Physiological Psychology - Essay Assignment

For this assignment, select a feature article from Scientific American from the last few years and summarize its main points in an essay. (Feature articles are referred to on the cover and are at least 5 pages long) The article must be on some aspect of physiological psychology, but other than that you are free to choose whatever feature article you wish. In the last paragraph or two, describe your own reaction to the article. Your essay must be 3 full pages long, not counting the title page. It should use 12-point font, have standard margins, and use 1.5 line spacing.

Your grade will be based on the comprehensiveness of the summary, the quality of your writing, the depth of you thinking, and ability to follow directions.





Scientific American Mind - March 25, 2009

How Humor Makes You Friendlier, Sexier
Seeing the bright side of life may strengthen the psyche, ease pain and tighten social bonds
By Steve Ayan



Norman Cousins, the storied journalist, author and editor, found no pain reliever better than clips of the Marx Brothers. For years, Cousins suffered from inflammatory arthritis, and he swore that 10 minutes of uproarious laughing at the hilarious team bought him two hours of pain-free sleep.

In his book Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient (W. W. Norton, 1979), Cousins described his self-prescribed laughing cure, which seemed to ameliorate his inflammation as well as his pain. He eventually was able to return to work, landing a job as an adjunct professor at the School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he investigated the effects of emotions on biological states and health.

The community of patients inspired by such miracle treatments believes not only that humor is psychologically beneficial but that it actually cures disease. In reality, only a smattering of scientific evidence exists to support the latter ideabut laughter and humor do seem to have significant effects on the psyche, even influencing our perception of pain. What is more, psychological well-being has an impact on overall wellness, including our risk of disease.

Laughter relaxes us and improves our mood, and hearing jokes may ease anxiety. Amusements ability to counteract physical agony is well documented, and as Cousinss experience suggests, humors analgesic effect lasts after the smile has faded.

Cheerfulness, a trait that makes people respond more readily to laugh lines, is linked to emotional resiliencethe ability to keep a level head in difficult circumstancesand to close relationships, studies show. Science also indicates that a sense of humor is sexy; women are attracted to men who have one. Thus, in various ways, life satisfaction may increase with the ability to laugh.

Amusing Exercise
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as a bodily exercise precious to health. But despite some claims to the contrary, chuckling probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does produce short-term changes in cardiovascular function and respiration, boosting heart rate, respiratory rate and depth, as well as oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good guffaw is unlikely to have measurable cardiovascular benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the opposite. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the guffaw subsides.

Such physical relaxation might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress. After all, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of physical feedback that improve an individuals emotional state. According to one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions. American psychologist William James and Danish physiologist Carl Lange argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wrzburg in Germany and his colleagues asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. Similarly, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

Additional studies have shown that laughing at a funny film can cause a drop in the bloods concentration of the stress hormone cortisol (although other stress hormones appear to be unaffected). Because chronically elevated cortisol levels have been shown to weaken the immune system, this mechanism could conceivably help ward off disease. Indeed, experiments have indicated that laughter increases the activity of immune cells called natural killer cells in saliva in healthy subjects.

In some cases, though, laughter may dampen inappropriate immune responses. In a 2007 study allergy researcher Hajime Kimata of Moriguchi-Keijinkai Hospital in Japan measured levels of the hormone melatonin in the breast milk of nursing mothers before and after the subjects watched either a comic Charlie Chaplin video or an ordinary weather report. Melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is often disturbed in the allergic skin condition atopic eczema, which all of the 48 babies in the study had. Kimata found that laughing at the funny film, but not hearing the weather report, increased the amount of melatonin in the mothers milk. In addition, the laughter-fortified breast milk reduced the allergic responses to latex and house dust mites in the infants. Thus, making a nursing mom laugh might sometimes serve as an allergy remedy for her baby.

The idea that laughter itself, independent of humor, provides physiological and psychological benefits motivates proponents of laughter yoga, a group exercise in simulated laughter, which (like yawning) quickly becomes contagious. Many participants in such programs, which are growing in popularity, report feeling looser and happier after them. Some researchers are skeptical that feigned laughter has direct health benefits, however. Psychiatrist Barbara Wild of the University of Tbingen in Germany, for example, believes that the sense of well-being that people report after such sessions results from the social experience of giggling and interacting as a group and not from a direct physiological effect of laughter itself.

Shifting Perspective
Of course, humor elicits various thoughts and emotions in addition to a social response such as laughing, smiling, groaning or verbal banter. Indeed, most humor researchers believe that the psychology of humor, rather than laughter per se, is what most benefits mental and physical health.

Humor is an intellectual skill that requires an ability to view situations in a particular light. Humor and comedy are often based on a logical twist, paradox or displacement. In Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland, the Mad Hatter announces to Alice: If you knew Time as well as I do, you wouldnt talk about wasting it. And after Alice says she has to beat time when she learns music, the Hatter replies: Ah! That accounts for it. He wont stand beating.

Understanding a reference to time as if it were a living thing with feelings requires the ability to shift perspective away from the conventional view of the concept. Clinical psychologist Michael Titze, founder of HumorCare, an association that promotes humor as therapy, believes the humorous perspective creates cognitive distance between yourself and the circumstances in a way that can be psychologicaly protective. As Sigmund Freud wrote in 1928, No doubt, the essence of humor is that one spares oneself the affects to which the situation would naturally give rise and overrides with a jest the possibility of such an emotional display.

Such cognitive and emotional distancing may help keep anxiety at bay. In a 1990 study Nancy A. Yovetich, now a pharmaceutical researcher at Rho, Inc., along with psychologists J. Alexander Dale and Mary A. Hudak of Allegheny College, told 53 college students they would receive an electric shock in 12 minutes (although no shock was forthcoming). During the wait, some students listened to a funny tape, whereas others heard a humorless speech or nothing at all. Those exposed to the humor rated themselves as less anxious as the fictitious shock approached than did those in the other two groups. In addition, participants who in a prior personality test had scored higher on sense of humor showed the least tension of all, suggesting that humor is indeed calming.

For similar reasons, humor can take the sting out of defeat and disappointment, helping people weather difficulty. In the mid-1990s psychologist Willibald Ruch, now at the University of Zurich, and his co-workers at the University of Dsseldorf in Germany created a measure of cheerfulness and sense of humor called the State-Trait Cheerfulness Inventory (STCI). Its questions distinguish between a persons momentary mood (state)triggered, say, by a jokeand a general disposition for enjoyment (trait). A high cheerfulness score means a person gets in a cheerful mood easily and laughs readily.

One benefit of a cheerful character is resilience, a psychic robustness that emotionally buffers people against crises and enables them to see silver linings in major disappointments such as the dissolution of a marriage or the loss of a job. Humor strengthens the psyche, Ruch says. In a study published in 1999, he and his colleagues assigned 72 students, all of whom took the STCI, to one of three rooms: a cheerful room with large windows, yellow walls, funny posters and colored drapes; a depressing room painted black and lit only by a small frosted bulb; and a small serious room filled with scientific equipment, books, manuals and presentation posters. The participants performed tasks such as drawing and filling out questionnaires in each of the rooms, as an excuse for spending time in the separate environments. As expected, the ambience of the rooms had a much larger effect on the less cheerful individuals: the depressing and serious rooms put the more humorless students in a worse mood but did not alter the mind-set of the sunnier participants, as measured by a mood test.

In another test of the buffering power of cheerfulness published in 1996, Ruch, physician Claus-Udo Wancke and their colleagues in Dsseldorf measured this trait in 68 adults and then asked them to discuss emotionally laden proverbs. The researchers found that talking about the negative proverbs put people with more sober personalities into a bad mood, whereas the more upbeat folks stayed as jovial as before, again indicating that being a cheerful person with a sense of humor may help you endure negative events and situations.

Easing Agony
In addition to being less affected by negative events, individuals with a sense of humor may also be able to distance themselves from the threat of pain. As early as 1928, New York physician James J. Walsh noticed that laughter seemed to dampen pain after surgery. Since then, research has indicated that humor can have painkilling properties. One 1996 study demonstrated that patients who watched funny movies needed less of their mild painkillers after orthopedic surgery than did patients who viewed serious flicks or nothing at all.

Humors analgesic effect requires enjoyment but not necessarily laughter, according to a 2004 study by Ruch, along with his then graduate students Karen Zweyer and Barbara Velker. The researchers asked 56 women to submerge a hand in ice-cold water before, immediately after and 20 minutes after a funny seven-minute film. In response to the film, some of the women were instructed to get into a cheerful mood without smiling or laughing; others were asked to smile and laugh a lot; the rest were told to create humorous verbal commentaries on the film while watching it.

As expected, seeing the funny film did boost pain tolerance in all the women: after exposure to the comedy, all the participants required a longer exposure to the water to feel pain and could tolerate longer submersions before pulling their hand out. These changes in pain perception were lasting, persisting for 20 minutes after the film ended. Smiling, but not necessarily laughter, seemed to be most important for the pain-suppressing effect. The women who were asked to refrain from smiling in response to the film generally felt the most pain, and the members of that group who failed to suppress a grin showed more pain tolerance than the others did.

A lack of seriousness (the counterpart to cheerfulness, though not its opposite) also seemed to help, the researchers found. The individuals who ranked low in seriousness, as measured by the STCI, showed the most genuine smiling and laughter, which lessened their pain. The authors speculate that people who are less sober in general may also take pain less seriously. They propose that seriousness or its opposite, playfulness, might be a good indicator of whether an intervention involving humor would alleviate pain in an individual.

In addition to suppressing pain, being funny and cheerful can cultivate friendships. Cheerful people have a lighthearted interaction style that facilitates bonding closely with others and builds social support. They also may get more dates. In 2006 psychologists Eric R. Bressler of Westfield State College and Sigal Balshine of McMaster University in Ontario reported that women are more likely to consider a man in a photograph a desirable relationship partner if the picture is accompanied by a funny quote attributed to the man. In fact, the women preferred the funny men despite rating them, on average, less intelligent and less trustworthy.

Although the men in Bressler and Balshines study did not prefer witty women as partners, other research indicates that both men and women value a sense of humor when choosing a partner. Either way, males do seem to like ladies who laugh at their jokes. A 1990 study suggests that when women and men chat, the amount of laughing by the woman indicates both her interest in dating the man and her sexual appeal to the man. (The mans laughter did not relate to attraction in either direction.)

Healing with Humor
Because of humors many psychological benefits, some psychologists and mental health experts are testing comedy as a remedy for stress, mild depression or just feeling down. Psychologist Paul McGhee, a former humor researcher who is now president of the Laughter Remedy in Wilmington, Del., has developed a widely used humor training program to help people manage stress. In an unpublished study, Ruch, along with graduate students Heidi Stolz and Sandra Rusch, found that the McGhee program helped 96 mentally healthy individuals become more natrally cheerful and content with their lives, an improvement that lasted for at least two months.

In 2008 psychologists Ilona Papousek and Gnter Schulter, both at the University of Graz in Austria, described a novel method of teaching people to make themselves cheerful that left participants in a better mood for at least two days after their three-week course ended. The subjects also felt calmer and showed reductions in blood pressure.

Wild and psychiatrist Irina Falkenberg, now at the University of Marburg in Germany, have adapted the McGhee program for patients with mild depression. Until recently, humor was taboo in psychotherapy. Naturally, you cant just laugh away a serious mental illness, Wild says. And nobody is suggesting humor as a treatment for severe depression. But being funny could ease moderate distress. In psychotherapy, patiets often learn how to reinterpret or distance themselves from negative emotions such as stress and fear. Humor can help with these goals. Having a sense for the comedic can be an important coping strategy, Wild suggests.

Wild and Falkenberg coach patients to weave comedy into their daily lives. The researchers first determine what individuals find funny by asking each of them to recall a humorous experience and to provide pictures or cartoons that make him or her laugh. Later, the patients are encouraged to see the amusing side of situationsin some cases, brainstorming as a groupor to collect or create punch lines. No one is supposed to laugh at anyone else or turn a patients illness into an object of fun. Also against the rules are potentially mean-spirited forms of humor such as sarcasm or schadenfreude (delighting in others misfortune or misery).

So far Wild and Falkenberg have discovered that the humor therapy can temporarily improve patients mood; they are now probing its long-term effects. Meanwhile another study hints that humor might be able to lift the veil of depression. In 2007 psychiatrist Marc Walter of the University of Basel in Switzerland and his colleagues reported that 10 elderly depressed patients who received humor training in addition to medication were more satisfied with their lives than were patients in a group that received only medication. The patients open up more easily and are more lively in their interactions after the therapy, Walter says.

One obstacle to such efforts is that some psychiatric patients have problems recognizing wit because social or memory impairments prevent them from understanding the intentions of the joke teller or from holding a joke in mind from start to punch line. Because of a failure to empathize, autistic persons also fail to see the humor in many jokes.

But for most of us, humor may be the balm we need to more calmly overcome the obstacles of everyday existence, to make friends and even to stave off physical pain. According to 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant, laughter is one of a trio of tactics humans may use to counterbalance lifes troubles. The others are hope and sleep.

My paper is on the Physiological Effects of Endurance training. I have an outline and the requirements provided by my professor for you to follow. I will be faxing them. She requires us to have 5 peer reviewed research based journal references, for example, she encourages us to use Medicine Science Sports and Exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology, American Journal of Physiology, Journal of Nutrition, and Journal of Animal Science. We are also allowed to use any books as references, she just requires at least 5 peer reviewed journals.

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Writing assignment To increase your knowledge of the field, select a psychoactive drug and describe the physiological effects on the person (including) addiction), and the treatment or coping strategies suggested to terminate use of the substance. I am guessing something like Cocaine or Alcohol abuse. I am not sure if this would be and essay, or book report, or term paper and they did not specify.

This assignment must be a neat, professional presentation on this subject. Proper punctuation, spelling, and suage of grammar are imperative. I just want about 3 pages but my school did not specify how many pages this is my first assignment I have been given and I have never done a report before.

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Term paper must be specifically on the physiological effects of alcoholism. Biological effects on the brain, liver, body, pancreas, and any other physiological effects on the body need to be discussed. Physiological effects of alcoholism on the brain in particular should be very detailed along with addressing the dopamine on nucleus accumbrance. Please talk about genetics and also conclude with chemical detox and different chemical approaches to detox and alcoholism recovery and their effectiveness.

The book is called Chemical Dependency A Systems Approach 4th Edition
please read chp. 4, The Physiological and Behavioral Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Compare and contrast the physiological effects of alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, sedatives, narcotics, hallucinogens, and inhalants. Compare and contrast the behavioral effects of alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, sedatives, narcotics, hallucinogens, and inhalants.
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Format: APA/Reference Page: Need the first page of each referenced attached. ( 5 references minimum) 6 page paper min.

Topic: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISE ON THE MIND AND THE BODY ( As it pertains to the following ways:)
1. Stress Reduction: How does exercise along with social support, positive attitudes, personality, a nd other factors affect the stress response?

2. Anti-Anxiety Effects: What effect does exercise have on anxiety? What effect does the post-exercise period have on anxiety levels?

3. Anti-Depressant effect: What effect does exercise have on mild, transient depression? What effect does exercise have on severe depression? How does exercise affect moods?

4. Explain the physiological effects of exercise on the Immune System, Cardiovascular System, and Nervous System.

I need a two page summary of this articleNATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1, 2013The Effects of Anger on the Brain and BodyLaVelle Hendricks, EdDAssistant Professor of CounselingDepartment of Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education Texas A&M University-CommerceCommerce, TXSam Bore, PhDAssistant Professor of Psychology and Counseling Tarleton State University Stephenville, TXDean Aslinia, PhDAssistant Professor of CounselingDepartment of Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education Texas A&M University-CommerceCommerce, TXGuy MorrissAssistant to the Athletic Director/Former Head Football Coach Texas A&M University-CommerceCommerce, TXAbstractAnger is described as an intense feeling in response to feeling frustrated, hurt, disappointed, or threatened. Anger contains both advantages and disadvantages. Platt states that benefits of anger include overcoming fears and building confidence to respond to danger or threats which leads to the fight or flight response while disadvantages of anger consist of excess anger serving as a numbing agent emotionally and cognitively. He indicates that a failure to recognize and understand our levels of anger leads to problems (2005). Additionally, research has shown that anger is correlated with heart disease (Kam, 2009). This article examines the causes of anger and the impact of anger on the brain and body. Anger management techniques are also discussed.??1NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION 2___________________________________________________________________________________________What Causes Anger?Clinched fists, grinding teeth, increased heart rate. Are these the signs of an intense physical workout session or someone experiencing a heart attack or stroke? They could very well be the signs of all three. However, these are just a few of the physiological signs of someone experiencing anger. Anger is a common human emotion. It is a strong emotion often caused by some form of wrong-doing, ill-treatment or unfairness. We experience the feeling of anger when we think we have been mistreated, injured or when we are faced with problems that keeps us from getting what we want or attaining our personal goals. Anger, according to the cognitive behavior theory, is attributed to several factors such as:? Past experiences? Behavior learned from others? Genetic predispositions? Lack of problem solving ability (Loo, 2005, para. 1).We all experience it, some more often than we like to admit. Experiencing anger varies from person to person and not everyone handles anger in the same way. There are individuals who anger very easily and then there are those who rarely display anger. Some people are conscious of their anger and know how to control it and deal with it. Conversely, there are others who fail to recognize the signs of anger and find themselves in an uncomfortable and often unpleasant situation.According to Dr. Harry Mills, anger is not an emotion that we are born with, rather one that is learned (2005). We learn how to become angry in multiple ways. As children we learn by copying the behavior of people around us. For example, growing up in a home where fighting and arguing is a constant engagement can cause a child to learn that this behavior is normal and demeaning and scolding others without reason is acceptable. The child may grow up unaware that they have an anger problem. These children may grow up to be aggressive and hostile towards their peers and others. This learned behavior may lead to a child becoming a bully. Bullying is the act of repeated aggressive behavior done intentionally to hurt another individual physically or emotionally. Bullies behave in this aggressive, abusive manner because it gives them a sense of power over others. Once they bully someone, they find that others respect them or fear them for their hostile behavior. The child tends to become more aggressive in their behavior because they have learned that their actions make them popular (?Bullying,? n.d.). Ironically, the victims of bullying also learn to be angry when they are continuously the target of this aggressive and abusive behavior. Their anger and desire for revenge builds up causing them to develop their own anger issues. They become aggressive and seek revenge on not just the person who abused them but others as well. The victim now becomes the bully.Bullying is not necessarily restricted to children and adolescents. Adults are also victims of bullying. It can take place at home, at school, and in the workplace. Adults with anger issues will target their family, friends, co-workers, and even strangers. They take out their anger on others, wanting someone else to feel the humiliation and abuse that they have had to endure; they want someone else to experience the pain, whether physical, mental, or verbal (?Bullying,? n.d.).LAVELLE HENDRICKS, SAM BORE, DEAN ASLINIA, AND GUY MORRISS ___________________________________________________________________________________________3The average adult experiences anger about once a day and becomes annoyed or peeved about three times a day (Mills, 2005). Is there a difference between annoyed, peeved, or angry? The difference is between feeling mildly angry and extremely angry. Annoyed means ?to cause slight irritation to another by troublesome, often repeated acts? (?Annoyed,? 2013, para. 1). To be peeved simply means ?to cause to be annoyed or resentful? (?Peeved,? 2013, para. 1). On the other hand, angry means to feel extremely annoyed or to express extreme annoyance such as being ?incensed or enraged? (?Angry,? 2013, para. 1).According to Loo (2005), an experienced negotiator and an expert in conflict resolution, there are two sources of anger: an internal source and an external source. The internal source of anger stems from irrational perceptions of reality and low frustration point. Psychologists have identified four types of thinking that lead to internal sources of anger:? Emotional reasoning: people, who reason emotionally, often misinterpret normal event and things that other people say as a direct threat against their needs and goals. Emotional reasoning individuals often become irritated at innocent things other people tell them. They perceive these things as attacks on themselves.? Low frustration tolerance: everyone at some point experience low tolerance for frustration. Stress-related anxiety tends to lower our tolerance for frustration which then causes us to see normal things as threats to ourselves.? Unreasonable expectations: people sometimes make demands without knowing the reality of the situation. Unable to have things go their way or have others act a certain way, lowers the tolerance for frustration and causes people to get frustrated and angry.? People-rating: this anger-causing type of thinking triggers derogatory labeling on other people. This type of thinking dehumanizes and makes it easier for people to become angry at other people. (Loo, 2005, para. 4)As for external sources, psychologists have come up with hundreds of events which cause people to get angry. They have narrowed them down to the following four events:? People make personal attacks against other people in the form of verbal abuse.? People attack other people?s ideas and opinions by cutting these ideas and opinions down.? People threaten other people?s basic needs ? work, life, family, etc.? People?s level of tolerance for frustration decreases due to environmental factors in theirlives. (Loo, 2005, para. 5)It is plain to see that low tolerance levels of frustration factor into both internal and external sources of anger. Recognizing these factors may help us deal with our anger and help resolve our anger issues. The following four factors that we deal with on a daily basis, which cause our frustration tolerance levels to decrease are:? Stress/Anxiety? Pain-physical and emotional? Drugs/Alcohol? Recent irritations-?having a bad day?NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION 4___________________________________________________________________________________________We encounter stress and anxiety in our daily lives, whether it is at work, home, school, or during the drive home. Our stress levels increase which can cause our tolerance for frustration to decrease. This affects adults, adolescents and children. The stress we experience at work and school often carries over into our homes which then affect our families. Even the drive home can lead to increased levels of stress and anxiety. The bumper to bumper traffic, the driver who almost ran you off the road; you arrive home and your spouse has complaint after complaint about the children not wanting to do their homework, their constant fighting which can lead you to scream and wave your arms in the air in frustration. You have completely lost control of frustration tolerance. What has occurred is that you encompassed your frustrations from work and your drive with the issues at home. Stress and anxiety of this nature is a factor that increases domestic disputes and child abuse.Experiencing physical and emotional pain lowers our frustration tolerance considerably. Our pain becomes the center of our attention. We close ourselves off to others and everything else around us. Our need to survive becomes our main focus. Exploring strategies to survive often lead us to drugs and alcohol abuse. Drugs and alcohol can cause misinterpretation of information and actions which can lead a person to become irritable and angry. It can also trigger suppressed emotions and memories to come forward which can lead to an uncomfortable situation and often intense anger. A person under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol will say and do things without thinking of how others will be affected. Anger can affect a person the same way as drugs and alcohol by preventing logical and rational thinking.We do not have to be on drugs or alcohol or be experiencing stress and anxiety to ?have a bad day.? Recent irritations are the little annoyances that build up throughout the day that lower our level of tolerance for frustration. Such annoyances can include walking out of the house on your way to work and discovering a flat tire. These irritations will build up and by the end of the day you no longer have any tolerance for any more frustrations. The next little provocation can result into full blown anger.Generally when an individual becomes angry, they experience some form of physiological sign as those mentioned previously. Other common signs of anger include the following:? A dramatic increase in breathing rate? Unconscious tensing of muscles, especially in the face and neck? Sweating, feeling hot or cold? Shaking in the hands? Face turning pale or red and veins becoming visible due to an increase in blood pressure? Goosebumps? A release of adrenaline into the body creating a surge of power. (Loo, 2005, para. 7)Experiencing anger is not a bad thing. It is one of the most primitive defense mechanisms we have. The effects of anger can be positive and negative. It helps protect and motivate us from being mistreated or taken advantage of. For example, after years of living in an abusive relationship, your anger reaches the point to motivate you to leave and save you from further abuse. However, if you use your anger to control others and have them fear you, then, as previously discussed, you become the abuser or the bully.LAVELLE HENDRICKS, SAM BORE, DEAN ASLINIA, AND GUY MORRISS ___________________________________________________________________________________________5By being aware and being able to recognize the physiological signs of anger, we can take hold of our emotions before our level of anger gets out of control (Loo, 2005). Showing aggression and anger is not acceptable reaction in today?s society, especially in the workplace or public environments. An outburst of anger or aggressive behavior towards your employer can get you fired at work. Chasing after the driver who cut you off in traffic can lead to serious consequences which include jail time or lead to someone being physically hurt.How Anger Impacts the BrainAnger is a primary human emotion we all experience from time to time. We feel anger when we feel threatened due to physical conflict, injustice, humiliation or betrayal. The human brain is setup with a scanning device that recognizes anything that is threatening. It then signals to our body how to react. How we react when we become angry can be crucial to the outcome of the situation.The expression of anger can be through active or passive behaviors. In the case of ?active? emotion, the angry person ?lashes out? verbally or physically at an intended target. When anger is a ?passive? emotion, it is characterized by silent sulking, passive- aggressiveness behavior (hostility) and tension. (Addotta, 2006, para. 10)Numerous studies have been conducted on how anger impacts us physiologically and psychologically. These studies hall all revealed that before anger affects any part of our body, it has to affect our brain first. The brain is our internal alarm system. It signals to the rest of our body when we are happy, sad, angry, in pain, etc. this alarm system within our brain triggers the release of adrenaline which causes us to heighten our awareness and responsiveness. This causes glucose to gush through our blood stream and muscles giving us the ability to respond faster, run faster, and make quicker decisions.The brain processes all emotional stress. When the brain senses threat or harm, millions of nerve fibers within our brain release chemicals throughout the body to every organ. When a person experiences anger the brain causes the body to release stress hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline. These chemical help the body control the heart rate and blood pressure. The release of these chemical also helps regulate the pancreas which controls the sugar balance in our blood (Boerma, 2007).Studies conducted at the Hotchkiss Brain Institute in Calgary, have found that one way anger affects the brain is by compromising the neurons in the hypothalamus, the brain?s command center for stress responses. ?Normally these neurons receive different chemical signals that prompt them to switch on or off. Stress and anger compromise these functions and jeopardize the brain?s ability to slow down? (?Effects of Anger,? 2008, para. 20). Also, when we get angry, the muscles in our body tense up. The anger causes neurotransmitter chemicals in the brain, called catecholamines, to flow through our body giving us a burst of energy that can last for several minutes. This then triggers reaction to other parts of the body such as increased heart rate, heightened blood pressure and intensified breathing (Addotta, 2006).The brain serves as the control center for our body. According to Addotta (2006), anger comes from the reptilian part of our body known as the amygdala. The amygdala is an almond-NATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION 6___________________________________________________________________________________________shaped structure located just above the hypothalamus gland of the brain. We have two amygdala situated just a few inches from each ear. Consisting of several nerves that connect to various parts of the brain such as the neocortex and the visual cortex, the amygdala forms an important part of our nervous system.The progression of anger to rage is normally stopped before getting out of control. When the amygdala initiates the emotion of anger, the prefrontal cortex can result in violent behavior. According to the Society for Neuroscience (2007), studies done at the University of California in San Diego are helping scientists get a better idea as to what is going on in the brain of adolescent teenagers who display inappropriate anger and aggression when they feel threatened. These findings indicate that this hostile, aggressive behavior is linked to a hyperactive response in the amygdala and to lessening activity in the prefrontal cortex of the brain.In an article published by Science News, a woman had her amygdala surgically removed in order to help her control her epileptic seizures (Bower, 1997). Upon recovery, her doctors found the surgery was a success in treating her seizures, however, they also discovered that by removing the amygdala, it eliminated her ability to perceive signs of anger and fear in other?s voices. Several studies done after the woman?s surgery indicated she had difficulty in understanding vocal intonations when emotions such as fear and anger were expressed. She was, however, able to recognize and understand expressions of sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise (Bower, 1997).The amygdala is an excellent indicator of threats. Its main purpose is emotional and social processing. We are able to react to the threat before the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for the brain?s thoughts and judgments, is able to assess the rationality of the reaction. In other words, the amygdala causes the brain to react to the threat or fear before the prefrontal cortex can consider the consequences.Resilient people are able to make rapid recoveries from stress, with their prefrontal cortex working to calm the amygdala, which is the remnant of our reptilian emotional brain, the brain that cannot negotiate itself out of an emotional rut; instead it floods the body with a cascade of cortisol or stress hormones. (?Effects of Anger,? 2008, para. 18)It is clear to see that our brain is just as capable of getting us riled up for ?flight or fight? as it is of calming us down. However, some people anger much quicker and may take longer to calm down. If this is the case, minor irritation can re-trigger someone to full blown anger within a shorter period of time. Professionals in the science and medical field have long known that the brain chemical serotonin has made an impact on regulating anger and aggression. Scientists have found people experiencing aggressive behavior maintain lower levels of serotonin as compared to those with non-aggressive behavior. According to Dr. Sietse de Boer of the University of Groningen, ?serotonin deficiency appears to be related to pathological, violent forms of aggressiveness, but not to the normal aggressive behavior that animals and humans use to adapt to everyday survival? (as cited in Society for Neuroscience, 2007, para. 19).Despite the numerous studies done on anger, it is still an emotion that is very misunderstood. We know what causes anger and we know what anger can cause. But is anger good for us or is it bad? We know anger is a powerful emotion which can be destructive as well as productive. When handled properly, anger can motivate positive actions and outcomes. For example, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. recognized the injustices toward the African AmericanLAVELLE HENDRICKS, SAM BORE, DEAN ASLINIA, AND GUY MORRISS ___________________________________________________________________________________________7population and focused his anger at these injustices toward a positive outcome. He fought for civil rights without showing aggression or hostility. On the other hand, the repression of anger can lead to serious destruction such as that of the Columbine shootings in Columbine, Colorado in 1999. The two high school students who went on a shooting rampage at their high school exhibited signs of severe anger issues. So severe that it cost several innocent people their lives.Knowing what psychological signs to look for in a person with anger problems is important. Also, knowing that anger can be a survival tool and a source of energy that can be healthy or unhealthy can be beneficial. Prolonged anger and repressed anger are both unhealthy. Before we feel anger, we feel a primary emotion. The primary emotion can be feeling of fear, offense, disrespect, force, entrapment or pressure. When the primary emotions become too intense, then we experience the secondary emotion of anger.Studies show that repressed anger can be harmful to our body and to our mind. Not everyone knows how to manage their anger or how to express it. Holding back anger can lead to mental illnesses including depression. One way of looking at depression is as anger turned inward. An emotion such as anger will not go away if ignored. It will only get stronger and can cause severe problems. Studies indicate that angry and aggressive behavior that goes unchecked can eventually cause changes to the brain that will decrease the production of serotonin and increase the chances of angry and aggressive behavior (Society for Neuroscience, 2007).Not everyone is comfortable dealing with anger. Although, it is one emotion that men consider acceptable to display. As young boys, they are taught that certain emotions are not acceptable, like crying. So instead of crying, young boys will hide their shame or pain and often redirect it as anger. Studies have found that men will often display anger when in fact they are experiencing depression and/or fear. Research has found that boys who are wounded as youth will often grow up to be wounded men. They are likely to pass on the anger they are experiencing to those closest to them (Johnson, 1998).Although depression and anger may seem like opposites, the primary emotion is the same. Angry people are stressed and uptight. They are often overbearing and commanding. People who are depressed become shut-off from others. They are unresponsive to what is happening around them. Despite their opposites, both anger and depression are initiated in the brain. Experiencing anger and depression starts in the brain with a chemical imbalance that leads people to either hold in or lash out their emotions.Women are just as likely to demonstrate anger as men. However, in some cultures it is not acceptable for women to display anger. Women are expected to conceal their anger; sometimes they conceal it so well that they fail to recognize it in themselves (Marano, 2003). In 1995, a study on anger and violence was done by the Department of Justice that found no evidence that men are angrier than women. The study did show differences in how men and women express their anger. Researchers found that ?women tend to be more subtle in their display of anger, and as a society, we pay more attention to the testosterone-driven display of aggression by men? (Johnson, 1998, para. 5). Many believe that the only way we can deal with our anger is by recognizing we are angry rather than trying to hide it. However, because anger is considered as an unacceptable emotion, little is being done to deal with it. Anger is an emotion that will haunt us for a very long time unless we learn to control it. In order to control anger, we must learn how to express it appropriately. There are several things we can do to get started on the road to learning how to express and control this emotion. The first step is to recognize thatNATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION 8___________________________________________________________________________________________we are angry and then figure out what made us angry. Talking to someone about it helps relieve some of the tension and stress brought on by feeling angry.Prolonged and repressed anger is something we, as human beings have learned to live with. Unlike animals whose response to fear is to scare away the attacker, we as humans become the attacker by using our anger to scare away those we love and care for. Holding in our anger can be just as bad as lashing out with our anger. Both can lead to serious consequences. These include heart attacks, hardening of the arteries, strokes, hypertension, high blood pressure, changes in heart rate, and metabolism and muscle and respiratory problems (?Anger,? n.d.).How Anger Impacts the BodyThe average heart rate of a person is 80 beats per minute. However, anger can make our heart rate rise to 180 beats per minute. Anger has the same effect on our blood pressure. Experiencing anger can cause an average blood pressure of 120 over 80 to jump to 220 over 130 or higher causing a possible heart attack or stroke. People who are constantly angry have a higher risk of suffering a heart attack or stroke. When we become angry or stressed, our body releases chemicals that clot the blood. These blood clots can create serious health problems. The clots can travel up the blood vessels to the brain or heart causing a stroke or heart attack, both of which can be fatal (Boerma, 2007).We do not have to experience uncontrollable anger in order for this emotion to have an impact on our body. When fear is the trigger to our anger, a multitude of responses affect our body. It can almost be described as the ?domino effect.? First, whatever it is that caused the fear that lead to anger causes our stress hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline, to surge through our body. This causes an increased hear rate and blood pressure. Secondly, the muscles that are needed to fight or flee become tense and uptight. This can lead to tension headaches, migraines or insomnia (Boerma, 2007). Thirdly, our breathing becomes more rapid because it is trying to get more oxygen to our brain. Anger can also impact circulation, so if there is not enough oxygen flowing to the brain, this can cause chest pains and even cause an artery to burst resulting in a stroke.In a review of findings based on 44 studies published in 2009 in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, evidence was found that supports the connection between anger and hostility being significantly associated with heart disease. The studies also show that adults with no history of heart disease, but who suffer from chronic anger are 19% more likely to develop heart problems as compared to those who rarely experience these personality traits (Kam, 2009). The same review showed that anger does more harm to men?s hearts that to women?s. Based on the results from these reviews, researchers suggest that the buildup of stress responses in daily life might have a greater impact on men than women. They suggest that women may not experience the same stress and pressures that men do on a daily basis (Kam, 2009). Men have the responsibilities of providing for their families and often are the sole wage earner in the home. Men are also prone to experience more anger and hostility that women. Women tend to hide and suppress their anger. They are not as vocal or aggressive as men can be.According to Dr. Johan Denollet from CoRPS Researcher Center at Ilburg University in the Netherlands, psychological factors do make an impact on the development and progression of coronary heart disease. Clinicians should take symptoms of anger and hostility seriously, andLAVELLE HENDRICKS, SAM BORE, DEAN ASLINIA, AND GUY MORRISS ___________________________________________________________________________________________9may consider referring their patient for behavioral intervention. Patients need to be closely monitored and studied for these personality traits in order for clinicians to do a better job identifying high-risk patients who are more liable to future fatal and non-fatal coronary events (as cited in Kam, 2009).As a result of these finds, more doctors are now considering anger as a risk factor for heart disease. They are treating it as a risk factor that can be modified just as lowering cholesterol or blood pressure. According to Dr. Holly S. Anderson, cardiologist and direct of education and outreach at the Ronald O. Perelman Heart Institute at New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornel Medical Center, doctors are really effective at treating heart attacks, but not too effective at preventing them. Dr. Anderson says, ?Stress is not easy to measure as your cholesterol level or your blood pressure, which are clearly objective. But it?s really important that physicians start taking care of the whole person, including their moods and their lives, because it matters? (as cited in Kam, 2009, para. 9).People who have serious anger problem frequently exhibit aggressive and hostile behavior and attitudes towards others. These individuals have been described as having ?Type A? personalities. Those who have more laid back personalities are described as having ?Type B? personalities. Doctors Meyer Friedmand and Ray Rosenman came up with these categories in the late 1950s. Their inspiration for developing these categories was to be able to tell which patients were at a higher risk of developing heart disease from those who were not (Mills, 2005). Freidman and Rosenman classified people who were quick to anger and demonstrate explosive reactivity, competiveness, impatience, irritability, and hostility as having ?Type A? personalities. They classified people with ?Type A? personalities as being more likely to display aggressive and competitive personality traits and to achieve great professional success. Unlike the people with ?Type A? personalities, individuals with ?Type B? personalities have a more easygoing attitude towards life.There are positive qualities of people with ?Type A? personalities. People with ?Type A? personalities are often very driven and determined to succeed. They work hard and strive to reach their goals. However, because of their driven focus, people with ?Type A? personalities are always in a hurry and are impatient. They often neglect others due to being busy doing something else trying to get ahead. People with ?Type A? personalities can be critical and judgmental of others; especially those they feel are less competent. ?Type A? personalities tend to focus on the weaknesses of others (Mills, 2005).There has not been much change in the categorization of ?Type A? and ?Type B? personalities since their developments. Another important factor to look at with these types of personalities is how they affect people physiologically. Studies have found that men with ?Type A? personalities who have high levels of hostility show weaker parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) responses than men with ?Type B? personalities. Unlike the parasympathetic nervous system which is the part of the body?s nervous system which purpose is to calm people won, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) causes arousal and invokes heavy anger responses by overflowing the body with stress hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline (Mills, 2005).The hormone acetylcholine is released by the parasympathetic nervous system in an attempt to stop the arousal of the emotions of anger. The acetylcholine neutralizes the stress hormones and helps the body to relax and calm down. People with healthy parasympathetic nervous systems are at a less risk of heart disease due to physiological factors such as anger. However, because men with ?Type A? personalities tend to have weaker parasympatheticNATIONAL FORUM JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND ADDICTION 10___________________________________________________________________________________________nervous systems, they are more likely to suffer heart disease due to the repeated arousal of heart rate and increased blood pressure (Mills, 2005).People who are angry and hostile tend to alienate family and friends. Their harsh behavior negatively affects their jobs, family and relationships with those around them. Anger problems do not disappear by lashing out at others. Venting anger and frustration with words or actions often make the situation much worse, especially for those who are in the immediate path of the attack. Research has proven that having a strong, healthy support system with family, friends and co-workers is crucial to maintaining your health. Establishing a positive social support helps us deal with emotional problems and major health problems that can be caused by anger (Mills, 2005).When we experience the psychological effects of anger, we tend to become angrier because of how our body is feeling. The chemical imbalance triggered by anger causes our body?s metabolism to slow down. Feeling stressed and angry initiates excessive eating and weight gain. In addition, stress, as a reaction to anger, provokes our stomach causing it to produce too much acid which makes us candidates for gastric ulcers and acid reflux (Boerma, 2007).Anger also causes the release of the stress hormone, cortisol. Release of this hormone gives the body bursts of energy. However, too much of this hormone can cause a multitude of negative effects on the body. Too much cortisol in the body can cause an imbalance in blood sugar; it can suppress thyroid function, and decrease bone density. This hormonal imbalance also impacts the body?s immune system. Research shows that chronic-angry people suffer more frequent colds, flu?s infections, asthma, skin disease flare-ups and arthritis, as compared to on- chronic-angry people (Boerma, 2007). Although anger itself does not have a direct physical effect on the body, the way this emotion affects other parts of our body is what causes the problem whether it is increasing our heart or blood pressure or causing the release of stress hormones, anger has a significantly unhealthy impact on our bodies. Evidence from numerous studies prove that people with constant chronic anger, hostility and aggression are at a higher risk of developing heart disease and other health problems than those who anger less often. The studies are clear, the angrier and hostile you are; the more prone you are to heart disease (Mills, 2005).It is important to recognize the physiological effects of anger especially with all the damage this emotion can cause our body. It is also important to learn how to express anger appropriately and learn healthy and socially respectful methods to express angry feelings. Knowing how to control anger can make a major impact on our relationships, employment and especially on our health. Next time you find yourself getting angry while standing behind the customer with the basket full of groceries at the ?10 Items or Less? check-out lane or at the driver who rang you off the road trying to change lanes, remember you may be shortening your life.How to Manage AngerAs mentioned previously anger can be both harmful and beneficial. The following is a list of minor measures that can make a significant impact on managing anger before it gets out of control:LAVELLE HENDRICKS, SAM BORE, DEAN ASLINIA, AND GUY MORRISS ___________________________________________________________________________________________11? Take three deep breaths? Change your environment? Know why you feel angry? Let go of what is beyond your control? Express yourself? Be cautious? Be assertive, not aggressive, in expressing yourself.Another course of action in helping to control anger is laughing. Studies have found that laughter minimizes the effect of anger on the brain by releasing health protecting hormones that lessen the effects of hormones causing anger. These studies clearly prove that laughter and joy are beneficial to the brain. A helpful technique to involve humor while you?re angry is to ask yourself, ?What will be amusing about this when I think about it later. Is it your facial expression? How about someone else?s facial expression? Is it something you or someone else said? (Duncan, 2006, p.20). It is possible to be physically healthy if our brains are free of stress and anger?SummaryOverall, suppressing anger and over expression of anger can negatively affect significant relationships and lead to bad health, (Duncan, 2009). Accepting that you are angry, seeking to understand what your anger is about, and devising an action plan prevents repressed anger to turn into rage which leads to a complete loss of self-control. Repressed anger is also an underlying cause for both anxiety and depression (Platt, 2005). Managing anger effectively motivates individuals to adopt effective assertive skills and leads to an increase in life expectancy

The Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on the Brain, Stress, and Sleep

In this assignment, you will investigate any drug of your choice, trace the interactions the drug has with the brain, and describe the stress this drug puts on the body.

To prepare for this Application:
Review pp. 188??"189 and pp. 196??"197 in your text.
Visit the Web site for the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information.
http://store.samhsa.gov/facet/Substances

Use information on this Web site to write the assignment. Choose a drug to investigate from the list provided at this site. (Remember that nicotine and caffeine are drugs that affect the brain, also.)

The assignment:
Prepare a 1- to 2-page paper (APA format) that records your answers to the following questions:
o Is this drug a stimulant, depressant, hallucinogen, or narcotic?
o What physiological effects does this drug have on the brain?
o What part of the brain does this drug target?
o Which neurotransmitters does this drug act upon? Is it an agonist or antagonist?
o How does this drug introduce stress on the body and brain? What would be the effect of this stess over time?
o How does this drug affect stages of sleep? What would be the effects of sleep disruption over time?

Efficiency of antibiotic resistance gene transfer mechanisms upon exposure to triclosan

Abstract:

Humans live in constant contact with microbes, the vast majority of which do not cause disease. Pathogenic bacteria have frequent contact with commensal bacteria from human, animals, plants, fish, soil and water. These commensal bacteria, which often provide a benefit to the host, can serve as reservoirs for resistance genes; collecting them and holding them for future transmission of other organisms[1]. Ultimately, one of the recipients for this genetic largesse can be a disease causing bacterium.
Bacteria in every environment are constantly evolving aided in part by exchange of genetic material. Evidence is growing that extensive horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes occur in nature between clinical and nonclinical bacteria [2]. Hence the commensal reservoir bacteria may be important players in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Methods of DNA transfer between organisms include transformation by naked DNA, viral transduction, and bacterial conjugation.
All mechanisms of DNA transfer involve the cell membrane. Since triclosan disrupts the microbial cell membrane, it is important to examine whether triclosan affects the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. Experiments would measure the efficiency of gene transfer between different classes of bacteria upon exposure of triclosan. Plasmids carrying marker genes such as those coding for tetracycline and kanamycin resistance will be introduced into several hosts (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The efficiency of transformation by naked DNA and gene transfer between bacteria vial bacterial conjugation can be examined upon exposure to various levels of triclosan. Likewise the ability of triclosan to inhibit bacteriophage infection, another common method of gene transfer will be analysed. Our focus on the alterations in the efficiencies of gene transfer mechanisms upon exposure to triclosan may elucidate novel physiological effects.






Works cited:

[1] Mazodier, P. and J. Davies. Gene Transfer Between Distantly Related Bacteria
Annu. Rev. Genet. 1991, Vol. 25: 147-171.

[2] Roberts, M. C. Tetracycline resistance determinants: mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution, Pages 1-24
FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 1996. 19:p. 1-24.

Articles that may be relevant:
Tan L, Nielsen NH, Young DC, Trizna Z.
Use of antimicrobial agents in consumer products.
Arch Dermatol. 2002 Aug;138(8):1082-6.
PMID: 12164747 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fraise AP.
Susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant cocci to biocides.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92 Suppl:158S-62S.
PMID: 12000624 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Russell AD.
Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92 Suppl:121S-35S. Review.
PMID: 12000621 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Levy SB.
Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92 Suppl:65S-71S. Review.
PMID: 12000614 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Poole K.
Mechanisms of bacterial biocide and antibiotic resistance.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92 Suppl:55S-64S. Review.
PMID: 12000613 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Loughlin MF, Jones MV, Lambert PA.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells adapted to benzalkonium chloride show resistance to other membrane-active agents but not to clinically relevant antibiotics.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002 Apr;49(4):631-9.
PMID: 11909837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Schweizer HP.
Triclosan: a widely used biocide and its link to antibiotics.
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Aug 7;202(1):1-7. Review.
PMID: 11506900 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Levy SB.
Antibacterial household products: cause for concern.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(3 Suppl):512-5.
PMID: 11485643 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Susman E.
Too clean for comfort.
Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Jan;109(1):A18. No abstract available.
PMID: 11171537 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Chuanchuen R, Beinlich K, Hoang TT, Becher A, Karkhoff-Schweizer RR, Schweizer HP.
Cross-resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by multidrug efflux pumps: exposure of a susceptible mutant strain to triclosan selects nfxB mutants overexpressing MexCD-OprJ.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Feb;45(2):428-32.
PMID: 11158736 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Levy SB.
Antibiotic and antiseptic resistance: impact on public health.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Oct;19(10 Suppl):S120-2. Review.
PMID: 11052402 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Suller MT, Russell AD.
Triclosan and antibiotic resistance in staphylococcus aureus.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Jul;46(1):11-8.
PMID: 10882683 [PubMed - in process]

Jones RD, Jampani HB, Newman JL, Lee AS.
Triclosan: a review of effectiveness and safety in health care settings.
Am J Infect Control. 2000 Apr;28(2):184-96. Review.
PMID: 10760227 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Russell AD.
Do biocides select for antibiotic resistance?
J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;52(2):227-33.
PMID: 10714955 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Levy CW, Roujeinikova A, Sedelnikova S, Baker PJ, Stuitje AR, Slabas AR, Rice DW, Rafferty JB.
Molecular basis of triclosan activity.
Nature. 1999 Apr 1;398(6726):383-4. No abstract available.
PMID: 10201369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Tierno PM Jr.
Efficacy of triclosan.
Am J Infect Control. 1999 Feb;27(1):71-2; discussion 72-4. No abstract available.
PMID: 9949382 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB.
Triclosan targets lipid synthesis.
Nature. 1998 Aug 6;394(6693):531-2. No abstract available.
PMID: 9707111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

a comprehensive APA style paper on a minimum of 12 primary source, up to date, peer reviewed articles cited within text, and referenced.
Arial 10 pt font, at least 12 pages with 1 inch margins (12 does not include title page, or reference list).

*below is the beginning of a rough outline that has relevant info, and a list of references ( do not have all the actual articles available electronically) and are not necessarily the best. you know how research goes.
this needs to be written by someone who understands literature reviews and behavioral endocrinology from a research perspective - make it easy for everyone.

it does not need to be for a general audience. no easing into it complex info with background stuff (- e.g., no need to explain the kreb cycle when talking about mitochondrial biogenesis as a result of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia, no need to explain what a hormone is, etc...)

a literature review that looks at CURRENT discourse over intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure and its effects mostly physiological and also behavioral aspects of humans (rats in some literature, of course but the focus is humans)- like improved athletic endurance. this will eventually be incorporated into a project/experiment proposal looking at athletic endurance through red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) and other factors.

INTERMITTENT HYPOBARIC HYPOXIA + ERYTHROPOIETIN STIMULATION + MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS = BEHAVIOR + ENDURANCE + GOODNESS

DEFINE ALTITUDE ACCLIMATIZATION RESPONSE.
why its good, why athletes want it. increase endurance. as opposed to other 'performance enhancement' techniques i.e., steriods

The altitude acclimatization response is sought after in athletic conditioning because of its known athletic performance enhancing qualities (CITE CITE CITE!). Money is spent every season for every team to transport and train athletes at altitude environments because the way you train is the way you play . Teams living at sea level but who will be called upon to play in the mountains need to be prepared for the reduced oxygen content in the air and the physiological effect that will have on their bodies and play performance.

In a healthy body, red blood cells deliver oxygen to the tissues, including all the muscles, which use this oxygen to convert sugar (fuel) into energy). At higher altitudes, less oxygen is readily available, and an animals body accommodates this by increasing the number of blood vessels and red blood cells (RBC) present. This increase of RBCs and capillaries allows more oxygen to be delivered to the bodys cells. This high altitude adaptation response also includes the kidneys production of erythropoietin (EPO), a regulatory hormone that regulates RBC production (Katayama, 2003). An increase in RBC production, by extension allows more oxygen availability for target cells (muscles) and the increase in capillaries provides more surface area for this exchange to take place. Research has also shown that when high-altitude acclimatized individuals exercise at lower altitudes, the density of the mitochondria in their cells also increases in response to this additional availability of oxygen. All these factors lead to an increase in strength, stamina, and other additional benefits.



The driving concept behind this idea is that intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) can change the respiratory response, thus increasing arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) (Hetzler, 2009, Katayama, 2004). Other hypothesized mechanisms underlying improvements in performance at altitude include increased red blood cell (RBC) production as signaled by erythropoietin stimulation, increased mitochondrial density (and therefore ATP conversion), hypoxic ventilatory drive improvement, increases in muscle buffering capacity, and/or the up-regulation in the hypoxia-inducible factor-I (HIF-1) gene system .

Research on the effects of IH, altitude conditioning and acclimatization are limited; such studies neglect to evaluate the possible application within healthcare, wellness, and other fitness applications (i.e., the use of IH as a means of increasing red blood cell and mitochondrial volumes). According to Levine (2002), intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) is used in two strategies: 1) inducing hypoxia at rest with the goal of evoking altitude acclimatization, and 2) inducing hypoxia during exercise, attempting to enhance the training stimulus. Crucial to any possible effects, Levine notes, is the variable dose of hypoxia necessary to reach the goal. The dosing is the issue among many investigations into the consequences or practicalities of IHT ?" there is no standard program.

Most previous research investigating intermittent hypoxia (IH), has involved traditional IH exposure, in which individuals are exposed to static simulated altitude, and has focused on athletic performance measures. Static IH takes about hours of exposure to produce any measurable effect at all . Athletes generally sleep in devices that simulate altitude this way. stimulation of the lymphatic system via total body vasopneumatic compression (TBVC) which aides the removal of waste products and contributes to the distribution essential nutrients within the blood. Contradictions also exist in the literature as to whether the effects of simulated intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) are beneficial or too modest to be significant for endurance athletes because exact mechanisms are not thoroughly understood.

Whole body and isolated muscle exercise performance enhancement at altitude situations, and the reduction of symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) have been reported in response to IH (Friedlander, 2009., Beidleman, Muza, Fulco, Cymerman , Ditzler, Stulz, 2003., Beidleman BA, et al., 2004). Previous research has shown improvements of SaO2 as a response to both normobaric and hypobaric intermittent hypoxic conditioning (Katayama, 2005., Beidleman et al, 2004., Rodriguez, Ventura, et al 2000, Hetzler et al 2009). Another line of uncertainty in the literature regards whether there is a maximum effect that can be reached through IHE.
Changes in SaO2 were attributed to the magnitude of hyperventilation in response to hypoxia caused by increased hypoxic chemosensitivity (Hetzler, 2009). In a study conducted by Sato et al, no plateau was reached, as they measured the hypoxic ventilatory response for participants who lived at altitude, and were exposed to IH over the course of twelve days of treatment. In a conflicting study, conducted by Bender, McCullough, et al, in 1989 the ventilatory response adaptations did plateau after one week, and exercise SaO2 continued to improve during a three-week period (Bender, McCullough, McCullough, et al, 1989). This leaves ambiguity as to a conceptualized timeline of the ventilatory response adaptations due to intermittent hypoxia exposures.

Other studies have investigated differences between acclimatization (adaptations as consequence of natural environmental exposure) and acclimation (adaptations that result from simulated altitude exposure) over relatively short lengths of time (5 ?" 21 days) ( Hetzler, 2009). Short time periods were also examined in studies looking at ventilation and SaO2. Athletes do not usually train for only short periods, nor do they compete for short periods of time. An athletes sports season is the period of time an athlete wants to be in their peak performance range. This timeframe includes the time before competitions, during competitions and the time between and envelops every aspect of their life: from workouts to recovery to their sleeping and eating habits. Previous studies have not tracked these other factors of athletic performance, nor the costs of maintaining a training program associated with inclusion of altitude conditioning.

Most previous research investigating intermittent hypoxia (IH), has involved traditional IH exposure, in which individuals are exposed to static simulated altitude, and has focused on athletic performance measures. Static IH takes about hours of exposure to produce any measurable effect at al. Athletes generally sleep in devices that simulate altitude this way.

MUST EXPLAIN HYPOBARIC HYPOXIA VS NORMOBARIC HYPOXIA - what makes them different, their different results. and how awful normobaric is.



References: NOT IN FULL APA

Beidleman BA, Muza SR, Fulco CS, Cymerman A, Ditzler D, Stulz D, Staab JE, Skrinar GS, Lewis SF, and Sawka MN.(2004). Intermittent altitude exposures reduce acute mountain sickness at 4300 m. Clin Sci (Lond) 106: 321-328.

Beidleman BA, Muza SR, Fulco CS, Cymerman A, Ditzler DT, Stulz D, Staab JE, Robinson SR, Skrinar GS, Lewis SF, and Sawka MN. (2003). Intermittent altitude exposures improve muscular performance at 4,300 m. J Appl Physiol 95: 1824-1832.

Bender, P.R. McCullough, R.E., McCullough, R.G. et al. (1989). Increased exercise SaO2 Independent of ventilatory acclimatization at 4,300 m. Journal of Applied Physiology. 66: 2733 -2738.

Hetzler R.K., Stickley C.D., KimuraI F., et al. (2009). The effect of dynamic intermittent hypoxic conditioning on arterial oxygen saturation. Wilderness Environ Med. 2009; 20(1):26?"32.

Katayama, Hiroshi, Koji, Shigeo, and Miyamura. (2003). Intermittent hypoxia improves endurance performance and submaximal exercise efficiency. High Alt Med Biol 4:291?"304.

Levine, B.D. (2002), Intermittent hypoxic training: Fact and fancy. High Alt Med Biol. 3:177?"193.

Morris, R.J. (2008). Intermittent pneumatic compression systems and applications. J Med Eng Technology. 32 (3) :179?"188.

Rodriguez, Casas, Pages, Rama, Ricart, Ventura, Ibanez, Viscor, (1999). Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates erythropoiesis and improves aerobic capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 264-268.




.....

also, i'm on my email quite often so i'd rather you ask a question than me have to bounce back and forth with edits, you know? i've worked in customer service all my life and always try to be a nice customer, and right now don't know what i'd do without you, so lets not waste everyones time and money, yea?


There are faxes for this order.

PICK A DISEASE OF INTEREST OR GO TO WEB WWW.MIC.KI.SE/DISEASES/ALPHALIST.HTML
write in scientific or technical format
5 refernces all required references must be current 5 yr.
dont use the wikipedia or any similar website
minimum of 3 pages of text in the body of the paper
no paraphrasing of referenced material without proper citation. this does not include your title page, liteature cited page, tables and figures page, and grading rubric.
paper will include the sections that are below. you will want to include these headings in your paper
INTRODUCTION
-include a discussion of the topic selected and a description of the characteristics of the topic
-include info regarding the history,current status, and future standing of your topic
TABLES AND FIGURES
-include as many tables and figures,photographs or other visual aids as are necessary to discuss your topic
-label the tables and figures in order to reference them in the text of your paper such as table 1, figure2 etc.place a citation of where the tables and such came from underneath and then refernce this at the end in the literature cited section of your paper
-include any graphic/illustrative material that you may use at the end of your paper befor the literature cited paper. make reference to each by page number in the body of the paper
DISCUSSION
-include a discussion of the metabolic and physiological effects,metabolic pathways and treatment options starting at the cellular level and ending with the organismal level
-evaluated the physiological effects of the stressor on each level of the organism
-treatment discuss points of action and level or organization targeted by the treatment
-discuss the physiological remificatins(side effects)of the treatment at the point of action
LITERATURE CITED
-include all refernces cited in the text of the paper,tables, and figures. if a direct quote is used, it is to be indented from the main body of the text or itlicized to identify it as someone else's work
-if the infor is summarized then the citation immidiately follows the work used.
-list all citations in alphabetical order by author's last name,followed by the date,name of article,book,etc and the publisher's info
-ex-glazer,gary md. (2000) long term pharmacotherapy of obesity. archives of internal medicine. 161:15
-lists the sources used in your paper and includes only those sources actually used
ex-1. book, on author
shorter, edward. the health century. new your: doubleday. 1987.
2. magazine article, insigned
"why you head hurts and how to make it stop." health january/february 1995: 95.

I am requesting a literature cited or work cited.

CASE STUDY
Alcoholic liver disease
Mr Abdul Chidiac, 51 years old was admitted to high dependency unit for malaena. He had two
previous admissions for cirrhosis in the last 6 months. He was an interstate truck driver for 15
years and married with 4 children. Mr Chidiac is a current smoker and known to consume 5-6
bottles of beer per day. He has a history of hypertension and mild hypercholesterolemia.

On assessment:
Mr Chidiac is lethargic but orientated to time, place and person and slightly irritable. He is
slightly tachypnoeac with moderate use of accessory muscles. His wife reported that he Mr
Chidiac has been spitting blood stained sputum for the last few weeks with no associated cough
or shortness of breath. From the previous admission record it showed that Mr Chidiac has lost
9 kilos which he attributed simply to his lack of appetite. No changes were reported with his
urine output. On examination his sclera is mildly jaundiced and has some ?unexplained? bruises
on his arms and legs. His abdomen is tight and distended and pitting oedema noted on his
ankles.
Observations: BP 115/60, PR 110, SpO2 88% on RA, 95% on 6L via Hudson Mask, Temp 37.80
c,
RR 24
Laboratory Findings
Result Normal Values
RBC 4.0 million/mm3
2.6 to 5.9 million/mm3

WBC 3500/mm3 4300 to 10800/mm3
Platelets 75000/mm3 150000 to 350000/mm3
Serum Ammonia 110 ?m/dl 35 to 65 ?m/dl
Total Bilirubin 4.9 mcg/dl 0.1 to 1.0 mcg/dl
Sodium 150 mEq/L 135 to 145 mEq/L
Potassium 3.4 mEq/L 3.7 to 5.5 mEq/L
Haemoglobin 85 g/L 120-170 g/L
Albumin 24 g/L 35-50 g/L
Liver Enzymes Slightly elevated
BUN 22 mg/dl 7-18 mg/dl
Creatinine 154 ml/min 88 to 137 ml/min
Mr Chidiac was ordered Vitamin K 1 mg IM and underwent urgent Endoscopy which showed
bleeding from gastric ulcer and a diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis with gastritis is made.
Medications
Aldactone 25mg po TDS
Lactulose 15 mls TDS
Neomycin Sulphate 1 gram po every 4 hours for 5 days
Vitamin B12 100 mg IV TDS QUESTIONS

1. Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified disease and how it can
impact on the patient and family (450 words)
2 List five (5) common signs and symptoms of the identified disease; for each provide a
link to the underlying pathophysiology (300 words)
a. this can be done in the form of a table ? each point needs to be appropriately
referenced

3. Describe two (2) common classes of drugs used for patients with the identified disease
including physiological effect of each class on the body (250 words)
a. this does not mean specific drugs but rather the class that these drugs belong to.

4. Identify and explain, in order of priority the nursing care strategies you, as the registered
nurse, should use within the first 24 hours post admission for this patient. (500 words).

3 page paper, double spaced with a 12 point font (Times New Romans).

Include:

What category does the drug belong to?

A brief history of the drug

Does the drug have any medical uses?

Does the drug have any abuse potential?

How does the drug work on the brain (mechanism of action)?

What sort of psychological effects does the drug have?

What sort of physiological effects does the drug have?

Overall accuracy of information in the paper.

Bibliography

Writing Project II: Analysis and Evaluation of an Argument
For this assignment, you will write an argument essay in which you analyze a writer's argument and reach a conclusion regarding its effectiveness.
Project Learning Objectives:
Recognize strategies of written arguments
Analyze audience and purpose
Evaluate use of evidence
Evaluate response to opposing views
Evaluate anticipation of possible reader objections
Argument Analysis/Evaluation Defined: An argument analysis examines the components and elements of an argument (as discussed in the related reading assignments in the text) and reaches a conclusion about the extent to which the argument is effective or ineffective. It is NOT a discussion of whether or not you agree with the argument and the writer's claim.
Your Title: Your essay should have its own title. The title is the first point of contact with the reader. In order for your title to be effective, it should be at least one of the following: original, informative, engaging, or indicative of your attitude towards the subject.
Your Introduction: Remember that your introduction should appeal to your readers' reason, emotions, and/or sense of ethics (in other words, get their interest). It should additionally identify your topic and end with a clear statement of your claim.
Your Claim/Thesis: Will consist of your evaluation of the degree to which the writer's argument is convincing
Your Audience: A university group whose members are unfamiliar with the original essay.
Citations: To cite the location of material that you refer to in the essay, use the paragraph number-either
integrate the reference into your sentence or use a parenthetical citation. For example: (par. 8).
Required Length: Minimum of three full pages. Essays that do not meet the length requirement will not be accepted.
Format (MLA Style):
Spacing: Double spaced throughout
Margins: 1 inch on all sides
Header: At top right 112 inch down, aligned to right margin; shows on every page; consists of your last name, one space, page number, no punctuation. Example: Bradford 1
Heading: Top left, double-spaced, four lines:
Your first and last name
Professors' names
Course name and section number
Date submitted
Title: Centered, primary words capitalized, double space only before and after, no bold or Italics or other change of font
Font: 12-point Times New Roman
Grading Criteria:
Clarity in stating your claim/thesis
Accuracy in identifying the article's claim and the reasons/evidence supporting the claim
Accuracy and thoroughness in discussing the argument's development and organization
Thorough evaluation of the argument's use of eVidence, response to opposing Views, and anticipation of reader objections
Logical organization of content and the development of your argument
Use of attributive verbs(use of authors name and signal verbs to introduce information)
Style (word choice, sentence structure) including the correct usage of commas and semi-colons
Mechanics (grammar, punctuation, spelling, typing)
Ability to follow directions (using correct MLA format, etc.)


Surface Waters and Underground Seas
Rachel Carson

Of all our natural resources water has become the most precious. By far the greater part of the earth's surface is covered by its enveloping seas, yet in the midst of this plenty we are in want. By a strange paradox, most of the earth's abundant water is not usable for agriculture, industry, or human consumption because of its heavy load of sea salts, and so most of the world's population is either experiencing or is threatened with critical shortages. In an age when man has forgotten his origins and is blind even to his most essential needs for survival, water along with other resources has become the victim of his indifference.
The problem of water pollution by pesticides can be understood only in context, as part of the whole to which it belongs-the pollution of the total environment of mankind. The pollution entering our waterways comes from many sources: radioactive wastes from reactors, laboratories, and hospitals; fallout from nuclear explosions; domestic wastes from cities and towns; chemical wastes from factories. To these is added a new kind of fallout-the chemical sprays applied to croplands and gardens, forests and fields. Many of the chemical agents in this alarming melange imitate and augment the harmful effects of radiation, and within the groups of chemicals themselves there are sinister and little-understood interactions, transformations, and summations of effect.
Ever since chemists began to manufacture substances that nature never invented, the problems of water purification have become complex and the danger to users of water has increased. As we have seen, the production of these synthetic chemicals in large volume began in the 1940's. It has now reached such proportions that an appalling deluge of chemical pollution is daily poured into the nation's waterways. When inextricably mixed with domestic and other wastes discharged into the same water, these chemicals sometimes defy detection by the methods in ordinary use by purification plants. Most of them are so stable that they cannot be broken down by ordinary processes. Often they cannot even be identified. In rivers, a really incredible variety of pollutants combine to produce deposits that the sanitary engineers can only despairingly refer to as "gunk." Professor Rolf Eliassen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology testified before a congressional committee to the impossibility of predicting the composite effect of these chemicals, or of identifying the organic matter resulting from the mixture. "We don't begin to know what that is;' said Professor Eliassen.What is the effect on the people? We don't know.
To an ever-increasing degree, chemicals used for the control of insects, rodents, or unwanted vegetation contribute to these organic pollutants. Some are deliberately applied to bodies of water to destroy plants, insect larvae, or undesired fishes. Some come from forest spraying that may blanket two or three million acres of a single state with spray directed against a single insect pest-spray that falls directly into streams or that drips down through the leafy canopy to the forest floor, there to become part of the slow movement of seeping moisture beginning its long journey to the sea. Probably the bulk of such contaminants are the waterborne residues of the millions of pounds of agricultural chemicals that have been applied to farmlands for insect or rodent control and have been leached out of the ground by rains to become part of the universal seaward movement of water.
Here and there we have dramatic evidence of the presence of these chemicals in our streams and even in public water supplies. For example, a sample of drinking water from an orchard area in Pennsylvania, when tested on fish in a laboratory, contained enough insecticide to kill all of the test fish in only four hours. Water from a stream draining sprayed cotton fields remained lethal to fishes even after it had passed through a purifying plant, and in fifteen streams tributary to the Tennessee River in Alabama the runoff from fields treated with toxaphene, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, killed all the fish inhabiting the streams. Two of these streams were sources of municipal water supply. Yet for a week after the application of the insecticide the water remained poisonous, a fact attested by the daily deaths of goldfish suspended in cages downstream.
For the most part this pollution is unseen and invisible, making its presence known when hundreds or thousands of fish die, but more often never detected at all. The chemist who guards water purity has no routine tests for these organic pollutants and no way to remove them. But whether detected or not, the pesticides are there, and as might be expected with any materials applied to land surfaces on so vast a scale, they have now found their way into many and perhaps all of the major river systems of the country.
If anyone doubts tat our waters have become almost universally contaminated with insecticides he should study a small report issued by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in 1960. The Service had carried our studies to discover whether fish, like warmblooded animals, store insecticides in their tissues. The first samples were taken from forest areas in the West where there had been mass spraying of DDT for the control of the spruce budworm. As might have been expected, all of these fish contained DDT. The really significant findings were made when the investigators turned for comparison to a creek in a remote area about 30 miles from the nearest spraying for budworm control. This creek was upstream from the first and separated from it by a high waterfall. No local spraying was known to have occurred. Yet these fish, too, contained DDT. Had the chemical reached this remote creek by hidden underground streams? Or had it been airborne, drifting down as fallout on the surface of the creek? In still another comparative study, DDT was found in the tissues of fish from a hatchery where the water supply originated in a deep well. Again there was no record of local spraying. The only possible means of contamination seemed to be by means of groundwater.
In the entire water-pollution problem, there is probably nothing more disturbing than the threat of widespread contamination of groundwater. It is not possible to add pesticides to water anywhere without threatening the purity of water everywhere. Seldom if ever does Nature operate in closed and separate compartments, and she has not done so in distributing the earth's water supply. Rain, falling on the land, settles down through pores and cracks in soil and rock, penetrating deeper and deeper until eventually it reaches a zone where all the pores of the rock are filled with water, a dark, subsurface sea, rising under hills, sinking beneath valleys. This groundwater is always on the move, sometimes at a pace so slow that it travels no more than 50 feet a year, sometimes rapidly, by comparison, so that it moves nearly a tenth of a mile in a day. It travels by unseen waterways until here and there it comes to the surface as a spring, or perhaps it is tapped to feed a well. But mostly it contributes to streams and so to rivers. Except for what enters streams directly as rain or surface runoff, all the running water of the earth's surface was at one time groundwater. And so, in a very real and frightening sense, pollution of the groundwater is pollution of water everywhere.
It must have been by such a dark, underground sea that poisonous chemicals traveled from a manufacturing plant in Colorado to a farming district several miles away, there to poison wells, sicken humans and livestock, and damage crops-an extraordinary episode that may easily be only the first of many like it. Its history, in brief, is this. In 1943, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal of the Army Chemical Corps, located near Denver, began to manufacture war materials. Eight years later the facilities of the arsenal were leased to a private oil company for the production of insecticides. Even before the change of operations, however, mysterious reports had begun to come in. Farmers several miles from the plant began to report unexplained sickness among livestock; they complained of extensive crop damage. Foliage turned yellow, plants failed to mature, and many crops were killed outright. There were reports of human illness, thought by some to be related.
The irrigation waters on these farms were derived from shallow wells. When the well waters were examined (in a study in 1959, in which several state and federal agencies participated) they were found to contain an assortment of chemicals. Chlorides, chlorates, salts of phosphonic acid, fluorides, and arsenic had been discharged from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal into holding ponds during the years of its operation. Apparently the groundwater between the arsenal and the farms had become contaminated and it had taken 7 to 8 years for the wastes to travel underground a distance of about 3 miles from the holding ponds to the nearest farm. This seepage had continued to spread and had further contaminated an area of unknown extent. The investigators knew of no way to contain the contamination or halt its advance.
All this was bad enough, but the most mysterious and probably in the long run the most significant feature of the whole episode was the discovery of the weed killer 2,4-D in some of the wells and in the holding ponds of the arsenal. Certainly its presence was enough to account for the damage to crops irrigated with this water. But the mystery lay in the fact that no 2,4-D had been manufactured at the arsenal at any stage of its operations.
After long and careful study, the chemists at the plant concluded that the 2,4-D had been formed spontaneously in the open basins. It had been formed there from other substances discharged from the arsenal; in the presence of air, water, and sunlight, and quite without the intervention of human chemists, the holding ponds had become chemical laboratories for the production of a new chemical-a chemical fatally damaging to much of the plant life it touched.
And so the story of the Colorado farms and their damaged crops assumes a significance that transcends its local importance. What other parallels may there be, not only in Colorado but wherever chemical pollution finds its way into public waters? In lakes and streams everywhere, in the presence of catalyzing air and sunlight, what dangerous substances may be born of parent chemicals labeled "harmless"?
Indeed one of the most alarming aspects of the chemical pollution of water is the fact that here-in river or lake or reservoir, or for that matter in the glass of water served at your dinner table-are mingled chemicals that no responsible chemist would think of combining in his laboratory. The possible interactions between these freely mixed chemicals are deeply disturbing to officials of the United States Public Health Service, who have expressed the fear that the production of harmful substances from comparatively innocuous chemicals may be taking place on quite a wide scale. The reactions may be between two or more chemicals, or between chemicals and the radioactive wastes that are being discharged into our rivers in ever-increasing volume. Under the impact of ionizing radiation some rearrangement of atoms could easily occur, changing the nature of the chemicals in a way that is not only unpredictable but beyond control.
It is, of course, not only the groundwaters that are becoming contaminated, but surface-moving waters as well- streams, rivers, irrigation waters. A disturbing example of the latter seems to be building up on the national wildlife refuges at Tule Lake and Lower Klamath, both in California. These refuges are part of a chain including also the refuge on Upper Klamath Lake just over the border in Oregon. All are linked, perhaps fatefully, by a shared water supply, and all are affected by the fact that they lie like small islands in a great sea of surrounding farmlands-land reclaimed by drainage and stream diversion from an original waterfowl paradise of marshland and open water.
These farmlands around the refuges are now irrigated by water from Upper Klamath Lake. The irrigation waters, recollected from the fields they have served, are then pumped into Tule Lake and from there to Lower Klamath. All of the waters of the wildlife refuges established on these two bodies of water therefore represent the drainage of agricultural lands. It is important to remember this in connection with recent happenings.
In the summer of 1960 the refuge staff picked up hundreds of dead and dying birds at Tule Lake and Lower Klamath. Most of them were fish-eating species-herons, pelicans, grebes, gulls. Upon analysis, they were found to contain insecticide residues identified as toxaphene, DDD, and DDE. Fish from the lakes were also found to contain insecticides; so did samples of plankton. The refuge manager believes that pesticide residues are now building up in the waters of these refuges, being conveyed there by return irrigation flow from heavily sprayed agricultural lands.
Such poisoning of waters set aside for conservation purposes could have consequences felt by every western duck hunter and by everyone to whom the sight and sound of drifting ribbons of waterfowl across an evening sky are precious. These particular refuges occupy critical positions in the conservation of western waterfowl. They lie at a point corresponding to the narrow neck of a funnel, into which all the migratory paths composing what is known as the Pacific Flyway converge. During the fall migration they receive many millions of ducks and geese from nesting grounds extending from the shores of Bering Sea east to Hudson Bayfully three fourths of all the waterfowl that move south into the Pacific Coast states in autumn.
In summer they provide nesting areas for waterfowl, especially for two endangered species, the redhead and the ruddy duck. If the lakes and pools of these refuges become seriously contaminated, the damage to the waterfowl populations of the Far West could be irreparable.
Water must also be thought of in terms of the chains of life it supports-from the small- as-dust green cells of the drifting plant plankton, through the minute water fleas to the fishes that strain plankton from the water and are in turn eaten by other fishes or by birds, mink, raccoons-in an endless cyclic transfer of materials from life to life. We know that the necessary minerals in the water are so passed from link to link of the food chains. Can we suppose that poisons we introduce into water will not also enter into these cycles of nature?
The answer is to be found in the amazing history of Clear Lake, California. Clear Lake lies in mountainous country some 90 miles north of San Francisco and has long been popular with anglers. The name is inappropriate, for actually it is a rather turbid lake because of the soft black ooze that covers its shallow bottom. Unfortunately for the fishermen and the resort dwellers on its shores, its waters have provided an ideal habitat for a small gnat, Chaoborus astictopus. Although closely related to mosquitoes, the gnat is not a bloodsucker and probably does not feed at all as an adult. However, human beings who shared its habitat found it annoying because of its sheer numbers. Efforts were made to control it but they were largely fruitless until, in the late 1940's, the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides offered new weapons. The chemical chosen for a fresh attack was DDD, a close relative of DDT but apparently offering fewer threats to fish life.
The new control measures undertaken in 1949 were carefully planned and few people would have supposed any harm could result. The lake was surveyed, its volume determined, and the insecticide applied in such great dilution that for every part of chemical there would be 70 million parts of water. Control of the gnats was at first good, but by 1954 the treatment had to be repeated, this time at the rate of 1 part of insecticide in 50 million parts of water. The destruction of the gnats was thought to be virtually complete.
The following winter months brought the first intimation that other life was affected: the western grebes on the lake began to die, and soon more than a hundred of them were reported dead. At Clear Lake the western grebe is a breeding bird and also a winter visitant, attracted by the abundant fish of the lake. It is a bird of spectacular appearance and beguiling habits; building its floating nests in shallow lakes of western United States and Canada. It is called the "swan grebe" with reason, for it glides with scarcely a ripple across the lake surface, the body riding low, white neck and shining black head held high. The newly hatched chick is clothed in soft gray down; in only a few hours it takes to the water and rides on the back of the father or mother, nestled under the parental wing coverts.
Following a third assault on the ever-resilient gnat population, in 1957, more grebes died. As had been true in 1954, no evidence of infectious disease could be discovered on examination of the dead birds. But when someone thought to analyze the fatty tissues of the grebes, they were found to be loaded with DDD in the extraordinary concentration of 1600 parts per million.
The maximum concentration applied to the water was 1/50 part per million. How could the chemical have built up to such prodigious levels in the grebes? These birds, of course, are fish eaters. When the fish of Clear Lake also were analyzed the picture began to take formthe poison being picked up by the smallest organisms, concentrated and passed on to the larger predators. Plankton organisms were found to contain about 5 parts per million of the insecticide (about 25 times the maximum concentration ever reached in the water itself); plant-eating fishes had built up accumulations ranging from 40 to 300 parts per million; carnivorous species had stored the most of all. One, a brown bullhead, had the astounding concentration of 2500 parts per million. It was a house-that -Jack-built sequence, in which the large carnivores had eaten the smaller carnivores, that had eaten the herbivoures, that had eaten the plankton, that had absorbed the poison from the water.
Even more extraordinary discoveries were made later. No trace ofDDD could be found in the water shortly after the last application of the chemical. But the poison had not really left the lake; it had merely gone into the fabric of the life the lake supports. Twenty-three months after the chemical treatment had ceased, the plankton still contained as much as 5.3 parts per million. In that interval of nearly two years, successive crops of plankton had flowered and faded away, but the poison, although no longer present in the water, had somehow passed from generation to generation. And it lived on in the animal life of the lake as well. All fish, birds, and frogs examined a year after the chemical applications had ceased still contained DDD. The amount found in the flesh always exceeded by many times the original concentration in the water. Among these living carriers were fish that had hatched nine months after the last DDD application, grebes, and California gulls that had built up concentrations of more than 2000 parts per million. Meanwhile, the nesting colonies of the grebes dwindled- from more than 1000 pairs before the first insecticide treatment to about 30 pairs in 1960. And even the thirty seem to have nested in vain, for no young grebes have been observed on the lake since the last DDD application.
This whole chain of poisoning, then, seems to rest on a base of minute plants which must have been the original concentrators. But what of the opposite end of the food chain-the human being who, in probable ignorance of all this sequence of events, has rigged his fishing tackle, caught a string of fish from the waters of Clear Lake, and taken them home to fry for his supper? What could a heavy dose of DDD, or perhaps repeated doses, do to him?
Although the California Department of Public Health professed to see no hazard, nevertheless in 1959 it required that the use of DDD in the lake be stopped. In view of the scientific evidence of the vast biological potency of this chemical, the action seems a minimum safety measure. The physiological effect of DDD is probably unique among insecticides, for it destroys part of the adrenal gland-the cells of the outer layer known as the adrenal cortex, which secretes the hormone cortin. This destructive effect, known since 1948, was at first believed to be confined to dogs, because it was not revealed in such experimental animals as monkeys, rats, or rabbits. It seemed suggestive, however, that DDD produced in dogs a condition very similar to that occurring in man in the presence of Addison's disease. Recent medical research has revealed that DDD does strongly suppress the function of the human adrenal cortex. Its cell-destroying capacity is now clinically utilized in the treatment of a rare type of cancer which develops in the adrenal gland.
The Clear Lake situation brings up a question that the public needs to face: Is it wise or desirable to use substances with such strong effect on physiological processes for the control of insects, especially when the control measures involve introducing the chemical directly into a body of water? The fact that the insecticide was applied in very low concentrations is meaningless, as its explosive progress through the natural food chain in the lake demonstrates. Yet Clear Lake is typical of a large and growing number of situations where solution of an obvious and often trivial problem creates a far more serious but conveniently less tangible one. Here the problem was resolved in favor of those annoyed by gnats, and at the expense of an unstated, and probably not even clearly understood, risk to all who took food or water from the lake.
It is an extraordinary fact that the deliberate introduction of poisons into a reservoir is becoming a fairly common practice. The purpose is usually to promote recreational uses, even though the water must then be treated at some expense to make it fit for its intended use as drinking water. When sportsmen of an area want to "improve" fishing in a reservoir, they prevail on authorities to dump quantities of poison into it to kill the undesired fish, which are then replaced with hatchery fish more suited to the sportsmen's taste. The procedure has a strange, Alice-in-Wonderland quality. The reservoir was created as a public water supply, yet the community, probably unconsulted about the sportsmen's project, is forced either to drink water containing poisonous residues or to payout tax money for treatment of the water to remove the poisons-treatments that are by no means foolproof.
As ground and surface waters are contaminated with pesticides and other chemicals, there is danger that not only poisonous but also cancer-producing substances are being introduced into public water supplies. Dr. W. C. Hueper of the National Cancer Institute has warned that "the danger of cancer hazards from the consumption of contaminated drinking water will grow considerably within the foreseeable future:' And indeed a study made in Holland in the early 1950's provides support for the view that polluted waterways may carry a cancer hazard. Cities receiving their drinking water from rivers had a higher death rate from cancer than did those whose water came from sources presumably less susceptible to pollution such as wells. Arsenic, the environmental substance most clearly established as causing cancer in man, is involved in two historic cases in which polluted water supplies caused widespread occurrence of cancer. In one case the arsenic came from the slag heaps of mining operations, in the other from rock with a high natural content of arsenic. These conditions may easily be duplicated as a result of heavy applications of arsenical insecticides. The soil in such areas becomes poisoned. Rains then carry part of the arsenic into streams, rivers, and reservoirs, as well as into the vast subterranean seas of groundwater.
Here again we are reminded that in nature nothing exists alone. To understand more clearly how the pollution of our world is happening, we must now look at another of the earth's basic resources, the soil.

This assignment will require students to articulate and critique the different philosophical paradigms (positivism and constructivism) and how they apply in real-world contexts. First, describe the ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions of both positivism and constructivism. Be sure to compare and contrast each of these assumptions for each philosophical position. Next, discuss the relationship between the positivist and constructivist paradigms and theories relevant to your field. For example, there are several schools of thought for how a human being should deal with stress. The positivist (medical model) posits that medication will achieve the best outcome. The medical model has support from the scientific community through published empirical data and results that support the medical models success in treatment. In contrast, some schools of Eastern medicine support the use of acupuncture as a way to reduce stress. While the theory for why this may be successful is not well-articulated, acupuncturists say that the effects are not easily explained through traditional medical models. However, there is a body of literature that claims that patients have experienced stress reduction despite theoretical support in relation to the physiological effects of acupuncture (constructivist). Finally, state your position as to which paradigm best fits your own belief system. Be sure to include the literature support for your points


Item Possible Points Score
Description of Ontology, Epistemology, and Methodology
Ontology, epistemology, and methodology were written clearly and concisely. 4
Statements are concise and focused 1
Theory in real world setting
Each theory is clearly described and appropriately applied to the students field. 3
The compare and contrast section is logical and clear 3
Preference for paradigm is clearly stated and supported by literature references. 2
Style and Format
APA style is appropriately used. 1
Grammar and style are within expectations for a technical report. 1
Total Points 15

The paper needs to be about the physiological affects of Hodgkins Disease
on the human body. The first page should describe the disease in
generalities. The next 4 pages should talk about the way the disease
attacks the body on a physiological level. It should reference how the
disease attacks the cells and tissues of the body and how the treatment
attacks the disease and affects the body. What are the different treatments
both now and before. Reference EVERYTHING!! Please make sure there are
anywhere between 10-15 references and please cite everything used
specificlly so my proffesor can look it up. This paper should be about 5
pages long completely about the physiology of Hodgkins Disease. Thank you

Summarize any article or movie that has a large physiological issues pertaining to it. Reflect on the results of the article or movie and show your point of view,

Answer the two questions. Be sure to answer all parts of the questions, identifying each individual segment of each response by its number and letter: for example, 1a, 1b, etc.
If possible use the following as a reference: Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior, 12th ed., by Charles Ksir, Carl L. Hart, and Oakley Ray (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008).

Question 2
a. Differentiate between a diagnosis of fetal alcohol effect (FAE) and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
b. If an infant is born to a drinking mother without any observable evidence of abnormal development, can we conclude that there was no detrimental impact of alcohol during the gestational period? Explain.
c. Develop a sound rationale against the ingestion of any alcohol during pregnancy, or develop an argument in support of permitting occasional ingestion of a small amount of alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 3
a. Discuss the rationales for and against viewing alcohol dependence as a disease.
b. Discuss the importance of cognitive factors and genetic factors in explaining why some people can drink in moderation and others become dependent on alcohol. Weigh the evidence supporting each of these two ideas.
c. Develop a series of insightful, reasoned statements reflecting your views on the effectiveness of current DUI laws, with specific reference to the behavioral impact of alcohol at various blood alcohol levels.

Please follow the ((210 APA Template Resource File)) guidelines specifically. ->Especially for the Results Section.
As well as the guidelines for the Results section provided please add a graph showing the anaylsis of the data output of the experiment.

The Intro Section should include brief summary of hypothesis of anagrams and overview of reference experiments and their conclusion in comparison to the anagram experiment conclusion. As well as normal intro section material.


References(please look up online-Westbrook and Chassin)

Holroyd, K.A., Westbrook, T., Wolf, M., & Badorn, E. (1978). Performance, cognition, and physiological responding in test anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 442-451.

Sarason, I.G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 929-938.

Zatz, S., & Chassin, L. (1985). Cognitions of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3I, 393-401



*****PLEASE DO NOT include the reference page as one of the six pages.*** Thank you!
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I chose the topic of How Stress effects Memory in Adults, The hypothesis could be something like Stress Effects Memory in Middle Aged Women or something like that. Not sure if you need this, but I will need a reference page and Title page included with APA in-citation format. I gather the proposed methodology is the hardest part, but it might not be for you. I did find sources if you need them or have a problem finding them, but that is up to you.Thank you for writing, this class has been difficult and I have to get a great grade on this paper in order to pass without messing up my GPA.

The proposal will include
the introduction/literature review, method section, predicted results, and discussion of what these results
mean. A title page, reference page, and abstract must also be included. The paper must be written in
APA format and the proposed study must be feasible (i.e., can be carried out). It is important that you
consider feasibility of collecting data and running the study so that you avoid potential problems if you do
carry out the research project.

. In short, what actions are you going to take in order to answer the question? When will you know whether the hypothesis has been proven wrong, or has survived enough tests to be considered, for now, valid? Those tests and the way you are supposed to handle them to give rigor to your research is what is understood under methods. Methods divide in qualitative (interviews, questionnaires) and quantitative (statistics, stuff that deals intensively with numbers). For some projects qualitative methods are more appropriate, for some quantitative, while for most a mixture of the two is adequate. You should pick your methods and justify your choice.

I will include a sample paper the instructor provided if you would like to take a look. Not sure if you wanted it or not. And I found some articles, but I did not know if that would make it easier or harder for you. The format won't be right on here, but it will give you the idea. You certainly don't have to read it if you do not want too, I just included it because the instructor did. The proposed method and materials and procedure is up to you unless you would like me to come up with them.


. Abstract
Death is the universal end of all living organisms, through which all life-supporting functions cease all operations (Cicarrelli, 2001). Objective notions of death then generate subjective notions, promoting fear of death, death attitudes, and death acceptance. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the variables on death obsession. The study will be comprised of three groups of 50 participants. A stepwise multiple regression analysis will be conducted with age, death anxiety, and religiosity as predictors of death obsession. Pearsons r correlations will be conducted to determine individual effects of each variable on death obsession and on each other. It is predicted that older adults, experiencing high death anxiety and low religiosity will experience death obsession.
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The Relationship between Death Obsession and Religiosity during Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood

Death: the ultimate state of being which no human can ever escape. Defined as universal, irreversible, and resulting in the termination of all mental and bodily functions that once defined a living person, death is thus regarded by most as the inescapable, nature-enforced commandment the self must one day encounter and to which fall prey (Ciceralli, 2001). In concert with this objective and an individuals subjective analysis of death comes the seemingly inevitable fear of death (Ciceralli, 2001), death anxiety, and, in some specific cases, death obsession (Abel-Khalek, 2005), which present themselves in all stages of a persons life, beginning around middle to late childhood with no evident period of extinction. Research in this topic has helped psychologists and clients gain a better understanding of the implications of death and their effect on the lives of human beings. By continuing research in this field, it is probable that the existent pool of knowledge on death and its variants will expand, thus allowing for an increase in understanding and in professionals ability to help their clients.

Most of deaths relatable variables are multidimensional in principle. The overall relatable variables include age (Noppe & Noppe), religiosity (Cicirelli, 2001), death concept (Cotton & Range, 1990), death acceptance (Abdel-Khalek, 2002), death anxiety (Abdel-Khalek, 2002), implicit and explicit death attitudes (Bassett & Dabbs, 2003), fear of death (Abdel-Khalek, 2002), and death obsession (Abdel-Khalek, 2005). Those that are multidimensional in principle include death concept, death acceptance, fear of death, implicit and explicit death attitudes, and religiosity. The purpose of this research project is to become better acquainted with the above mentioned multidimensional death variables in an effort to design a sound study that will strengthen and expand contemporary understanding of death obsession as a function of age, death anxiety, and a considerable belief in the afterlife.

Death Concept

Death concept is a measure of perception by which individuals perspective on death and other death relatable variables are determined. As all multidimensional variables, death concept is broken down into four distinct components: irreversibility, finality, inevitability, and causality. The first component, irreversibility, is the awareness that the biology of a human being cannot be changed and that once dead, the cadaver, or physical body cannot be brought back to life. The second component, finality, is the awareness that, once deceased, the body will no longer resume the life-essential functions it previously performed- death is the cessation of all function. Finality is further divided into three notions: immobility, or the non-existent levels of activity found in the lifeless body after death, dysfunctionality, or the cessation of bodily functions such metabolism, and insensitivity, or the cessation of all sensory functions such as reflection. The third component, inevitability, is the awareness that death is a universal component of life that cannot be conquered- the understanding that the self will one day be surmounted by death. The fourth and final component, causality, is the awareness that the factors leading to the death of the self and others are physiological ones. This component of death concept is especially necessary when explaining the concept of death to children for they are at risk of blaming themselves for the death of a person to whom they were closely attached (Cotton & Range, 1990).

Death concept has been found to be affected not by age, as most other death relatable variables seem to be, but to the cognitive level and past death experiences of human beings (Cotton & Range, 1990). Individuals exhibiting mature cognitive levels tend to have a more accurate perception of each of the four components of death concept. Individuals with past death experience, who were in an emotionally supportive environment which provided accurately detailed explanations of the death process also showed accurate death concepts, while those who experienced death in non-supportive environment tended to have a greater amount of inaccuracy (Cotton & Range, 1990).
Based on past research, an accurate perception on the inevitability of death, the third component of death concept discussed above, is now thought to be related to an individuals development of abstract thinking (Cicirelli, 2001). An accurate death concept is thus unlikely to be found in children and young adolescents who have yet to acquire this pattern of thought.

Religiosity

Another multidimensional variable related to death is religiosity, which is defined by the amount of religious conviction present in a human being. For instance, nuns, priests, and other devout followers of a specfic faith or belief score high on religiosity scales, while their apathetic counterparts score low on those same scales. According to Harding et al. (2005), religiosity has four main dimensions: ritual religiosity (e.g. the attendance rates of services and ceremonies), experiential religiosity (e.g. the extent of individuals comfort with and faith in the religion they are committed to), consequential religiosity (e.g. the influence individuals religion holds on their day-to-day decisions), and theological religiosity (e.g. individuals beliefs in a dominant higher power and the existence of an afterlife).

It has been found that older individuals report high measures of religiosity (Cicirelli, 2001), as well as low levels of death anxiety (Knight & Elfenbein, 1993), have higher levels of death acceptance, and have positive death concepts (Harding et al., 2005). As with most multidimensional variables, conflicting data has been reported. Harding et al (2005) suggests that religious individuals may experience a degree of death anxiety, while also experiencing a degree of death acceptance.

Fear of Death

Fear of death, more commonly regarded as death anxiety, is a negative death attitude resulting in an individuals slight to severe apprehension and trepidation towards various aspects of death. Multidimensional in nature, fear of death can portray itself in one of three ways: (1) fear of the unknown- what is to come after death, (2) fear of the dying process and the pain that might come from it, and (3) fear of total annihilation, or death of the self- ceasing to be (Abdel-Khalek, 2002). As sustained by past research, viewing death as annihilation has been associated with the greatest amount of death fear, while viewing death as the onset of a new life separate from the biological realm relates to significantly lowered rates of fear (Cicirelli, 2001).
Fear of death has been found to decrease with age and states of health, with the greatest amount of fear observed among younger individuals who are cognitively mature enough to understand the various components of death (Knight & Elfenbein, 1993), as well as the terminally ill and old aged individuals who are aware of deaths rapidly advancing footsteps (Cicirelli, 2000). Whether young or old, fear of death frequently pivoted around the mutual separation between an individual and his loved ones, life-defining activities, and future pursuits (Noppe & Noppe, 1997).
It can be assumed that a relationship between the type of central worry brought on by the thoughts of death and the age at which these worries are reflected upon has a major impact on the amount of fear experienced by individuals in that age group. For instance, adolescents high fear of death rates in comparison to older adults low fear of death rates can be rationalized by their desires to reach their future target aspirations and their desires to create long-lasting legacies (Noppe & Noppe).
For older adults, death is no longer the motivator by which desired tasks are completed or by which life is enjoyed to the fullest, for life has almost all come and gone. Furthermore, older adults are no longer strongly attached to any one person, most of their contemporary friends and spouses, people to which they have been closest to in life, having passed away or in the process of doing so (Cicerelli, 2001).

Also, dependent upon the type of death associated explanations children receive from their parents, is the extent by which a child will exhibit fear of death. Receptive, objective, and accurate explanations are negatively correlated to fear of death (Knight, Elfenbein, Capozzi, 2000). The environment in which the child experiences this death is also important. Warm, emotionally supportive, and communicative environments relate to reduced amounts of fear (Bluck et al., 2008).
Implicit and Explicit Death Attitudes

Death attitudes are measures of perception in which an individuals outlook on the connotation of death is qualified as either positive or negative. In an effort to protect themselves from the fear and anxiety produced by negative concepts of death, concepts sometimes so aversive that they must be kept out of conscious awareness ( Bassett & Dabbs, 2003, p. 352), individuals create implicit and explicit death attitudes. These attitudes diverge in emotional potency and accuracy in order to help bereaved individuals deal with their fear while allowing them lead normal lives. Implicit attitudes are found in the unconscious realm of the human mind, in which a persons true attitudes towards death are stored and kept locked away in an effort to keep the body and mind at ease in its environment.
Explicit attitudes are found in the conscious regions of the mind, in which a slightly skewed death concept is stored. While explicit death attitudes have been found to be slight in most individuals and to gradually reduce with the passing of time and age, implicit death attitudes have been found to be extensive and relatively stable throughout specific age stages. Implicit and explicit attitudes have yet to be studied in the various stages of adulthood (Bassett & Dabbs, 2003).

Death Acceptance

Death acceptance is an individuals acknowledgement of and acquiescence to death. There are three forms of death acceptance: (1) neutral acceptance, in which death is neither viewed as good or bad, negative or positive, but as a universal mandate which all living organisms must adhere to, (2) approach-oriented acceptance, in which death is viewed as the key to a previously locked door, a door that might lead to life after death, and (3) escape-oriented acceptance, in which death is viewed as an exit route from a painful, biologically impeded existence (Abdel-Khalek, 2002). Studies show high death acceptance in older individuals, those with low rates of death anxiety, and those with high rates of religiosity (Harding et al., 2005).
Proposed Study
The present study will examine the correlative effects of age, death anxiety, and religiosity on death obsession: importunate, recurring thoughts and ruminations, ideas and images that pivot around death, whether of the self or of another person (Abdel-Khalek, 2005).
Based upon the previous research, it is hypothesized that adults categorized as belonging in the late adulthood stage, experiencing high death anxiety, and low to non-existent levels of religiosity will experience higher rates of death obsession than younger adults experiencing high levels of religiosity and low levels of death anxiety.

Method Participants

The study will be comprised of three distinct groups of participants with a group sample size of 50 for a total of 150 participants. The three groups are categorized as the early adult group (ages 18 to 39), the middle adult group (ages 40 to 64) and the late adult group (ages 65 and older). The participants belonging to the early and late adult groups will be made up of students and professors from a small liberal arts university located in a small, rural city of western Florida. The participants belonging to the late adult stage will be made up of residents of Edwinola Retirement Community located in a small, rural city of western Florida. The study will attempt to obtain equal numbers of male and female participants as well as a diversified population group congruent with the rural environment of the city in which the study will take place.
Materials and Procedure
Participants in the early and middle adult group will be randomly chosen from a list of full-time students (12 or more credits) and faculty members from the aforementioned university. Participants in the late adlt group will be randomly chosen from a list of residential members currently residing in Edwinola. All participants will be given a packet containing: (1) an informed consent sheet, (2) a demographics sheet, (3) a death anxiety measure, (4) a religiosity measure; (5) a death obsession measure; and (6) a spirituality measure. The demographics sheet will consist of the following items: sex, age, ethnicity, level of education, religious affiliation, and perceived extent of a belief in the afterlife. The last item mentioned will consist of a 5-point scale in which participants will indicate no belief with a 1 and an assured belief with a 5.
The death anxiety measure (Appendix A) to be used will be Thorson and Powells (1994) 25-item Revised Death Anxiety Scale (DAS-R) in which participants rate their agreement to death related statements on a 0-4 scale. The religiosity measure (Appendix B) to be used will be Rohrbaugh and Jessors (1975) eight-item Religiosity Measure scored on a 0-4 scale which measures four diverse dimensions of religiosity. The death obsession measure (Appendix C) to be used will be Abdel-Khaleks (1998) 15-item, 5-point intensity Death Obsession Scale (DOS) in which a high score (range = 15-75) indicates a high obsession rate.
The spirituality measure (Appendix D) to be used will be Hodges (2003) six-item, Intrinsic Spirituality Scale measuring spirituality within the context of internal religiosity, measured on a 0-10 scale. After the participants complete their packet, the informed consent sheet will be separated from the rest of the packet and stored separately to maintain confidentiality.
The reliability and validity information for the aforementioned scales are as follows: Thorson and Powells (1994) DAS-R has a reliability coefficient of .804 and an overall p value of less that .05; Rohrbaugh and Jessors (1975) Religiosity Measure has mean validity coefficient of .69 and a reliability coefficient of .90; Abdel-Khaleks (1998) DOS has a death anxiety mean validity coefficient of .60 and a reliability coefficient above .90; and finally, Hodges (2003) Intrinsic Spirituality Scale has a mean validity coefficient of 1.74 times the error measurement (Hodge, 2003) and a reliability coefficient of .80.
Results
In order to determine the effects of age (early, middle, and late adulthood), death anxiety, and religiosity on death obsession, a stepwise multiple regression analysis will be conducted with age, death anxiety, and religiosity as the predictors of death obsession. As will be shown in Table 1, there will be [Sufficient / insufficient?] evidence to conclude that age (M = ___, SD = ___), religion (M = ___, SD = ___), and death anxiety (M = ___, SD = ___) are significant predictors of death obsession (M = ___, SD = ___), as measured by the revised DAS-R, Religiosity Measure, and DOS questionnaires, F (__, __) = ___, p = ___.

Pearsons r correlations will be conducted in order to determine the individual effects of age, death anxiety, and religiosity on death obsession, as well as the individual effects of: age on death anxiety, religiosity, and spirituality; death anxiety on religiosity and spirituality; and religiosity on spirituality. As will be shown in Table 2, There will be [Sufficient / Insufficient] evidence to conclude that a negative correlation exits between religiosity and death obsession ( r = ____), religiosity and death anxiety ( r = ____), age and death anxiety ( r = ____), and spirituality and death anxiety ( r = ____). As will be shown in Table 3, There will be [Sufficient / Insufficient] evidence to conclude that a positive correlation exists between age and death obsession ( r = ____), death anxiety and death obsession ( r = ____), as well as with religiosity and spirituality ( r = ____), and age and spirituality ( r = ____), and spirituality and death anxiety ( r = ____).
Discussion
The purpose of the present study will be to examine the correlative effects of age, death anxiety, and religiosity on death obsession. It is hypothesized that adults categorized as belonging in the late adulthood stage, experiencing high death anxiety, and low to non-existent levels of religiosity will experience higher rates of death obsession than younger adults experiencing high levels of religiosity and low levels of death anxiety.
Possible Outcome #1: Consistent with the hypothesis, age, death anxiety, and religiosity will be predictive of death obsession. Late age will predict high death obsession scores, lower religiosity and spirituality scores, as well as lower death anxiety scores. High death anxiety will predict high death obsession and low religiosity and spirituality scores. Finally, religiosity will predict low death obsession scores and high spirituality scores.
Possible Outcome #2: Contrary to the hypothesis, age, death anxiety, and religiosity will not be predictive of death obsession. Late age will not predict high death obsession scores, lower religiosity and spirituality scores, as well as lower death anxiety scores. High death anxiety will not predict high death obsession and low religiosity and spirituality scores. Finally, religiosity will not predict low death obsession scores and high spirituality scores.

There are three main reasons which can accurately explain why age, death anxiety, and religiosity area may not be predictive of death obsession. First, as consistent with Cotton and Range (1990), the sample size of each of the groups may be too small to detect a significant predictive effect on the stepwise multiple regression analysis and subsequent correlative analysis. More participants under each of the three distinct age groups (early, middle, late) would be sought and supplemental analysis run on a composite of old and new data. Second, there is a high risk that participants will provide fictitious information when filling the questionnaires, thus skewing the data and distorting the results. In order to evade this problem, all scores two or more standard deviations above the mean will be thrown out. Finally, the ability for older adults to fill out the semi-long questionnaire packet may have a strong impact on the predictive qualities of the mentioned variables on death obsession. Assisting the older adults in filling out their forms may prove beneficial, and maybe imperative, in obtaining accurate data.

Though these specified problems may pose significant threats and thus contribute to the predictive failure of the variables, it is also quite likely that the variables do not predict death obsession. In this case, age, religiosity, and death anxiety would not be a collective predictor of death obsession. Provided that previous research has determined that fear of death is inversely correlated to death acceptance (Harding et al., 2005), religiosity (Harding et al., 2005) and age (Knight & Elfenbein, 1993), and that negative implicit and explicit attitudes have been associated with inaccurate death concepts, low death acceptance, high fear of death, and low levels of religiosity (Bassett & Dabbs, 2003), there is a high possibility that this study may reveal the absence of predictive qualities in the amalgamation of age, anxiety, and religiosity in terms of death obsession.

Future research may be needed in the assessment of the cognitive and behavioral effects of death obsession on individuals who have been diagnosed with it. This subsequent test would assist in determining which variables are accurate predictors of death obsession and in determining the neurological effects of the disorder.


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References
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1998). The structure and measurement of death obsession.
Personality and Individual Differences, 24(2), 159-165.
Abdel-Khalek, A. (2005). Happiness and death distress: Two separate factors. Death Studies, 29(10), 949-958.
Abdel-Khalek, A. (2002). Why do we fear death? The construction and validation of the reasons for death far scale. Death Studies, 26(8), 669-680.
Bassett, J., & Dabbs, J. (2003). Evaluating explicit and implicit death attitudes in funeral and university students. Mortality, 8(4), 352-371.
Bluck, S., Dirk, J., Mackay, M., & Hux, A. (2008). Life experience with death: Relation to death attitudes and to the use of death-related memories. Death Studies, 32(6), 524- 549.
Cicerelli, V. (2001). Personal meanings of death in older adults and young adults in relation to their first fears of death. Death Studies, 25(8), 663-683.
Cotton, C., & Range, L. (1990). Children's death concepts: Relationship to cognitive functioning, age, experience with death, fear of death, and hopelessness. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(2), 123-127.
Hodge, R. (2003). Intrinsic spirituality scale: A new six-item instrument assessing the salience of
spirituality as a motivational construct. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(1), 41-61.
Harding, S., Flannelly, K., Weaver, A., & Costa, K. (2005). The influence of religion on death anxiety and death acceptance. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(4), 253-261.
Knight, K., & Elfenbein, M. (1993). Relationship of death education to the anxiety, fear, and meaning associated with death. Death Studies, 17(5), 411-425.
Knight, K., Elfenbein, M., & Capozzi, L.(2000). Relationship of recollection of first death experience to current death attitudes. Death Studies, 24(3), 201-221.
Noppe, I., & Noppe, L. (1997). Evolving meanings of death during early, middle, and later adolescence. Death Studies, 21(3), 253-275.
Rohrbaugh, J., & Jessor, R. (1975). Religiosity in youth: A personal control against deviant behavior?. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 136-155.
Thorson, J., & Powell, F. (1994). A Revised Death Anxiety Scale. Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application (pp. 31-43). Philadelphia, PA US: Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.



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Paper is about negative effect of media on different aged group.
I have a paper that needs a major revising. It needs more thightining and needs more clarifications. You can change my essay but please coinside/collide it with the paper im trying to imply.it dosent have to be the whole essay of it, at least the portion of it. requirements of the paper: It needs one intro(creative hook, background then thesis) 4 body paragraph: each paragraph needs statement sentence, concrete details and commentary at least 3 sequence of this each paragraph. then conclusion. I will email to you the essay i poorly did. if you have any questions pls freely email me. Thank you
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This will be used for my Psych class, also as a research paper for english comp. You can do the effects of marijuana on whatever is easiest, but it has to have psych tied into it.
Other stuff: Needs an outline-5 sources from 3 different types of media-Use at least one quote or paraphrase in each body paragraph-Concludes with a summary of the main ideas and ends with a closing thought-
Muchas Gracias.

Prepare a 1,400- to 1,650-word paper in which you analyze the effect of population density and noise on individuals. As a part of your analysis be sure to address the following items:

Describe the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space.

Examine how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser.

Clarify the effect nature (e.g., zoos, parks, gardens) has on individuals living in urban environments.

Describe the concept of noise and examine the effect that it has on individuals.

Examine at least two strategies that can be used to reduce noise in the workplace or in the living environment.

4 works cited

Please make sure the sources are available for me to view.

I need a 1200 word paper about the effects of dehydration. The paper must include the following responses:
Why is water essential to health maintenance?
What are the functions of water in the body?
What happens to the body when it does not get the water it needs?
Compare and contrast how different electrolytessodium, potassium, and chloridefunction in the body.
What effects can alcohol and caffeine have on hydration levels in the body?
What steps can people take to ensure they do not become dehydrated?

Use the Virtual Library subscription to effectively find evidence-based research articles in nursing peer-reviewed journals that relate physiological changes associated with aging.The first part of the paper is the introduction. It should be one paragraph that attracts attention and introduces the topic and purpose of the paper. Include Introduction heading. The summary is te second part of the body f the paper.It should include the following for each article: appropriate heading, focus on the article, discussion of physiological changes associated with aging. In Conclusion, identify the main ideas and major support points from the body of the paper. Include Conclusion heading.Include 4 scholarly , peer-reviewed nursing journal articles that not older than 5 years. Follow the APA rules.