Law enforcement officers are tasked with the responsibility of keeping citizens in their community safe from criminal activity. This includes ensuring that the rights of individuals are not violated.


?Briefly summarize the rules of procedure found in the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments.

?Do you agree that for police to take action, their response must be just, and that they must recognize the rights of individuals while at the same time holding them accountable for their actions as defined by law? Support your position.

?Have the courts provided adequate protection to citizens against officers who have exceeded their authority? Explain.

?In which areas of search and seizure do feel that the courts have not gone far enough? Support your position.

?In which areas do you feel that the courts have gone too far? Support your position.

Select and read at least three recent political events regarding law enforcement officers, corrections officers, or court personnel. Write a paper that gives a brief description of each incident researched. Your paper must include answers to each of the following questions. Your paper must also include an APA formatted reference page citing your sources.?What were some of the politics within the organization that may have been of concern? (e.g., no money for equipment; inadequate leadership, lack of training, etc.) Did these factors play a significant role in the outcome of events?
?Was there on-the-job stress? If so, what may have caused it? Are the problems described work-related or personal?
?What, if anything, do you think could have been done differently to minimize or eliminate the politics, stress and attitudes in this incident?
Next, you are to prepare reflective written responses for each of the statements below.

?What are some of the current sources of stress for the criminal justice professional?
?Do you believe that agencies provide adequate assistance with managing occupational stressors?
?What politics do you believe exist within the field of criminal justice? Please elaborate.
?Describe several contemporary concerns impacting criminal justice professionals.
?What solutions would you recommend for addressing occupational stressors and concerns impacting criminal justice professionals today? Please defend your proposed solutions.


?Suggested books:
?Komie, Lowell B., The Judge?s Chambers and Other Stories
?Murphy Jr., John F., Seven Short Stories from the Criminal Court
?Sassman, Richard, Bar Harbor Police Beat: True Stories from the Police Files of Mount Desert island, Maine
?Sturdivant, Edward S., The Singing C.O.: My Life and Ministry as a Corrections Officer in the County Jail
?Sutton, Randy Sgt., True Blue
?Taubman, Bryna, Lady Cop: True Stores of Police Women in Americas Toughest City
?Willis, Clint, NYPD: Stories of Survival from the World?s Toughest Beat

Abstract
In this paper, I will address as a law enforcement officer my definition of justice as it relates to the component of law enforcement. I will address over the two years studying at the University of Phoenix how justice forms my decision of the definition. I will discuss three current practices of the component that demonstrate the successful achievement of justice. Further, I will discuss three examples of changes the component has undergone as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Last, I will address the three biggest challenges in the next 10 years for the law enforcement component.
Pursuing Criminal Justice
A: Intro ?
A: Give an history how law enforcement formed justice.
B: Explain my personnel view of justice and if over the last two years attending University of Phoenix has changed my personnel view of justice.

B: Body ?
A: Community Policing
B: Policy
C: Law Enforcement Personnel

Body Part 2 ?
A: Community Policing to Proactive Policing
B: Policing Equipment ? Firearm, BIO Suits, and Communication.
C: Incident Command ? How to respond and deal with an high incident.

Body Part 3-
A: Preventing a terrorist attack
B: Applying Community Policing and being proactive police force
C: Funding and training

Conclusion-
Summary and conclusion to the paper.

human diversity in law enforcement,

1) dinfine the following terms:
a. discriminatory profiling
b. bias based policing
c. expectation of privacy
d. reasonble suspicion vs. probable cause.

2) List and discuss elements that might help or impede communication between different societal elements
3) identify ways for law enforcement officers to minimize conflict

CRJ620 WEEK 1 DISCUSSION

STUDENT.ASHFORD.EDU

PLEASE GO INTO THE CLASS AND LOOK AT WHAT IS NEEDED THANK YOU

WEEK 1 DISCUSSION

Prior to beginning work on this discussion read Chapters 3 and 4 in your textbook.

Choose one of the following external threats to law enforcement and corrections. (If your choice does not work equally well for both law enforcement and corrections, you may choose one for each.)

Law enforcement and corrections can be impacted by many external threats. These include external communication gaps and many environmental influences.
Bodycams
Community support
Demographic factors
Funding issues
Media
Perceived threats
Politics
Societal cultural factors
Supreme Court Decisions (common law)
Technology
Unions
Research your chosen topic(s) using a minimum of three professional resources. (Access the MSCJ Professional Sources guide (Links to an external site.) for assistance with finding appropriate resources.) Provide a brief description of each professional resource including a rationale as to why it is appropriate for the chosen topic(s). Based on your research create a summary of your topic(s). Within the summary, explain how the external threat impacts the organizational behavior in law enforcement and corrections. Describe how law enforcement and corrections might combat those external threats. Support your statements with evidence from your professional sources

WEEK 3 DISCUSSION

Prior to beginning work on this discussion read Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 9 in your textbook, the Sever (2008) (Links to an external site.) and Courtemanche (2011) (Links to an external site.) articles. Research a minimum of two additional scholarly and/or professional sources (Links to an external site.) on the culture of corrections in your state. (Access the MSCJ Professional Sources guide (Links to an external site.) for assistance with finding appropriate resources.)

As outlined in the readings, the institutional culture of policing impacts decision making. There even exists a subculture within policing organizations that can also impact decisions. This subculture results from the culture that develops among coworkers from working so closely and having such a huge responsibility to each other as corrections personnel. The subculture is further influenced by leadership decisions within the corrections organization.

Oftentimes corrections officers feel as though their hands are tied in the ways in which they can intervene in given situations. Corrections officers feel that policies and legal mandates interfere with their ability to maintain a safe environment. They also feel that both action and inaction may equally lead to risks of litigation against them. This leads to officers finding innovative methods for circumventing policies that can lead to institutional behaviors that do not match policies and mandates.

Drawing on your current professional expertise and utilizing the required and researched sources, create an initial post in which you analyze institutional behavior in your state corrections system.

Identify your state and explain the general culture of the institutions within it.
Describe how professionalism can be tied directly to the institutional culture and organizational subculture.
Analyze the recommendations made for institutional culture changes within the readings and discuss how these changes could be implemented in your state.

WEEK 4 DISCUSSION

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read Chapters 8 and 12 in your textbook. Search the web for your local police department or sheriff?s office. On the website, search for the types of events and/or activities planned to improve community relationships. Evaluate how these events and/or activities are communicated to the public. Create your initial post with a bulleted or numbered list of each activity and/or event for the organization. Evaluate how the effects of communication impacts agency operations in improving community relations. Provide your personal opinion as to the effectiveness of these activities and/or events and their true impact on building community relationships.

WEEK 5 DISCUSSION

Prior to beginning work on this discussion read Chapter 5 in your textbook and review the AELE Law Enforcement (2015) Police body-worn cameras website. (Links to an external site.) Research a minimum of two additional professional sources for policies on body cameras. (Access the MSCJ Professional Sources guide (Links to an external site.) for assistance with finding appropriate resources.)

Law enforcement believes body cameras will absolve them of wrongdoing while the public sees body cameras as a way to hold law enforcement accountable. Before equipping law enforcement with body cameras, there must be a stringent policy in place devised with community input. Include the following in your initial post.

Evaluate the effects of legal issues on agency operations in using body cameras.
Assess the impact of fiscal issues using body cameras in law enforcement and correctional organizations.
Assess the impact of human resources issues using body cams in law enforcement and correctional organizations.
Using the scenario you chosePreview the documentView in a new window in Week Two discuss how the outcome would likely have been different if body cameras had been in use.

WEEK 6 DISCUSSION


Prior to beginning work on this discussion read Chapter 14 in your textbook and the article on racial balance in the New Orleans Police Department (Links to an external site.). Research a minimum of two additional scholarly and/or professional sources on recruitment strategies for law enforcement personnel. (Access the MSCJ Professional Sources guide (Links to an external site.) for assistance with finding appropriate resources.)

As outlined in the article, after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, the Associated Press analyzed police forces across the country to determine the racial balance of law enforcement with the communities they protect and serve. The analysis indicated that the hiring of black officers has improved in general. However, this is not the case for primarily Hispanic populated communities. There are 49 communities across the country that are largely Hispanic, yet the police forces of these communities employ more than 50 percent white officers.

As indicated by Attorney General Holder, police departments should reflect the communities they serve in terms of the racial balance. Clearly, police departments in at least 49 communities in the United States need to recruit more Hispanic officers to balance their departments. Even diverse police departments can still be found to be discriminatory. This was the case for the New Orleans Police Department which, although it was found to have the greatest racial balance with its residents, was still found to be discriminating against African-Americans by the Justice Department in 2012.

Utilize your required and researched sources to create an initial post that assesses the impact of human resources issues by proposing recruitment strategies to hire Hispanic law enforcement officers in at least one community of your choice that has a large Hispanic population. Include at least three strategies for your chosen community.

Building a More Just Society

The purpose of the Final Paper is for students to pick a branch of the criminal justice system and then answer, for the role of a specific professional, the branch of the criminal justice system, and the criminal justice system at large, how they can use the social justice principles of equality, solidarity, and human rights to build a more just society.

Example: if the student chooses law enforcement and the issue is profiling citizens to investigate potential crime, the students will research, analyze, and propose how a law enforcement officer, law enforcement agencies, and the criminal justice system at large can each use the social justice principles of equality, solidarity, and human rights to build a more just society.

Choose one of the three main branches of the criminal justice system: law enforcement, the judiciary, or corrections. Your paper should address areas I, II, and III in the body of your paper.

Part I:
If you chose law enforcement:
Law enforcement professionals must execute justice by upholding the law in an ethical and constitutional manner. Which parts of the Constitution of the United States are most relevant to the ethical standards of law enforcement professionals? How do law enforcement professionals ensure that they uphold the Constitution? How can law enforcement professionals use the social justice principles of equality, solidarity, and human rights to build a more just society?
If you chose the judiciary:
Professionals in the judiciary, including prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges, must execute justice by upholding the law in an ethical manner. Which parts of the Constitution of the United States are most relevant to the ethical standards of professionals in the judiciary? How do professionals in the judiciary uphold the Constitution? How can a professional in the judiciary use the social justice principles of equality, solidarity, and human rights to build a more just society?
If you chose corrections:
Corrections professionals must execute justice by upholding the law in an ethical and constitutional manner. Which parts of the Constitution of the United States are most relevant to the ethical standards of corrections professionals? How do corrections professionals ensure that they uphold the Constitution? How can corrections professionals use the social justice principles of equality, solidarity, and human rights to build a more just society?

Part II:
If you chose law enforcement:
Why do people commit crime? How can law enforcement professionals use criminal theory to understand criminal actions? How can this understanding inform their practice?
If you chose the judiciary:
Why do people commit crime? How can professionals in the judiciary use criminal theory to understand criminal actions? How can this understanding inform their practice?
If you chose corrections:
Why do people commit crime? How can corrections professionals use criminal theory to understand criminal actions? How can this understanding inform their practice?

Part III:
If you chose law enforcement:
What are three main issues that face law enforcement professionals on a regular basis? What are the best responses to these issues?
If you chose the judiciary:
What are the three main issues that face professionals in the judiciary on a regular basis? What are the best responses to these issues?
If you chose corrections:
What are the three main issues that face corrections professionals on a regular basis? What are the best responses to these issues?

The paper must be six to eight pages in length and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least five scholarly resources other than the textbook to support your claims. Cite your sources within the text of your paper and on the reference page.
The Final Paper:
Must be six to eight double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style
? Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
? Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
? Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
? Must use at least five scholarly resources, other than the textbook to support your claims
? Cite your sources within the text of your paper and on the reference page.
? Must document all sources in APA style
? Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style

Content Criteria
All key elements of the assignment are substantively covered.
? One of the three main branches of the criminal justice system is fully covered.
? Sections of the paper are integrated together in the analysis.
The content is comprehensive, accurate, and well developed.
The paper develops a central theme or idea directed toward the appropriate audience.
Major points are stated clearly.
? Arguments are organized logically and supported by specific details, examples, or analysis.

For your final project you will conduct two interviews with practicing professionals in the field of law enforcement. These individuals may occupy positions in federal, state, county or municipal police agencies, probation, parole, or prosecutors' offices.

It is preferable that you conduct the interviews in person, but telephone interviews will be acceptable if in-person interviews cannot be arranged.

Focus on the following questions in your interviews:

Why are ethics and character so important in the field of law enforcement?
Do the interviewees feel that police are more ethical today, or were they more ethical ten years ago?
Why do police officers become involved in misconduct?
Do the interviewees feel that there is enough training offered in ethics at the police academy level? If not, why is that?
Should ethics training be offered as an on-going process for law enforcement officers?
Do the interviewees feel that education and/or training in ethics would reduce incidents of police corruption?
Report the results of these interviews in a paper that answer the proposed questions. Apply issues read and discussed in class to your paper to form a synthesis of practical law enforcement ideologies. Finally, offer your own insights on the perspectives of the individuals you interviewed and materials covered in the text readings and seminar discussions.

The paper will be a minimum of 10 double-spaced pages using a 12-point font. It must be in American Psychological Association (APA) format

For your Unit 8 Interview Analysis you will conduct two interviews with practicing professionals in the field of law enforcement. These individuals may occupy positions in federal, state, county or municipal police agencies, probation, parole, or prosecutors' offices.

It is preferable that you conduct the interviews in person, but telephone interviews will be acceptable if in-person interviews cannot be arranged.

Focus on the following questions in your interviews:

Why are ethics and character so important in the field of law enforcement?
Do the interviewees feel that police are more ethical today, or were they more ethical ten years ago?
Why do police officers become involved in misconduct?
Do the interviewees feel that there is enough training offered in ethics at the police academy level? If not, why is that?
Should ethics training be offered as an on-going process for law enforcement officers?
Do the interviewees feel that education and/or training in ethics would reduce incidents of police corruption?

Report the results of these interviews in a paper that answer the proposed questions. Apply issues read and discussed in class to your paper to form a synthesis of practical law enforcement ideologies. Finally, offer your own insights on the perspectives of the individuals you interviewed and materials covered in the text readings and seminar discussions.

The paper will be a minimum of 10, double-spaced pages using a 12-point font. It must be in American Psychological Association (APA) format.

A Criminal Justice research essay developed at the 300 level requires much careful consideration and commitment to scholarly development. The research essay must be typed and must be at least five pages in length, not counting title pages and bibliography. The research paper must be properly written with minimal grammatical and content errors.


Topic:
Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?

Since 1963, a series of United States Supreme Court case decisions have clarified that in criminal cases, prosecutors must disclose to the defense evidence favorable to the defendant. This includes information that may be used to impeach the credibility of government witnesses, including law enforcement officers. These decisions mean that police officers who have documented histories of lying in official matters are liabilities to their agencies, and these histories may render them unable to testify credibly.

With this in mind, you are the Chief of Police of a municipality. Your Deputy Chief of Police advises you that one of your officers was investigated for inappropriate use of one of the computers in the patrol division. As a result of this internal investigation, it was determined that the officer used this computer to search pornographic web sites. When confronted with this allegation, the officer denied any knowledge of this incident. Upon further investigation, the computer crimes analyst determined that the officers log on password was used to enter the unauthorized web sites. The officer then admitted to his wrongdoing and stated it would never happen again. This officer has been with your organization for 15 years, and the only other disciplinary action taken against him was for being involved in an at fault traffic accident 10 years ago. As the Chief of Police, how would you handle this situation?

**Will you terminate this fifteen year veteran with a virtually clean record? Why?
**Or will you impose significant disciplinary action as opposed to termination? Why?

As part of this research essay, please read the following United States Supreme Court Cases:

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
Giglio v. United States, 405 U. S. 150 (1972)
United States v. Agurs, 427 U. S. 97 (1976)
Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U. S. 419 (1995)
United States v. Bagley, 473 U. S. 667 (1985)

. The draft Statement of the Research Problem should be supported by research literature and should have the characteristics identified in Activity 3.

The documents in the NCU Dissertation Center will be helpful in the actual development of this draft. Use the ?comment? feature of Word to annotate the presence of those characteristics identified in Activity 3 within your draft.

Length: 5-7 pages (app. 350 words per page). Include 3-5 references.

Your essay should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.

The learner should continue to accumulate 2 to 3 annotations as part of each Activity.



HERE IS WHAT I WROTE THAT WAS RETURNED AS NOT PROPER
roblem Statement: Social Media Issues in Law Enforcement
The problem that prompted this study is multi faceted. First there is an issue with criminals and individuals who have had problems with the law. These same individuals are using social media as an outlet to harm law enforcement officers and their agencies. Law enforcement officer?s reputation and wellbeing can be affected by the comments, videos, and pictures that individuals post in social media sites about them. The officers are being affected by individuals who chose to use social media to damage the officer?s reputation and share their personal information with others. Secondly often officer?s personal lives and personal opinions become publicly scrutinized when the officers or members of his/her family post things on social media sites. Many times the nature of the problem comes from law enforcement officers who make mistakes when on duty or simply reveal to much about their own personal lives while on social media. Some officers do not follow the rules that are to be followed when on duty. Some potential negative consequences if this study was not conducted is that law enforcement officers will keep getting targeted by criminals or individuals who want to damage their reputation. Another negative consequence is that many law enforcement officers and agencies would never know truly how many individuals use the social media to cause negative consequences out of vengeance. Furthermore, pursuing this study can lead to laws to protect law enforcement officers from individuals who want to damage them physically and socially. Establishing the correct laws to protect law enforcement officers regarding social media could then lead to prosecution of some of these individuals. Police agencies must also adopt rules and regulations that govern the use of social media by employees of that agency. Truly it can become an economic problem as a law enforcement officer could be physically injured as well as his or her family through information obtained through the social media. Some individuals are using the social media to share law enforcement officer?s personal information for all to see. This problem is a social issue. Many times it can give the general public especially the youth the wrong impression about law enforcement officers. This can lead to the current and next generation of youth not obeying and respecting law enforcement officers.



















Annotated Bibliography
Security and Law Enforcement Issues with Social Media: An Annotated Bibliography
Andreas M. Kaplan and Michael Haenlein, ?Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media,? Business Horizons 53, no. 1 (2010): 59-68.
In this article the authors Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein discuss some of the challenges of social media. It explains how Facebook, Youtube, Wikipedia, Twitter, and other social media websites are being used to influence individuals. In this article the authors intend to give the reader an explanation of what truly social media means. The authors go further by explaining the differences between user generated content and related content. After defining and explaining what social media is, they divide them into categories to help the reader have a better understanding. The article explains the challenges and opportunities of social media. Once the authors complete the explanations they give the readers 10 tips for organizations that choose to use social media websites to promote their businesses.
Associated Newspapers Ltd. (2013). Main Online. ?Police officer reprimanded for tweeting he had arrested ?offenders? over beating of elderly great-grandmother in her bed.? Retrieved April 4, 2013 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2146229/Police-officer-reprimanded-tweeting-arrested-offenders-beating-elderly-great-grandmother-bed.html
In this article it explains why the officer is reprimanded and it also states what the officer posted on his Twitter account. The authors of this article not disclosed. It only says Daily Mail Reporter. It goes further by stating the great-grandmother sustain fractures in the skull and was found unconscious in her bed. The article goes on explaining how the great-grandmother lived alone since her husband passed away in 2006. What the article lacks is explaining the reasons why the great-grandmother was a target of both individuals. Furthermore, it does not state if the great-grandmother they are talking about is the officer?s great-grandmother or if she is great-grandmother of another person or officer. Another fact the article lacks is how the officer was reprimanded. The title of the article is ?Police officer reprimanded for tweeting he had arrested ?offenders? over beating of elderly great-grandmother in her bed,? therefore, the readers would assume information of how the officer was reprimanded is disclosed but it is not.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2013). ?Social Media and Law Enforcement.? Retrieved April 4, 2013 from
http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/november-2012/social-media-and-law-enforcement
In the Federal Bureau of Investigation?s or FBI?s website one can find information about how law enforcement officers are being affected by social media. The Authors name is Gwendolyn Waters. In the section it explains how social media has grown and how it is being used to influence the opinion of others. It goes further by explaining the threats and focuses of social media. What it lacks is real life examples rather than just explanations. The information must have been gathered from somewhere, therefore, why not give examples of articles of similar situations they are explaining in the article. This will give a better idea to the readers and give them a sense of realism rather than assumption.
Internet Society. (2013). ?Brief History of the Internet.? Retrieved April 4, 2013 from http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet
The article in this website was written by collaboration of various writers. Those writers are Barry Leiner, Vinton Cerf, David Clark, Robert Kahn, Leornard Kleinrock, Daniel Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry Roberts, and Stephen Wolff. In this website it gives specific details to the reader of when and how the internet began. It gives details of the origins, initial internetting, concepts, and transitions, role of documentation, commercialization, and history of the future. It gives great details for the readers who are looking for detailed information. The readers who are looking for simple and concise information will find this website overwhelming.


HERE ARE THE INSTRUCTORS COMMENTS WHY IT WAS NOT CORRECT:


You must draft a Statement of the Research Problem. The draft Statement of the Research Problem should be supported by research literature and should have the characteristics identified in Activity 3.

Use the ?comment? feature of Word to annotate the presence of those characteristics identified in Activity 3 within your draft.

Length: 5-7 pages (app. 350 words per page). Include 3-5 references.

Your essay should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards for the MBA program

From the topic paper template - Problem Statement (approximately 250 to 300 words) Note: Articulation of a concise problem statement is key to a successful proposal/dissertation manuscript. The problem statement is a brief discussion of a problem or observation succinctly identifying and documenting the need for and importance of the study. Clearly describe and document the problem that prompted the study. Include appropriate sources to document the existence of a problem worthy of doctoral level research. Refer to resources in the Dissertation Center including the DRF and Handbook

Tom, This is a new topic. It has good potential, but you need to document the academic and practitioner resources to ground your research.

For your final project you will conduct two interviews with practicing professionals in the field of law enforcement. These individuals may occupy positions in federal, state, county or municipal police agencies, correctional officers, parole, or prosecutors' offices.

It is preferable that you conduct the interviews in person, but telephone interviews will be acceptable if in-person interviews cannot be arranged.

Focus on the following questions in your interviews:

Why are ethics and character so important in the field of law enforcement?
Do the interviewees feel that police are more ethical today, or were they more ethical ten years ago?
Why do police officers become involved in misconduct?
Do the interviewees feel that there is enough training offered in ethics at the police academy level? If not, why is that?
Should ethics training be offered as an on-going process for law enforcement officers?
Do the interviewees feel that education and/or training in ethics would reduce incidents of police corruption?
Report the results of these interviews in a paper that answer the proposed questions. Apply issues read and discussed in class to your paper to form a synthesis of practical law enforcement ideologies. Finally, offer your own insights on the perspectives of the individuals you interviewed and materials covered in the text readings and seminar discussions.

I would like "FreelanceWriter" to write this paper thank you!! Joann Moore

Previous work completed by Jillbee7, order #106076 . I would like Jillbee7 to write this paper as well. Thank you.

Guidelines:
Based on the previous order (attached below), I would like this paper to go into detail about the use of force in law enforcement. This can include the history of the use of force and techniques used today. This paper should be 30 pages long. References should be in the same format as the paper below (10 sources is enough).


Previous paper (research proposal):
The Use of Force in Law Enforcement
Chapter 1 Introduction and Problem Statement
During a law enforcement officers time of duty, it is almost certain that a question concerning the whether use of force and, if so, how much reasonable force is needed arises, usually when arresting criminal suspects. Because an arrest and the subsequent investigative detentions are considered seizures of persons and property, the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution must govern them. However, part of this investigation will be whether it is actually necessary and reasonable to use force, as preventative measures against crime have changed the statistics.
Enforcement officers must have and show probable cause in order to make a valid arrest. The manner in which arrests are carried out must not only be justified at their inception, but the level of force that may be used, must be considered "reasonable."(Hall, p. 1)
The word reasonable continues to come up and be debated in all courts of law, as the Constitution and other codes state that force may be used if it is constitutionally reasonable to arrest suspects considered dangerous or to defend life when necessary.
The Constitution puts forth a standard of "reasonableness" in the Fourth Amendment, saying that the word is not conducive to "precise definition," but that each individual case must be viewed separately. Seen from the perspective of a reasonable law enforcement officer at the scene, cases are considered, not with hindsight, but in consideration of the fact that split-second judgments must often be made in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving-about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation" (Graham, pp. 396-397).
In deciding the circumstances that govern reasonableness in using particular levels of force, the Supreme Court has shown that it depends upon the severity of the crime; whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others; and whether the suspect actively is resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight (Hall, p. 1). Recent cases may reassess law enforcement officers applying force when making arrests.
Chapter Two Review of Literature:
When reviewing the literature dealing with the use of force in law enforcement, it is necessary to look at Supreme Court cases which have dealt with the use of force by officers, such as Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989), Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89 (1964), and Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (1979). The decisions by the Supreme Court in Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 8 (1985) deals with reasonable force.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation, another branch of law enforcement, must deal with how much force to use when performing official duties, as well. The FBIs Uniform Crime Report has a yearly report called Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, in which it gives the statistics of FBI officers feloniously killed during the past year. Most of the officers (16 out of 57) killed in 2007 were involved in arrest situations.
Title LXII of the Criminal Code, in Chapter 627, describes justifying the use of physical force by law enforcement officers. Beyond the standard ability to use force to restrain a criminal arrestee, it also addresses defense of the officer or a third person, preventing escape, and being careful not to harm innocent bystanders (Title, 627:5).
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is a valuable resource for finding out how the public views police use of force. Every three years, the Police-Public Contact Survey interviews a sample of the national public to estimate how often they are pulled over in traffic and whether the police use force in their contacts with the public in the performance of their duty. Over 60,000 people, 16 and over were questioned every third year from 1995 through 2005. The results of the survey are found in PDF format and ASCII text, with recent supplements (in 2008) added, online at the U.S. Department of Justice * Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics website. (BJS, 2009).
Chapter 3 -- Methods
The method of investigation will be to peruse the statistics and papers written on the subject of the use of force by law enforcement officers.
The ability to use force has been given to law enforcement officers, but the term in question is reasonable. The ramifications of this term will be perused and defined in detail. As used currently, reasonable means different forms and extents in the use of force by officers in the line of duty to arrest criminals or defend themselves and others against criminals.
Whether and how law enforcement officers use force and what tools they use in order to subdue criminals by force will be the second aspect of this investigation. It appears that in different circumstances certain tools and defense weapons are used. If, in certain circumstances, certain weapons are out of proportion to the crime and the circumstances in which they are used, then this needs to be investigated.
Whether police officers actually use force (deadly or non-deadly) in the performance of their duty and how much this force is used will be investigated through the careful analysis of criminal victimization data collections. It appears that the use of force is descending and that the public is not reporting the use of force as often in this decade. Emergency Room statistics may be examined, as well, to determine whether the use of force by law enforcement officers has actually been an aspect of public injury.
Finally, looking at city level surveys of crime victimization and citizen attitudes, the perception of the public concerning whether community policing is effective, compared with statistics of incidents of use of force by police or law enforcement officers will tell whether the declining use of force has affected community policing tactics in subduing criminals.
Chapter 4 Findings
It is expected that this investigation of the use of force by law enforcement officers will find that declining use of deadly force has not affected levels of crime either negatively or positively. What may be found is that the publics perspective of the role of law enforcement officials and police has changed to a more positive one of respect and compliance with the law.
The use of force by law enforcement officers has been allowed by the Constitution and the Criminal Code of the United States of America, when subduing criminals or in defending officers or citizens from criminal attack. But the changing views of the courts and the public has not kept up with the actual trends in the law, and the public is not aware of the statistical decline of violent victimization from 1973 to the present, nor to the dramatic decline in property crime victimizations during the same period (BJS, p. 2).
The curtailing of the use of force and substitution of more productive activities by law enforcement officers was the subject of an experiment by the Kansas City Police Department with dramatic positive results. During this age of technical advances, the use of pro-active, preventative actions, rather than defensive actions after the fact, may be the logical substitution for use of force by law enforcement officers. It is much better to prevent crimes or control them, than to have to use force as a reaction, to stop them and risk the lives of not only the criminals, but of police officers and innocent citizens. (Kelling, p. 8)

References
Beck v. Ohi, (1964). U.S. Supreme Court, 379 U.S. 89.
Bell v. Wolfish, (1979). U.S. Supreme Court, 441 U.S. 520.
Bureau of Justice Statistics, (2009). Crime and Victims Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice * Office of Justice Programs. Reviewed July 14, 2009 at http://www.ojp.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008). Law enforcement officers killed and assaulted, Uniform Crime Report. Oct. 14, 2008. Reviewed July 15, 2009 at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2007/documents/summaryleoka2007.pdf.
Graham v. Connor, (1989). U.S. Supreme Court, 490 U.S. 386.
Hall, John C., (1997) Police Use of Nondeadly Force to Arrest., Law Enforcement Bulletin, Oct. 1997. Reviewed July 14, 2009 at: http://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/1997/oct975.htm.
Illinois v. Lafayette, (1983). U.S. Supreme Court, 462 U.S. 640.
Kelling, George L., Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman, Charles E. Brown (1974)The Kansas City preventative patrol experiment A summary report. (PDF). Police Foundation. Reviewed July 15, 2009 at http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/kcppe.pdf.
Tennessee v. Garner, (1985). U.S. Supreme Court, 471 U.S. 1, 8.
Title LXII, (1971). Justification, Criminal Code, Chapter 627:5, 518:1. 1981, 373:1-3, eff. Aug. 22, 1981. Reviewed July 15, 2009 at http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/RSA/html/LXII/627/627-5.htm

Based on the information provided below and your own research, answer the following questions:

1) How serious is the problem of child pornography among law enforcement officers?
2) Are the laws different for police officers engaging in child pornography? Should they be?
3) Should police departments take special steps to reduce the likelihood of their officers engaging in producing, selling or purchasing child pornography? Why or why not?

There are faxes for this order.

**You do not have to include a title page and please use Purdue Owl APA Style when writing**

Scenario:

Since 1963, a series of United States Supreme Court case decisions have clarified that, in criminal cases, prosecutors must disclose to the defense evidence favorable to the defendant. This includes information that may be used to impeach the credibility of government witnesses, including law enforcement officers. These decisions mean that police officers who have documented histories of lying in official matters are liabilities to their agencies, and these histories may render them unable to testify credibly.

With this in mind, you are the Chief of Police of a municipality. Your Deputy Chief of Police advises you that one of your officers was investigated for inappropriate use of one of the computers in the patrol division. As a result of this internal investigation, it was determined that the officer used this computer to search pornographic web sites. When confronted with this allegation, the officer denied any knowledge of this incident. Upon further investigation, the computer crimes analyst determined that the officer?s log on password was used to enter the unauthorized web sites. The officer then admitted to his wrongdoing and stated it would never happen again. This officer has been with your organization for 15 years, and the only other disciplinary action taken against him was for being involved in an at-fault traffic accident 10 years ago. As the Chief of Police, how would you handle this situation?

Would you terminate this 15-year veteran with a virtually clean record? Why?
Or would you impose significant disciplinary action as opposed to termination? Why?

As part of this research paper, read the following United States Supreme Court Cases:

? Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
? Giglio v. United States, 405 U. S. 150 (1972)
? United States v. Agurs, 427 U. S. 97 (1976)
? Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U. S. 419 (1995)
? United States v. Bagley, 473 U. S. 667 (1985)

For the answer, I would like you to write about terminating the officer!

Research report on "Steriod Use in Law Enforcement Officers"

APA style - 12 pitch Times New Roman

3 scholarly /academic works need to be cited.

Included in the report please answer following:
- history of steriod use in law enforcement officers
- the use and uses in the past, present, and future
- what types of cases or situations would it be used in or has it been used in
- any failures that it has produced.

thank you!

This paper is on motivation and morale of law enforcement officers. The paper will be 1500 words in length. It will be written in the APA format with proper citations and reference page. It may be written embodying one or all writing types i.e. expressive (interpretative), analytical (referential), and/or persuasive (argumentative). It shall be double-spaced and free from grammatical/spelling errors.

Policing and Civil Liability

In a well-written paper supported by at least three scholarly references, discuss the two main avenues available to aggrieved parties seeking to sue for police civil liability. What are some of the defenses against civil liability that law enforcement officers and their supervisors and departments might enjoy? How can civil liability promote accountability?

Your assignment is automatically submitted to TurnItIn with your submission
Submissions with an originality ranking of 25% or more are not acceptable. Please review:
http://apus.libanswers.com/writing/faq/2325
Assignment Directions:

Write a 500 Word APA Style paper (not counting the cover and reference page) selecting one of the following topics for your paper:

1. Define the Community Policing Concept
2. Discuss the process for building police-community partnerships
3. Describe the skills required of a law enforcement officer
4. Evaluate types of patrol used by police

Make sure that your work is formatted in proper APA Style. There is help with APA Style in the weekly lessons and resource sections of the class. Use the course writing rubric to guide you as you go because this is how your paper will be graded.

Do not use quotes. This is an analytical paper and you need to give your informed opinion based on your research. Make sure to use in-text citations. Example: (Jones, 2013, p.34). Stay away from the passive voice and first person when writing.

You need to incorporate at least one peer-reviewed journal article in your work. The best source to find peer-reviewed scholarly articles is in the APUS Online Library.

Prepare a report by answering the following questions based on the case study below: ?A Radical Approach?.

Case Study: ?A Radical Approach?
A new police chief who wanted to move from traditional to community policing had just been appointed for the City of North Star, with a population of about 100,000. His appointment came on the heels of the election of a new sheriff who ran on a ?reinventing local government? campaign. The budgets for law enforcement and corrections were shrinking at local, county, and state levels, but the problems left to law enforcement, the courts, and corrections were on the rise. The crime rate had turned upward, especially for juvenile crimes. A number of juvenile gangs were evolving, a phenomenon new to the relatively stable community. The local jail was at capacity and attempts to develop community corrections programs were not popular with local judges. Probation and parole caseloads for adults and juveniles were growing and were difficult to manage, which was a key reason prosecutors and judges were reluctant to expand the use of community corrections. The economic base of the community was shrinking, bringing in its wake a growing number of street people, vagrants and beggars, who were becoming more aggressive and intimidating citizens in the commercial districts and shopping malls. There also was concern that summer tourism would be harmed by the growing number of vagrants. The new police chief and sheriff met to discuss the problems. Both were progressive and believed in cooperation and were not fearful of even radical innovation. They concluded that their budgets would gradually decrease during the next decade but that demand for services would, however, increase. Meanwhile public satisfaction with services from the criminal justice system, already eroded, would continue to slip. They also recognized that the public had been whipped into a get-tough anticrime mood by political leaders in response to growing community problems. They agreed in principle on a radical approach, reasoning that their jurisdictions should first be merged at the operational level so they could combine resources. Further, they believed that the county should be divided into a number of areas in which law enforcement officers, adult and juvenile probation officers, and parole officers could work together in teams. The teams would share responsibilities for crime prevention, including gang intervention, community policing, and community corrections. It would be an ambitious task, but they believed that the coordinated and concerted efforts of all of the criminal justice agencies resources working at the community level would rationally allocate the eroding resource base and provide effective and visible prevention, enforcement, and corrections programs to the community.
Case Study Questions
1. How should the plan be sold to law enforcement?
2. What opportunities exist that would lend support for their plan?
3. Identify the threats to this plan from the external environment and the political environment.
4. How will the roles of law enforcement officers and their staff be modified? Identify the personal and organizational obstacles that will impede the role change. How will the formal side of the agencies have to be structured to facilitate the goals of the proposed plan?

Criminal Justice Organizations
Stan Stojkovic, David Kalinich, John Klofas
Copyright 2003 Wadsworth / Thomson

Writer will select the topic and analyze a specific policing issue that affects the 21st century law enforcement officer.

Resource details uploaded.
There are faxes for this order.

Customer is requesting that (Boethius) completes this order.

Introduction:

This week you are revising your research paper for content. Because of this, you will be adding quite a bit more to your paper and you will be thinking about your paper in deeper levels than you had when you created your first draft. Although this is an un-graded activity it is highly recommended that you complete Part 4 and submit it to your instructor. This is the last time you will receive your instructors input and help.

Tasks:
Review the feedback of your draft from your instructor.
Continue writing paragraphs and expand your paper from 5 paragraphs to 4 pages.
Revise your paper for content. Clarify your essays purpose and structure.
Confirm that each body paragraph provides sufficient and relevant support for your main ideas.
Determine how your audience will respond to your tone and word choice.
Complete your Works Cited page.

Cite all borrowed information properly after each instance.

Deliverables and Format:
Submit your 4-page revision paper, and your Works Cited page in a Microsoft Word document.

i have given some of my research below:

Part 1:

Effect of Drug Trafficking Across the Border on Law Enforcement

A number of people dispute that the war against drug trafficking across the border is costing the United States a lot of tax dollars, law enforcement endeavor, and lives, and that, even with so much effort, small progress has been made. Data indicates that anti narcotic budget in the United States has jumped up from $9.7 billion in the 90s to around$18 billion in year 2000. Moreover, The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) field agent has increased from 3,191 in 1990 to 4,561 in 2000. Despite these increase in DEA agent the number of drug abusers in the United States has boosted from 5.8% in early 90s to around 6.7% in the 1998. Approximately around 15 million of the US total population was abusing drugs in various ways in 1999. Among these 15 million around 200,000 were roughly using heroin which estimates to more than thrice the numbers in 1993 which was around 68,000 (Massing, 2000). In spite of the al the efforts being made by the law enforcement agencies against drug traffickers the numbers of drug abusers in the United States has risen tremendously in the last ten years.
President Richard Nixon in 1968 devised the term war on drugs to signify United States efforts against drug manufacturers, distributors and its consumers. Nixon brought together four agencies in 1974 to establish the Drug Enforcement Agency known as the DEA. President Ronald Reagan, in the 80s restored the war on narcotics and amplified the endeavors of the DEA to trim down drug trafficking across the border to the United States (Hamowy, 1987). Reagan instigated a chain of regulations permitting federal officials to have access to military intelligence, training, and technology to track and seize drug traffickers. While this was taking place the federal and local governments approved laws permitting land and assets build from drug revenues to be impounded and confiscated by officials. During the Reagan administration, drug therapy programs and education programs were started, which also included Nancy Reagans Just Say No campaign in which kids were educated through by media messages and slogans to refuse to accept offers concerning drugs (Hamowy, 1987).
Enhancements in law enforcement endeavors was aimed in reducing drug trafficking by enforcing further strict legal sanctions for convicted drug cartels, but the sheer size of the revenues generates from drug business dominates the threat of penalty. The global drug operation is estimated to produce $300 billion to $400 billion every year. Such a outsized revenues besides providing a strong motivation to deal in drug, gives them access to latest, state ??"of- the- art technological edge. Since the traffickers have a superior budget than drug enforcement agencies, they have resources to come up with more advances and sophisticated means of manufacturing, transporting, and smuggling drugs (Massing, 2000). Research indicates that in past few years the drug cartels have purchased commercial jetliners and have erected a fleet of small submarines to transport drugs to the United States. Lots of these drugs have slipped the border in large propane tanks, hazardous containers, canned food, and drums of jalapeno peppers. One such instance is when one of the groups effectively trafficked drugs from Mexico into the United States and further into Canada concealed in a special mold of porcelain toilets. These facts indicate strongly that he present DEA budget is highly insufficient in fighting against the immeasurable resources at to drug traffickers disposal (Hamowy, 1987).
Depending entirely on anti-narcotics efforts abroad, the government agencies would have to spend $783 million more annually to cut cocaine consumption by 1 percent; similarly depending on prohibition, it would have to splurge $366 million extra, and on domestic law enforcement, $246 million. Relying solely on treatment, however, the government would have to spend only $34 million more to attain that 1 percent decrease. According to one study called as the RAND, treatment was seven times less expensive than local law enforcement, ten times more effectual than prohibition, and twenty-three times more cost effective than going out hunting down the drug cartels (Massing, 2000).
Massing and others are convicted that drug therapy is not only more successful at decreasing drug abuse than prohibiting it, but in addition way more cost friendly for the American taxpayers.

References
Massing. M, 2000, The Fix, University of California Press.
Hamowy, R, 1987, Dealing with Drugs: Consequences of Government Control. Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy: San Francisco.


Part 2:

Effects of Drug Trafficking Across the Border on Law Enforcement
Over the last several decades, the total amount of drug smuggling across the US border has been increasing rapidly. Part of the reason for this, is because the United States is considered to be one of the most profitable markets in the world for illegal drugs. Evidence of this can be seen with the increasing amounts of competition in Mexico. As both Mexican and Columbian based drug organizations, are competing for the lucrative West as well as East Coast markets. This is has caused the number of illegal drugs (crossing the border) to increase dramatically, as the gangs are shipping a wide variety of substances to include: Crystal Meth, Cocaine, Marijuana, Ecstasy and Heroine. (Drug Trafficking, 2004) This is significant, because it shows how some kind of change needs to take place in the approach that is being used. To determine how this can be achieved requires: declaring the intended audience, creating an annotated bibliography and determining the thesis statement. Together, these different elements will focus the preliminary research, surrounding the various challenges associated with this continuing problem.
The Target Audience
The target audience will be: policymakers, educators, scholars, the general public, law enforcement and drug treatment advocates. These different groups were selected, because they play a vital role in supporting the idea that some kind of change needs to take place (when it comes to drug control policy). As they are having an impact upon how the issue is framed and what the debate will look like going forward. The reason why, is due to the fact that these groups are influential in the process of setting various policies and regulations going forward. As a result, these groups were selected, because discussing these issues with them will help to find a solution to address the problem. While not, creating adverse changes that could have a negative impact upon a select group of people. Once this takes place, it will ensure that any kind of policy that is implemented, will take these different views into account. This is significant, because it is showing how this kind of approach could be successful at addressing the underlying problm.
Annotated Bibliography
Drug Trafficking. (2004). Policy Almanac. Retrieved from: http://www.policyalmanac.org/crime/archive/drug_trafficking.shtml
This source discusses the all of the different drugs that are being smuggled into: the United States and the total impact that it is having. Where, it citing various DEA statistics to underscore how the problem is starting to become worse. This is despite the fact that larger amounts of resources and focus have been placed on addressing these challenges. Yet, in spite all of the different strategies nothing seems to be effective, at slowing the total amount of illegal drugs. A good example of this can be seen with a DEA study that was conducted in 2001. They found that despite billions of dollars and an increasing focus on the problem (since the 1980s), the flow of illegal drugs has remained consistent. Evidence of this can be seen with Cocaine prices, where the DEA found that they have remained low and stable. This is troubling because, it means that in spite all of the different efforts to disrupt supplies; they have continued to remain strong. As a result, this is showing how the policy approach that has been taken is a failure, by not having any kind of effect on reducing the total amounts of Cocaine on the street (as the level of prices is an indication of this supply). The information from this source is useful, because it provides a total big picture view of the overall scope of the problem. This is important, because it can be used to establish how the current approach and policy are ineffective at addressing the underlying challenges.
Enforcement versus Prevention. (2010). All About Addiction. Retrieved from: http://www.allaboutaddiction.com/addiction/enforcement-vs-prevention-and-treatment-solving-our-addiction-problem-requires-all-three
This sources talks about how there is not an emphasis on drug treatment programs in the United States. As they point out how there is no vested interested in reaching out to addicts, because it is politically unpopular. Evidence of this can be seen with the fact that most major insurance companies refuse to cover any of the costs associated with someone going to a drug treatment facility. The information from this source is useful, because it highlighting how there is a lack of focus on this part of the problem. As a result, this can be used with previous sources to show how the government is taking an approach of interdiction (as far as the supply is concerned). While at the same time, they are placing little emphasis on providing effective treatment options for users.
Law Enforcement Officers. (2010). Drug Rehab. Retrieved from: http://www.drug-rehab.com/news/law-enforcement-officers-advocate-for-treatment-rather-than-prison-sentences-2087.php
The information from this source discusses the impact that the current policy is having. As the majority of law enforcement officials believe, that an approach of sending addicts to treatment would be more effective at addressing the problem. This is because the status quo has caused the prison system to fill up with addicts (who may not be considered to be criminals other circumstances). As a result, this information is useful, because it can help corroborate how the current approach is not working.
Thesis Statement
After reviewing the relevant pieces of literature, we have developed a thesis statement to examine the total impact of drug trafficking (listed below).
The overall effort to reduce the supply of drugs has failed. This has caused an imbalanced approach to be taken, which is making the situation worse. To effectively rectify the problem, means that a new strategy must be embraced that will address the supply and demand (on both sides of the border). This is the only way to intelligently tackle the problem, by using proven techniques that will go after it at its sources (the suppliers and users).


Part 3:

Th? curr?nt inv?stigation has to do with th? ?ff?ct of drug trafficking on law ?nforc?m?nt. Th?r? ar? many diff?r?nt typ?s of drugs that ar? traffick?d across bord?rs, from ill?gal pr?scription drugs and h?roin to marijuana. Th?r? is a lot of d?mand for drugs in th? US, and ?sp?cially sinc? th? 80s, th?r? has b??n a mor? wid?spr?ad us? of cocain? for r?cr?ational us?. Pr?vious to this, cocain? was v?ry hard to g?t, and its us? was r?strict?d to a f?w p?opl? in th? ?lit? circl?s of music stardom and oth?r ar?as which hav? a lot of transf?r?nc? with drugs. But in th? 80s, cocain? b?cam? a lot mor? wid?ly acc?ssibl?, and a strong d?mand for it gr?w, b?caus? it has s?rious addictiv? qualiti?s as a drug. Th?r?for?, sinc? drugs ar? prohibit?d in th? US, a larg? black mark?t trad? d?v?lop?d, with a larg? criminal und?rworld in charg? of it, b?tw??n ar?as in which cocain? is cultivat?d and proc?ss?d (mostly in South Am?rica) and ar?as wh?r? it is consum?d (th? US and ?ls?wh?r?).
Th? US has a strong stanc? against drugs, oft?n call?d th? war on drugs. Most p?opl? associat? drug trafficking with gangs and organiz?d crim?. This is p?rhaps b?caus?, unlik? som? countri?s in ?urop?, th? Unit?d Stat?s has fost?r?d a cultur? that is b?ginning to s?? a blurr?d lin? b?tw??n non-viol?nt and viol?nt crim?. Som? p?opl? argu? that l?galizing and r?gulating c?rtain drugs and making th?m availabl? in a saf? and
productiv? mann?r in th? Unit?d Stat?s would both boost th? ?conomy and r?duc? th?
black-mark?t viol?nc? that has sprung up around ill?gal drug trafficking and s?lling.
Th? history of producing and trafficking ill?gal drugs unfortunat?ly has a long and intricat? story lin?. Th? amount of mon?y that can b? mad? off of just on? succ?ssful cultivation and smuggling op?ration almost ?nsur?s a n?v?r ?nding supply of p?opl? willing to risk prison or wors? to mak? that on? big scor?. And b?caus? th? app?tit? for drugs is so voracious in th? Unit?d Stat?s and ?urop?, th?r? is an ?conomic syst?m in plac? that k??ps th? drug cultivation busin?ss running.
Th? b?st and most r?liabl? plac? to look for data and lit?ratur? p?rtaining to drug
cultivation, drug trafficking and th? ?ff?cts of law ?nforc?m?nt to polic? it, ar? th?
gov?rnm?ntal ag?nci?s ?mpow?r?d to do that job. B?sid?s th? D?A and th? FBI and th?
INS, th?r? is anoth?r s?gm?nt of th? f?d?ral gov?rnm?nt that has an ?nforc?m?nt profil?
and is a font of information about drug cultivation and trafficking and attacking it wh?r?
it b?gins. How?v?r, th? failur? of US drug policy in Latin and South Am?rica is a probl?m that has not happ?n?d ov?rnight. It is a probl?m that has tak?n y?ars, d?cad?s ?v?n, to f?st?r and ?volv? into th? curr?nt stat? of affairs. It will th?n obviously tak? mor? than a f?w bromid?s and political stump sp??ch?s to fix. It will tak? consci?ntious and w?ll thought out action on th? part of politicians and on th? part of th? citiz?ns of th? ar?as that ar? most impact?d by th? ph?nom?na of drug trafficking across th? bord?r, and it will tak? ?xt?nsiv? ?ducational ?fforts to combat th? ?pid?mic of drug us? within th? Unit?d Stat?s bord?rs as w?ll.
Th?r? ar? two prongs to this attack that should bod? w?ll for th? ag?nci?s charg?d with stopping drugs and ill for thos? int?nt on flaunting th? law of th? land. Th? first and
most pow?rful motivation is th? on? of stopping drugs at th? bord?r. Th? s?cond prong
will b? th? fall out ?ff?ct caus?d by th? incr?as?d surv?illanc? and dilig?nc?. It may b?
put in plac? to addr?ss th? probl?m of cultivation and trafficking of h?roin, but it will
hav? a s?condary bonus ?ff?ct of putting pr?ssur? on drug traffick?rs and grow?rs who ar? oft?n abl? to op?rat? in th? sam? locations with r?lativ? impunity. Th? k?y to curbing h?roin production and trafficking li?s with th? sourc? countri?s. Th? profitability of growing opium poppy and th? lack of r?sourc?s or commitm?nt by r?gional gov?rnm?nts to impl?m?nt crop substitution, alt?rnativ? d?v?lopm?nt, or ?radication ar? k?y factors that pr?v?nt significant progr?ss toward r?ducing opium production (H?roin, 2005).
R?F?R?NC?
Drug ?nforc?m?nt Ag?ncy (2003) rug Trafficking in th? Unit?d Stat?s. usdoj.gov
January 2003. pp. 1-14. Downloaded from http://usdoj.gov/d?a/conc?rn/drug_
trafficingp.html


Heroin??"Facts and Figures (2011). US Government.
http://www.whit?hous?drugpolicy.org.

Visit and review the website of San Diego local law enforcement agency. Locate and examine the agency applicant requirements for the position of entry level law enforcement officer. Write a two-page paper explaining the minimum requirements at the San Diego agency.This document must follow APA format with a title page, in-text citations, and reference page.This paper will be Submit to Turnitin

Based on Activities 4, 5 and 6, draft 4 to 6 Research Questions for your study. Use the NCU Topic Paper Template and NCU Concept Paper Template found in the Dissertation Center as the model for your Research Questions.
In this group of questions, you must have at least 2 that are qualitative in nature and at least 2 that are qualitative in nature. For each question, briefly discuss the appropriate approach (qualitative or quantitative) and speculate on the specific approaches that may be used.

Length: 4 pages (app. 350 words per page). Include 4 references.

Your essay should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.


Here is the Topics:

#4
roblem Statement: Social media and law enforcement
Overview
Social media is a fact of everyday modern life. For law enforcement personnel, it has created new opportunities to share resources with the public, including as ?tweeting? information about a possible suspect or releasing safety information to the public about terrorist incidents or natural disasters. At first, in the Internet age, police departments were reluctant to change. ?Especially when it comes to computers and technology, because most officers want to be out chasing the bad guys and don't want to be behind the computer looking at things,? but now most law enforcement agencies have come to embrace the new technology and learned to use it to their advantage (Conan 2013). On the other hand, the explosion of unregulated social media has also created the opportunity for new crimes, including bullying and identity theft. This research proposal will compare and assess the different ways that online ?sharing? has both made law enforcement agencies more engaged and responsive but also complicated their mission.
Social media as a law enforcement tool: The Boston bombings and other recent events
One of the most frightening incidents of mass violence to have gripped the nation in recent months was that of the Boston Marathon bombings. When law enforcement agencies were attempting to locate and apprehend suspects, ?police and other law enforcement agencies also used tweets to correct misinformation that spread on Twitter and other media. Once suspects had been identified, their Twitter and Facebook accounts became part of the investigation, even an Amazon wish list? (Conan 2013). The existence of social media like Twitter and Facebook have made people more proactive about taking photographs, which adds to the availability of evidence even in the hectic aftermath of an event. Law enforcement can ?tweet? or ?share? photographs submitted by bystanders or taken by surveillance cameras nearly instantly, versus using television or print sources. The image of a dangerous suspect, a missing person, or any other individual who is being sought after by law enforcement can be immediately disseminated and thus recruit the public as part of its search efforts.
On a very practical level, this enables agencies to gain valuable information for its search efforts and makes it more difficult for individuals to hide; on another level it creates a positive connection between law enforcement and the public. Rather than ?the enemy? or an entity wielding power, the agency is shown as responsive and appreciative to the public?s concerns. When the public is regularly informed of law enforcement agencies? efforts, it is less likely to be angry at delays in apprehending suspects. Also, with legitimate channels of information disseminating coverage on a moment-by-moment basis, there is less of a chance that rumor, innuendo, and non-legitimate channels will put forth inaccurate ideas. In Boston, ?the department?s tweet clarifying that there was no arrest shortly after the bombings saw more than 11,000 retweets. A polite scolding to those tweeting information from police scanners was retweeted more than 20,000 times, higher than any other tweet at that time and indication that the public accepts the fact that they too need to show some restraint? (Bar-Tur 2013). The ?retweeting? of this request shows a level of respect and confidence of the public in the Boston police department, versus previous public-police relationships.
In terms of researching crime, social media also leaves a valuable ?paper trail? with evidence for law enforcement agencies. Most rapists know their victims, for example, but in the pre-online era, it was often very difficult to draw a connection between perpetrator and victim. According to the Cincinnati Police Department: ?One big thing is we've had rape cases and burglaries where people were meeting each other via Facebook and became familiar with each other just through chats on the Internet. And when they would meet up with these individuals, the victim would then be either unfortunately a victim of a rape or robbery, and we were able to backtrack it through that? (Conan 2013). Because the social media coverage is in ?real time,? the exact nature of the relationship can be more objectively determined, without the potentially clouding effects of hindsight or memory lapses.
Social media can be helpful for law enforcement for less dramatic scenarios as well. For example, even a local agency can use the Internet to communicate up-to-date information about ?blizzard, floods, hurricanes, et cetera?what roads are closed, if there's accidents, what areas of town are out of power, et cetera? (Conan 2013). In the case of an ever-changing natural event such as a forest fire, social media updates can help the community determine where a high risk area is; what precautions to take, and where to relocate in the event of an emergency. This has the valuable effect of reducing panic and also reducing the chances of an unfortunate incident occurring?members of the public are less likely to get stuck in a snowstorm if the police are tweeting to stay inside and that conditions are impassable, or to put themselves at risk if someone dangerous is at large, as was the case in Boston. This is another instance of how friendly and pertinent updates about natural disasters and community events forge a positive relationship between the law enforcement agency and the public. Instead of viewing the police as punitive or punishing figures with whom they have contact only when committing a minor traffic violation, the police are more apt to be seen as ?friends? in the literal as well as the Facebook sense.
However, social media, for all of the potential positives it offers law enforcement, has also created opportunities for new crimes and made existing crimes easier to commit. Although Facebook and Twitter may make it easier to track and trace a relationship on one hand, it can also facilitate the ability of strangers to connect with one another under misleading premises, or predators to lure underage teens with whom they might not otherwise have contact. Identity theft is also much easier. ?Information obtained from public records (e.g., birth, death, and real estate) has been available online for years. By increasing exposure of personal information, social media has raised the threat level. This new entity has a unique nature that makes it powerful and unpredictable. Several characteristics combine to make it especially threatening to law enforcement? (Waters 2012). The nature of social media encourages ?sharing? and interactions depend upon displaying personal information. Seemingly innocent data such as ?checking in? a particular location can be a tipoff for a criminal contemplating a burglary of an unattended house or a stalker seeking to find a victim. Mobile phone numbers can be available through Facebook and can be used to elicit data. It is very easy to conceal information about one?s true identity and create a false public profile to obtain data. The instantaneous nature of social media also makes it very easy to put forth information and very difficult to delete it, even more so than email. Information that is unthinkingly ?shared? can come back to haunt the poster very easily. The police have a role in educating the public about protecting itself against identity theft and other new and old crimes made easier by the Internet.
The online environment also facilitates bullying, both amongst teens and even adults in collective environments such as offices. ?Pooling of like minds often occurs online. This bolsters confidence and gives the impression of support for socially unacceptable conduct. Copycat behavior can make the first well-publicized transgression the impetus for many more. Social media can engender a mob mentality wherein one small stimulus spurs a wide-scale reaction that feeds on itself and grows out of control. Incidents develop faster, reach farther, and spread more rapidly than anything society has dealt with before? (Waters 2012). Because of the distance and screen of anonymity offered by the online environment, rumors and harassment can ?feel? less negative to the perpetrator, even if they have severe emotional consequences for the victim. When the harassment begins to affect the individual?s ability to obtain an education or to do his or her work effectively, it becomes a legal matter.
Finally, for better or for worse, social media has also placed law enforcement personnel under greater scrutiny in terms of their actions. ?This public profession, officers? duties occur in a societal arena allotting them no privacy. Social media significantly has increased officers? community exposure. The problem that prompted this study is multifaceted. Police often are surrounded by cameras and amateur reporters who broadcast every action and their opinion of it to a worldwide audience. Law enforcement officer?s reputation and well-being can be affected by the comments, videos, and pictures that individuals post in social media sites about them. The officers are being affected by individuals who chose to use social media to damage the officer?s reputation and share their personal information with others. Secondly often officer?s personal lives and personal opinions become publicly scrutinized when the officers or members of his/her family post things on social media sites. Many times the nature of the problem comes from law enforcement officers who make mistakes when on duty or simply reveal to much about their own personal lives while on social media. Due to its public nature, policing is an easy topic for network discussion? (Waters 2012). There is far greater officer accountability to the public than ever before, given that officers must be mindful of the fact that they can always be ?watched? via social media and photographs, audio, and bystander data can be quickly and easily disseminated.
It is essential that law enforcement personnel remain savvy about the potential ways in which they can use social media for their benefit as well as the risks it poses. ?Ongoing training on current issues, the hazards of social media, and self-protection is essential. Due to the web?s rapidly changing environment, one-time training is not sufficient. Individuals alone cannot keep up with social networking?s constant evolution. A dedicated manager must ensure personnel are updated through e-mails, memorandum, briefings, and trainings? (Waters 2012). Just like the law itself, the relationship of law enforcement agencies to social media remains a work in progress, one which will continue to be negotiated in the future.

#5
Purpose Statement
This study will examine how the social media is affecting the lives of those who are currently in law enforcement in the U.S. The focus of this study is on how the use of social media can be both a useful tool and/or a negative impact on officers and their respective organizations. Socially, civilly and even criminally the social media can be used for or against law enforcement organizations and their employees. More importantly the study will focus on effective policies and controls that must be implemented by law enforcement organizations to secure both themselves and their employees from criminal and civil liabilities. It is expedient in today's society for law enforcement organizations to address this 21st century development that has become a reality.

#6
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Advocacy Research Approach
The effects that social media has on law enforcement can be both negative and positive. In this research I have indicated how social media is affecting law enforcement negatively. The following is three hypothetical research approaches for the statement and purpose of the statement. The hypothetical approaches are quantitative research, qualitative research, and pragmatic approach. A significant part of analyzing a project is research. To define a particular project?s outcome, researchers use several research methods. This paper will discuss the characteristics and differences of the action, mixed, qualitative and quantitative research. Also the paper will discuss how to select the best method of research for a project.
Quantitative Research Approach
Quantitative research focuses on data?s quantitative characteristics. Data is explored by using statistical tools. Moreover, to resolve the research issues, this method is associated with the statistic format usage like, statistical models, figures and numeric data. This method is significant to target the enormous sized individuals? group. Researchers use interview, questionnaire or survey in this type method (Amaratunga, Sarshar, Baldry & Newton, 2002).Quantitative research involves collecting numerical data to calculate and come to a conclusion. The process helps with more than one hypotheses. It also helps answer questions that will address predictions of possible relationships among variables. Aiding the search for answers one would use various papers or computers to search for a plan to be executed. This analysis allows researchers to decide the relationship among the variables. Relationship in variables can be association or just casual relationships. Statistical analysis will allow the researcher to determine the extent of how a variable influences other variables. The results of statistical analysis are presented in P value (Sage Research Method, 2013).
This approach will be used to determine how social media is affecting law enforcement officers. Taking data of how many individuals use social media websites to make comments, post videos, or post pictures that have a negative effect on law enforcement officers. Also data will be taken of individuals who post comments, post videos, or post pictures that produce positive effects on law enforcement officers. Once the data has been collected, it will be compared against each other to determine the statistical analysis and find the P value (Sage Research Method, 2013).
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research methods focuses on the meaning of realities and interpretations. Qualitative research is an approach usually associated with a paradigm that emphasizes the social constructed nature of reality. It involves recording, analyzing, and attempting to find the true meaning of the behavior of humans and experience. This includes contradictions in beliefs, behavior, and emotions. This research process is intended to give a better understanding of a person?s experience and not gathering information that is general and in large groups (QSR International, 2013).
In the qualitative method of research presentation, words, or pictures etc. are used to disclose the issue. In this method, researchers target small number of respondents to achieve the research?s objectives. To reach at a conclusion, researchers use several methods, for example: review, in-depth interview, focused group interview, etc. (Ponterotto, 2005).Qualitative researchers when using this type of research process look for a pattern for a meaning. It goes from specific to general and it is referred as the bottom-up approach. This research is not based on a pre-determined hypotheses. However, researchers specifically identify a problem or topic that he or she wants to study. The researcher maybe guided by a theoretical lens. This provides a framework for the research. This research approach is methodical which allows broad flexibility. The data collected is in textual form of observations and interactions with participants by participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. The data collected is carried in various ways instead of only one. Researchers using this research process may want to adopt the mid-way process to address other issues and eliminate questions that do not apply. In some cases, the researchers will interview or observe a set number of people. In other cases, the process of data collection and analysis may continue until the researchers find that no new issues that are emerging (QSR International, 2013).
This research process will be used to find out the reason why individuals are using social media outlets to harm law enforcement officers. This method will require interviewing, observing, and using focus groups to gather information of the true reasons why individuals want to negatively affect law enforcement officers This involves asking questions that will determine if the reasons are fueled by bad experiences with law enforcement officers or that they just have issues with authority figures (QSR International, 2013).
Advocacy or Participatory Approach
This research approach is used when the researcher feels the previous approaches did not respond to the needs or to the situation of individuals in a marginalized or vulnerable group. Because this research approach aims to bring positive changes in the lives of the individuals being researched, their approach is described as emancipatory. It is not a neutral stance. The researchers have a private agenda of giving the individuals a voice (University of Kansas, 2013).
Researchers might adopt a less neutral position than one in which it is usually required in scientific researches. This can involve informal interactions and even living amongst the participants. The data collected may be reported in personal terms. Often researchers use exactly the same words the research subject used. This type of research is often criticized for not being objective, but it need to be noted that in some research cases it is necessary as this type of research would otherwise not include the feelings and thoughts of participants (University of Kansas, 2013).
This research approach will be utilized to understand the reasons why the individuals are using social media to damage the reputation and harm law enforcement officers. The idea would be to make sure to gather as much information on the feelings and thoughts of the individuals concerning law enforcement officers (University of Kansas, 2013).
Compare and Contrast
While seeking for the best method, it would actually hinge on the researcher that what he or she is seeking for attain from the research outcomes. Quantitative research is gathering data that is converted into numbers to decide the results of the research. Qualitative research collects data in order to gather information and find out the reason for the outcome. Advocacy or participatory research is when the participants are asked about their feelings and thoughts behind the topic and in this case the social media and law enforcement. They are studied and interviewed. In qualitative research the approach to data collection and analysis is methodical but allows for greater flexibility than in quantitative research. Data is collected in textual form on the basis of observation and interaction with the participants through participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups. It is not converted into numerical form and is not statistically analyzed. When both quantitative and qualitative measurements are required to be implemented in the research then the mixed method research would be appropriate. Furthermore, when processes in a specific research are required to be improved continually the action research would be appropriate (Rohrer, 2008).
Conclusion
Either using qualitative, quantitative, or advocacy research approach, the researcher needs to understand that in some aspects the individuals using social media to affect law enforcement might be influence by others. Also this might be learned behavior from family members or parents. In the end, the research needs to find the reasons and analyze it to find a solution to prevent individuals from using social media and other outlets to damage the reputation and harm law enforcement officers.

Write a legal Opinion of the Court. Essentially, how the Court will hold in this case. Opinion should be 3 4 pages in length, double spaced. There is no right or wrong side. Make sure the argument is backed with legitimate reasoning. Feel free to use any legitimate source you deem necessary in your argument. You must cite all of your sources. Provide a separate works cited page (in addition to your 3 4 page Opinion, any format is acceptable as long as it is standardized).
If you need further assistance than what is provided below, try researching past rulings on the case and past precedent from those rulings (in LexisNexis or http://www.supremecourtus.gov/). Also, I have embedded a couple of links in this document that you may find very helpful when conducting your research. You can further use Thomas (http://thomas.loc.gov) and US Codes (http://bit.ly/7C7hHU) to assist you in obtaining any legislative information that you feel is pertinent.

The Supreme Court must balance both the legal and social demands of the country. Keep this perspective in mind when writing your argument.

Deliver your Opinion similar to an actual opinion of the Court. Set up your arguments in an organized fashion. Support your argument with LEGAL precedent, similar to an actual Opinion. Grading will be based on critical reasoning skills, your papers organizational structure, and your ability to back up your Opinion with relevant points.

Citations must be cited. Back those points up with references and holdings in previous cases.

Synopsis (compiled by Lori Odessa with some direct excerpts from case; amended by Bill McGeeney):

Radio Times audio debate over case provides a nice overview of the issues revolving around this case: http://tinyurl.com/yz7mbh6 (roughly 1 hour, skip through the commercials).

FACTS (pulled together from various sources by Lori)

The indictment arose out of an investigation by federal and Pennsylvania law enforcement agents who had discovered that Stevens had been advertising pit bull related videos and merchandise through his business. Stevens advertised these videos in Sporting Dog Journal, an underground publication featuring articles on illegal dog fighting. Law enforcement officers arranged to buy three videotapes from Stevens, which form the basis for each of the counts in the indictment. The first two tapes, entitled, Pick-A-Winna and Japan Pit Fights, show circa 1960s and 70s footage of organized dog fights that occurred in the United States and involved pit bulls, as well as footage of more recent dog fights, also involving pit bulls, from Japan. The third video, entitled Catch Dogs, shows footage of hunting excursions in which pit bulls were used to catch wild boar, as well as footage of pit bulls being trained to perform the function of catching and subduing hogs or boars. This video includes a gruesome depiction of a pit bull attacking the lower jaw of a domestic farm pig. The footage in all three videos was accompanied by introductions, narration and commentary by Stevens, as well as accompanying literature, of which, Stevens is the author.

As a result of their investigation, law enforcement officers obtained a search warrant for Stevens Virginia residence, executed the search warrant and found several copies of the three videos, as well as other dog fighting merchandise.

On March 24, 2004, a federal grand jury sitting in the Western District of Pennsylvania returned an indictment charging Stevens with three counts of knowingly selling depictions of animal cruelty with the intention of placing those depictions in interstate commerce for commercial gain, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 48. In November of 2004, the District Court denied Stevens motion to dismiss the indictment based on his assertion that 48 abridged his First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The case proceeded to trial, and on January 13, 2005, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on each of the three counts. The District Court sentenced Stevens to 37 months of imprisonment and three years of supervised release.

LAW

Stevens case is the first prosecution in the nation under 48 to proceed to trial, and thus, the first substantive constitutional evaluation of the statue by a federal appellate court. 18 U.S.C. 48 states:

(a) Creation, sale, or possession. Whoever knowingly creates, sells, or possesses a depiction of animal cruelty with the intention of placing that depiction in interstate or foreign commerce for commercial gain, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.

(b) Exception. Subsection (a) does not apply to any depiction that has serious religious, political, scientific, educational, journalistic, historical, or artistic value.

(c) Definitions. In this section

(1) the term depiction of animal cruelty means any visual or auditory depiction, including any photograph, motion-picture film, video recording, electronic image, or sound recording of conduct in which a living animal is intentionally maimed, mutilated, tortured, wounded, or killed, if such conduct is illegal under Federal law or the law of the State in which the creation, sale, or possession takes place, regardless of whether the maiming, mutilation, torture, wounding, or killing took place in the State; and

(2) the term State means each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.

LEGAL ISSUE(s) (info below is from the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals decision)

Governments Argument:

Government contends that depictions of animal cruelty restricted by 18 USC 48 qualify as categorically unprotected speech.

Government analogizes between the depiction of animal cruelty and the depiction of child pornography New York v. Ferber (1982) holding that child pornography depicting actual children is not protected speech. The government suggests that its position is supported by the Supreme Courts decision in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
(1942) which establishes a balancing test to determine whether to recognize a class of speech as unworthy of First Amendment protection. The test weighs the government interest in restricting the speech against the value of the speech.

In reaching the NY v. Ferber conclusion, the Supreme Court cited four factors favoring the creations of a new category of unprotected speech:

1) the State has a compelling interest in safeguarding the physical and psychological well-being of a minor.

2) the distribution of photographs and films depicting sexual activity by juveniles is intrinsically related to the sexual abuse of children.

3) The advertising and selling of child pornography provide an economic motive for and are thus an integral part of the production of child pornography.

4) The value of permitting live performances and photographic reproductions of children engaged in lewd sexual conduct is exceedingly modest, if not de minimis.

Ferber stands for the narrow proposition that a category of speech may be constitutionally restricted where it depicts the intentional infliction of physical harm on a class of especially vulnerable victims in violation of law, where the distribution of such depictions spurs their production but laws prohibition the underlying acts are woefully under-enforced, and where the speechs social value is so de minimus as to be outweighed by the important governmental goal of protecting the victims. The depiction of animal cruelty proscribed by 48 possess these essential attributes. The Government applied the Stevens facts to the Ferber factors as follows:

1) Preventing animal cruelty is also a governmental interest of the most paramount importance. The Govt argues that government interest is compelling because the law serves to protect not only the animals, but also the individuals who commit the cruety, and more generally, the morals of society. Our nations aversion to animal cruelty is deep-seated. Today dog-fighting is prohibited in all the fifty states. And empirical evidence now bears out that understandingthe increasing body of research which suggest that humans who kill or abuse others often do so as the culmination of a long pattern of abuse, which often begins with the torture and killing of animals. Because the interest protects the animals themselves, human, and public mores, that it warrants being labeled compelling.

2) The speech/depictions at issue here is intrinsically related to the underlying crime of animal cruelty, most clearly because its creation is also predicated on a violation of criminal law, so as to weigh in favor of its prohibition. Moreover, the animal abuse, such as dog fighting, counsels toward the conclusion that the harms suffered by abused animals also extend far beyond that directly resulting from the single abusive act depicted. In addition, Congress has reasonable concluded that targeting the distributors would be the most effective way of drying up the animal-cruelty depictions market. In particular, police struggle to prosecute those involved in crush videos because the videos are generally created by a bare-boned, clandestine staff; the woman doing the crushing is filmed in a manner that shields her identity, and the location of the action is imperceptible. Similarly, individuals involved in dogfights are also elaborately insulated from law enforcement.

3) The presence of an economic motive driving the production of depictions of animals being tortured or killed is perhaps the critical consideration that distinguishes the speech at issue here from ordinary depictions of criminal activities.

4) The depictions of animal cruelty are of de minimis value because the statute excludes depictions that have any serious value.


Banning depiction of animal cruelty as prohibited by 48 also satisfy the second part of the fundamental First Amendment balancing inquiry because they have little or no social value. This is guaranteed by the terms of the statue which excepts speech that has serious religious, political, scientific, education, journalistic, historical, or artistic value from its reach. And if some serious work were to demand a depiction of animal cruelty, a simulated depiction is permitted under the statute. (the exceptions are from the Miller v. California (1973) Supreme Court opinion which banned obscenity from Free Speech protection.) Section 48 (b) exceptions are nothing more than an analogous codification of the Miller v. Ca framework, tailored to the animal cruelty context.

Section 48 outlaws depictions that are [of] no essential part of any exposition of ideas, and are of such slight social value as a step to truth that any benefit that may be derived from them is clearly outweighed by the social interest in order and morality. Chaplinsky.

In sum, the speech at issue possesses the essential attributes of unprotected speech identified generally in Chaplinsky and of child pornography as discussed in Ferber. The Government has a compelling interest in eradicating animal cruelty, depictions of animal cruelty are intrinsically related to the underlying animal cruelty, the market for videos of animal cruelty incentivizes the commission of acts of animal cruelty, and such depictions are of de minimis value. The statute is merely one prohibiting depictions of a narrow subclass of depraved acts committed against an uniquely vulnerable and helpless class of victims.

Stevens Argument:

Stevens contends that Section 48 is unconstitutionally overbroad because it criminalizes depictions of conduct that was not illegal when or where it occurred, such as videos of dogfights in Japan, where dog fighting is legal, or videos that were produced in the United States before dog fighting was outlawed.

1. The statute is overbroad because it reaches individuals who took no part in the underlying conduct.

2. The statue is overbroad because it could extend to technical violations of hunting and fishing statutes.

3. The statute is unconstitutionally vague because the definition of depiction of animal cruelty is predicated on state law and federal law cannot incorporate state law.

4. Section 48 is void-for-vagueness because the word animal is defined differently in different states.

Potential Ruling:

Based on the series of questions and hypotheticals the Governments attorney was peppered with during oral arguments (http://tinyurl.com/y9oazuk), it is more probable than not that the majority of Justices will find that the federal law violates the First Amendment because it is too vague/overbroad. The majority of Justices seemed to indicate that the test of what depictions fall under the exceptions, i.e., serious educational, scientific, artistic, etc., is difficult to distinguish and should not turn into a subjective test for the government, judges and juries to determine.

This paper shall include the Internal Affairs Procedures for handling an investigation, how findings are determined, the disciplinary process and the decertification process. Topics may include Ethics and Leadership Theories, Professional Codes of Conduct.
Resources - Florida Law Enforcement Officer's Bill of Rights
Caldero, Michael, John P. Crank, "Police Ethics: The Corruption of Noble a Cause".