Report Structure
1. Executive Summary (about 200 words ? word counts not included)
Synthesize what is required and what has been done in this report. Provide a concise summary of the analysis relating to the topics for the assignment; the conclusion reached, and recommendations made
2. Introduction ( 200 words )
Present a brief background of the country and introduce the purpose of the report (the business environment in respect of the political and legal environment of the country as well as the NIS). Provide the specific information that introduces the topics of discussion.
3. Political/legal Environment in ( country )
3.1 Main features (500 words)
Describe major aspects of the political and regulatory framework associated with the chosen country, particularly those aspects that you are going to discuss below. The discussion here should provide the basis on which the following sections need to refer to. Review lecture 4 for details of the scope of the political and legal features.
3.2. Implications on MNCs ( 800 words )
Discuss the various factors that will motivate MNCs to invest in the country. Factors could focus on political stability, concessions, trade agreements established and many others.
Separately, identify and describe the barriers, challenges and risks associated with MNCs investment activities (where appropriate, cite evidence to support your arguments). Suggest what actions MNCs might take to overcome or minimize the impact of these barriers, challenges and risks.
3.3 Significance of the environment to industries ( 400 words )
Identify the types of industry that are likely to be attracted to invest in this country, against the backdrop of the country?s current political and legal situations. Justify the choices by giving your reasons. You may make appropriate comparisons with another country?s environment to justify your arguments, if appropriate. For example, a particular country has some similar features of the environment and has been able to attract the specific industries to invest. Dr Tay Chor Ter Page 2
4. National Innovation System of ( Country )
4.1 Main Features (300 words)
Describe the main features or characteristics of the NIS based on your own research. You may include an illustration of the country?s NIS if that helps present the features clearly. Alternatively, you could list and explain each feature of the NIS.
Care to be taken not to over-describe this section to the extent that the eventual word count becomes excessive. However, discussion should not be so brief as to miss out major agents and actors of the country?s NIS and their respective contributions in nurturing, promoting and developing innovations.
4.2 MNCs and ( country?s ) National Innovation System ( 300 words )
Discuss how the country?s NIS will help MNCs promote or exploit innovations in the country. Provide reasons or arguments to support your views. Remember the NIS encompasses policies, concessions, subsidies, grants etc in addition to the different agents and actors that the public and private sectors come together to nurture and develop innovations in the country.
More than tax and other concessions, you may discuss how education system and local skilled workforce have allowed MNCs to tap into specific-skill workers for their innovative activities such as R & D, production processes, product improvements, technological development and etc. The number of patents submitted and registered by MNCs in a host country ( as a result of leveraging the country?s NIS) could be an indicator of innovation promotion.
4.3 Leveraging the Features of NIS ( 300 words )
Many of the features in the NIS are targeted at attracting MNCs to invest in the country. Countries generally focus on promoting specific industries based on their own strategies of growing the country?s economy ? these may include optimizing their national resources ( agriculture, workforce, technology, raw materials, etc ). Therefore, discuss how MNCs might take advantage of certain key features in the NIS for their gains. Several examples have been given during the lectures. Some MNCs may expand internationally for reasons of cost competitiveness and continuous innovations of their existing products, services or processes. Others may just be interested for business diversifications.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations ( 200 words )
Summarize the key findings logically by linking the FDI and NIS analyses. Make appropriate recommendations in respect of promotion of FDI inflows as well as innovations through the country?s NIS. Recommendations are usually about suggesting improvements to the existing conditions so as to achieve greater positive performance in the future. Dr Tay Chor Ter Page 3
References
Harvard Referencing
Alphabetical arrangement of the Authors? last names
Appendices
Provide additional information in support of your description and arguments, if relevant and appropriate.
General guidelines
1. Cite appropriate evidence to justify or support your arguments
2. Make comparisons with other environments, features, systems and etc of another country to strengthen your case
3. Deploy substantive personal viewpoints and arguments
4. Be concise, clear and coherent in your presentation and arguments
5. Take specific care on the proper application of Harvard referencing system. References need to be relevant to the discussion. All in-text references must be supported in the end-text. There is no specific requirement on the number of references. However, for discussion of this nature, the number of references should hover between 8 and 15 max.
6. Most importantly, the report is to provide evidence of the application of relevant theories discussed, as well as your personal opinions. Develop your argumentations in a consistent, structured and clearly-organised way. Use relevant and updated (as best as you can find, and cite the sources) to support your ideas.
7. As usually required, your report should follow the standard report submission procedures as required by the school and university.
8. Lastly, you are free to express your own viewpoints and /or present an appropriate structure (sub-heads, paragraphs etc) for the report. This document serves to broadly guide your thinking and writing of the report.

Assessment Tool: Foreign Direct Investment Project

General Description:

The purpose of the Foreign Direct Investment Project is to decide whether or not a particular enterprise, chosen by the student, should invest in a developing foreign country after analyzing the various factors involved with doing so. This will result in a decision to invest or to not invest in the country. This project will consist of a Eight (8) page paper.

Most enterprises today need to engage in international business in order to remain competitive at home as well as expand revenues and increase profits. FDI, as described above is a viable and popular way to enter a foreign market. You will choose a ficticious enterprise, define its main business, products and services. You will also decide which country the entreprise should make the investment. It is important that the chosen country has a need/demand for the product or service of the entreprise and that it provides an opportunity to increase revenue and profit.

Project Approach
For purposes of the paper, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined as an enterprise (1) making a new investment in property, plant & equipment in a foreign country, (2) purchasing existing assets in a foreign country or (3) participating in a joint venture with a local partner in a foreign country. The test for making the investment decision is that the enterprise must be able to earn higher revenues, for the same costs, or have lower costs, for the same revenues than the competitive enterprises located in the foreign country.

A suggested approach to analyze the chosen foreign country for investment is to address, at least, the following questions:
1. Why should your enterprise go overseas? What specific competitive advantages does your enterprise have or will gain? In other words, is there some kind of an advantage(s) that overcomes the costs of operating in a foreign market? Some examples may include access to new markets and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing or the use of scarce natural resources.
2. Where" should your enterprise make its investment? This is a question of location. Can the enterprise locate its investment based upon the foreign countrys specific economic, social/cultural, and political factors? Some issues may include:

(a) Economic factors such as costs and productivity of inputs, size of market and income levels, transportation and communication costs;

(b) Social/cultural factors such as language barriers, distance between home and host country, general attitude towards foreigners, and the practice of free enterprise;
(c) Political factors such as political stability, general public attitude and government policies towards companies, specific policies that affect enterprises such as trade barriers, taxes and FDI regulations, and investment incentives.
3. How should the enterprise enter the foreign country? In other words, what manner of entry will the enterprise use to invest in the foreign country? There are a variety of arrangements for conducting international trade. Some involve exporting, licensing , franchising, starting a wholly owned foreign subsidiary or owning a portion of an existing foreign enterprise. Each must be weighed as to their relative benefits and costs to determine how the enterprise enters the foreign market and expands its operations over time.

.

Specific Requirements for Paper:


Description Page Length

I. Title Page

II. Table of Contents

III. Introduction Statement of issue(s) --1

IV. Body 5- 6

1. Specific competitive advantages of enterprise
2. Developing foreign country
a. Analysis of economic factors
b. Analysis of social/cultural factors
c. Analysis of political factors analysis
3. Analysis of entry mode to be used
4. Other factors affecting decision

V. Conclusion Decision to invest or not to invest with 2 2.5 supporting reasons
TOTAL 7.5 9.5

VI. Works cited: to References (per APA).




Helpful Foreign Direct informational websites:

www.gdnet.org/pdf2/gdn_library/awards_medals/2003/r_m/market_state/banga_paper.pdf. Impact of Government Policies and Investment Agreements on FDI Inflows

www.going-global.com/articles/understanding_foreign_direct_investment.htm,
Understanding Foreign Direct Investment.

www.faculty.washington.edu/~krumme/207/fdi.html, FDI: Readings and Resources.

www.cuts-international.org/FDI%20in%20Developing%20Countries-NP.pdf,
Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: What Economists (Dont)
Know and What Policymakers Should (Not) Do!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment. Foreign Direct Investment D


These are the specifications for my project. Please let meknow in advance if this cannot be accomplished. I was notified the day my last project was due that you could not complete. Please do not use the reference linkd I have provided as soucres.

Economic and political stability are important factors to be considered when finalizing an international investment. What are some specific risks of investing in politically and economically unstable countries? Cite real life examples.

First thing i want one sprite page outline of my marketing plane
Then write the marketing plane in individual pages


This is a group project so i will write only my section so our team idea is to write about adding different types of flavours such as chocolate , strawberry , banana for the children toothpaste or people who dislike mint flavour and renaming the brand with the new product . also i would like you to draw the new product then describe in details what is the


Marketing plan for 12 months
Topic :Colgate (toothpaste) it has to be an Australian focus
Purpose : to modify an existing product or add a new product to an existing product range to an EXISTING BRAND in the Australian Market .
Introduction :
200 words , purpose to outline what the following sections will address and some company background information
Provide relevant background information on the organization . this may include some details of the organizations history, size, locations , number of employees, revenue , profitability and so on.

Situation analysis :
1400 words also includes SWOT and adjectives section
This section is an overview of the industry and is not specific to the brand of product you choose . At this point in time, you are trying to set the scene as to justify your decision in the following sections
Please note :only include those sections relevant to your product category
Political forces :
Examine the relevant political forces affecting or potentially affecting the organization . political factors requiring consideration include political stability, government policy trade agreement , and taxation arrangements . the specific political forces most relevant to your organisation will vary and may be domestic or international in nature, or both( if there is nothing to do with politic you do not have to write about it
Economic forces :
Describe the macro-environment economic forces that influence the organization and the market, for example, interest rates , economic growth , consumer confidence , income levels. Savings levels , the availability of credit, unemployment levels and exchange rates.
Sociocultural forces :
Describe the Sociocultural forces at work in the organizations market . social and cultural forces that may influence the organization include religion , subcultures , multiculturalism , beliefs ,attitudes and population trends . organizations operating internationally may face quite varied sociocultural
Forces in each of their country-specific markets.
Technological forces:
Consider how technology can be used to offer better value to customers . this should include an examination of how technology may support innovation across various aspects of the marketing mix. Technological change can offer significant opportunities and threats and should be examined based on available information.

Legal forces:
Legal and regulatory forces govern many aspects of an organisations operations . legal forces include legislation in place locally such as the trade practices Act as well as international conventions and agreements.

Competitor analysis:
Examine the micro-environmental competition factors at play, including the type of competition (pure, monopolistic, oligopoly, monopoly, monophony)and each level of competition ( total budget, generic, product, brand) the competitor analysis should be broad so as to capture all relevant competition issues. Typically, you are to identify direct competitors and indirect competitors and state( with supporting sources) why they are direct/indirect competitors. you can put competitor analysis in a table(optional).
Customer / client analysis:
Describe the needs and wants of the organisations actual and potential customers/ clients. This should include current needs and wants, customer preferences , possible changes to needs and wants and extent to which the organization can influence customer preferences.
The purpose of this section is to identify the CURRENT target customers NOT the ones you may choose to target. You need to accurately identify who they are.




SWOT analysis:
Please present this section in table format .
Note: the purpose is to identify ( IN DETAIL) the strengths, weaknesses , opportunities and threats facing the organization/ brand currently. When completing this section. Please provide detail e.g., opportunity: to increase brand reputation ( if not good enough ) you can state this, however, i want to know how you expect to do this ( just briefly but it needs to be identified)
Strengths

The organisations favourable internal characteristics . remember, strengths are factors that the organization can directly influence.
Right now what does Colgate do well
What makes Colgate stand out from Weaknesses

The organisations unfavourable internal characteristics . remember, strengths are factors that the organization can directly influence.
What Colgate has weaknesses
What does not Colgate do well?
What do your customer complain about ?
Opportunities

External factors that are potentially favourable to the organisation, because opportunities are external to the organization , they are not directly controllable.
Future
New market target Threats

External factors that are potentially unfavourable to the organisation. Like
opportunities ,threats are not directly
controllable by the organisation .
natural disaster

The professors would like to see in this marketing plane
Explain the different dimensions marketers use to segment consumer and business-to-business markets
Explain how marketers develop a targeting strategy
Understand how a company develops and implements a positioning strategy
Explain how marketers practice customer relationship management to increase long-term success and profits
Also why to segment consumer markets ( psychographic , activities , opinions , interests)
(demographics such as age , family structure, income )
This is example for the Functions of Packaging for the product for Colgate you dont have to change lots of details it is already in the website you have only to change the flavors and draw the fruit , then add narrow to describe it


Im an international student so English is my second language so could you write it in simple an easy language to read and i live in Australia so all the resources has to be Australian resource from google scholar if you can and academic
Thank you very much
i will uplode the picture for you





There are faxes for this order.