Instructions
Topic ? Social Marketing plan

As part of the team working for a Marketing Consultancy you have been tasked by your Senior Manager to produce a leaflet aimed at charitable organisations to develop their understanding of social marketing and provide them with guidance in improving their social marketing strategies, including recommendations for effective tools and techniques. A report consisting of 2000 words will be required to support your answer.

Note:
1. Chosen campaign: i look better in Egypt. keep me where i was born ''gyptian antiquities stealing ''
2. Chosen country: Egypt.
3. Harvard style referencing.
4. I have already designed a leaflet regarding ''Egyptian antiquities stealing '' i look better in Egypt''

Important:

1. Please follow the structure attached.
2. Go through the files attached.
3. Do not use much word count on situation analysis.

thankyou
Topic
Topic ? Social Marketing plan As part team working a Marketing Consultancy tasked Senior Manager produce a leaflet aimed charitable organisations develop understanding social marketing provide guidance improving social marketing strategies, including recommendations effective tools techniques.

Everything needed to complete this order has been uploaded to the fax board.

The paper is to be 10 pages in length (double spaced, one-inch margins), with all documentation placed in footnotes according to The SBL Handbook of Style.* The paper is to have an original title that is not generic (eg. ?The Book of Joshua? is not acceptable).

The paper is to present research on the following texts from the Hebrew Bible: Joshua 24

Joshua 24 (option two)

1. Analyze the text of Joshua 24 in terms of its form by making a comparison between Joshua 24 and the treaty formula that was used in agreements between a sovereign and a vassal. Develop each of the six points in some depth and detail, and integrate into your discussion quotations from at least three commentaries on Joshua.* In addition to the commentator?s insights, your own insights and analysis should be included in this section of your paper. State your opinion as to whether Joshua 24 reflects the pattern of a vassal treaty, and explain why you hold this view.

2. Present Delbert Hiller?s reconstruction of the history that stands behind Joshua 24. The central question is: according to this reconstruction, what does Hillers cite as the impetus to events related in Joshua 24? To begin answering, re-read his page 59. Then be certain to address:

? Among other things, when does he think these historical events (Joshua 24) occurred?

? How does his view that Israel was an amphictony (define this term from his page 78) influence his reconstruction of this period of history?

? How convincing is the case that Hillers makes, and how strong is his evidence?

3. Present John Van Seters? reconstruction of the history that stands behind Joshua 24.* Here the central question is: How does Van Seter? reconstruction of the history differ from that of Hillers? Be certain to address:

? What is Van Seters? assessment of the view that Joshua 24 corresponds to a covenant-treaty pattern? Does Van Seters think that Israel was once an amphictony?

? Van Seters? refers often to Dtr, which is an abbreviation for the Deuteronomistic History. What is the Deuteronomistic History, or Dtr (see RG 90-94)?

? Van Seters? conclusion appears on his page 154 in the second paragraph that begins ?There is only one solution?? What exactly is his conclusion about the historical period from which Joshua 24 emerges, and how does his conclusion differ from that of Hillers?

4. Conclude your paper by summarizing in coherent fashion the discussion that you have presented in parts 1-4 of your paper. State and explain at least two things that you learned about covenant or about theology in general by researching and writing this paper.

Finally, go back and write a fetching introduction to your paper, and crown the paper with an original title. Include a Bibliography.


The following commentaries are to be the sources of research(no other commentaries may be substituted for these in terms of the requirement to cite five commentaries, although additional commentaries used providing that they are appropriate).

Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea by Delbert R. Hillers ****** for question #2 (SEE BOTOOM OF PAGE)

Boling, Robert G., and G. Ernest Wright. Joshua. AB 6. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982.

Harris, J. Gordon, Cheryl A. Brown and Michael S. Moore. Joshua, Judges, Ruth. NIBC. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2000.

Nelson, Richard J. Joshua: A Commentary (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997).

Woudstra, M. H. The Book of Joshua. NICOT. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1981.


Van Seters, John. ?Joshua 24 and the Problem of Tradition in the Old Testament,? Pp. 139-158 in In the Shelter of Elyon. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1984. **********

************ I WILL EMAIL THE VAN SETERS ARTICLE ALONG WITH Dillers page 59 and POSSIBLY HELPFUL RELATED ARTICLES!!!!


There are faxes for this order.

Write an analysis of the cultural factors that influenced or were influenced by the conduct of the French and Indian War 1754-1760 on both (three) sides.

What this means is that you should be trying to answer something like a carefully defined set of the following questions:

* How did the cultural beliefs and perceptions of both sides shape the course of the war, campaign, siege or battle? This might include such things as the centrality of honor in royal diplomacy, the belief that God decides justice through battles, the belief that the enemy was a force of cosmic evil ? in other words, how both sides saw the world and each other.

* Did the two sides share a world view? Did they therefore understand each other and agree about how war should be fought? Or did they disagree, and how did that disagreement affect how they approached fighting the war?

* And on a more historiographical note, do the differences between the world views of the participants in the war on the one hand, and our own world view, cultural assumptions, notions of rationality, and so forth, affect how we assess the behaviors of the participants? Are there decisions that either side made that appear irrational from our perspective, but make sense once we understand the cultural framework within which that side was operating?

The five sources must be five literary criticisms from five different schools of criticism, such as Structuralist, Rhetorical, or Freudian. The first five of the nine pages are for an annotated bibliography, each page getting one citation and with the citation, a summary and explanation as to what style of criticism it is and why. The remaining four pages are for an analysis of The Kite Runner, incorporating material from each of the five criticisms cited. "Explain how the varied perspectives have shaped your view"

Dear Assay town,
Kindly use the following references in this dissertation
1. Market driven management (Jean-Jacques lambin) 2000
2. Marketing plans (MALCOLM McDonald) fifth edition
3. Marketing management ( Kotler- the millennium edition)




Competitive advantage based upon market-driven business philosophy:
How a pharmaceutical company can sustain a competitive advantage


Abstract
Today . . . pharmaceutical firms find themselves in an environment characterized by downward pressure on revenues (driven by greater competition and institutional changes), upward pressure on development and manufacturing costs (driven by technological complexity and regulatory forces), and shorter product life cycles over which to recoup fixed R&D and capital investments. Additionally, shorter product lives mean that firms have less time to drive down costs to profitable levels before substitute or generic products reach the market.

This thesis will address the ability of a Sanofi-Synthelabo ?Dubai (an affiliate for a French international pharmaceutical company) to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage, based on adoption of a market-driven business strategy.

The importance of such paper, emerge from the fact that Sanofi-Synthelabo possess a great portfolio of products in the Gulf area, however the company still can not differentiate its products versus its competitors and subsequently still there is a great potential for the company to grow . The objective of the research is to introduce a more sophisticated marketing function to the marketing department of the company as well as to redefine the marketing responsibility inside the company to emphasize the concept that every one in the company has a piece of action all the way down the customer satisfaction road, based upon a more customer oriented business philosophy.





Introduction

This research will address the concept of ?how to maintain a competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical business, based upon a market driven strategy??
This will necessitate analysis of the pharmaceutical industry in general and the impact of the external environmental factors in the gulf countries upon this industry, how different forces interact within this industry, and subsequently how these forces are driving pharmaceutical companies to differentiate their offering to their customers.


Having said this, next step will entail how Sanofi-Synthelabo is reacting to the market forces, in particularly the thesis will analyse the marketing initiative conducted by the marketing department of the company, the marketing mix for one of the company blockbuster product, and how other department (especially sales department) integrate marketing in their every day business,

A S.W.O.T analysis will then lead to identification of gaps between the current performance of the marketing department and the current business strategy, and the market driven strategy that thesis promote as a strategy for sustainable competitive advantage. The research will also focus on how to perform certain marketing function that can differentiate the company from its competitors i.e. strategic brand management


This research is motivated by the increased complexity in the competitive environment in the pharmaceutical industry, and is emphasising the concept of market orientation as a substitute for the traditional marketing concept of the 4ps.
Finally this thesis proposes a broader treatment of marketing integrating both its dimensions, strategic and operational. The thesis will address marketing function not only as an action-oriented process, but equally important as a business philosophy, that emphasizes the strategic choices upon which market driven management is based.


The key theories that going to be covered in this thesis are:

1-Macro-environmental analysis, evaluation for both external and internal factors affecting this company subsidiary in the Arab gulf area is going to be carried using both the PESTLE analysis and the 7Ss methods to identify to which degree the internal structure of the company fit with its external environment.


2- Competitive analysis. Using Porter analysis, the research is going to examine the role of different external competitive forces to San-Syn, and explain the importance of differentiation as a source of competitive advantage.

3-the role of the marketing in the firm and the different marketing philosophies (passive marketing, operational marketing and strategic marketing) and the limitations of each of these three different philosophies.

5- From marketing to market driven. And what are the implications of the market ?driven orientation on the marketing function of the company.

6- market-driven strategy development. This part is going to set the specific tasks to be performed by strategic marketing that entail identifying potential product segments on the basis of analysis of the customer?s needs which to be met, evaluating the attractiveness of the market, then evaluating the competitiveness level of Sa-Syn . And then on the basis of this strategic audit, a marketing strategy can be formulated for each business unit included in its product portfolio.

7- Change management theories




Proposed methodology
Primary data will be gained through a qualitative research will be conducted as Individual in-depth interviews (questionnaire-based interviews), with medical representatives, the sales managers and the product managers within the affiliate number to be interview will be from 15-20 individual. The aim of the interviews will be to identify the individual perception of different staff within the company regarding the marketing function within the organisation, and how effective this function is inside the affiliate.
Individual in-depth interviews are interviews that are conducted face to face with the
Respondent, in which the subject matter of the interview is explored in detail. There are two basic types of in-depth interviews. They are nondirective and semi structured, and their differences lie in the amount of guidance the interviewer provides.

In nondirective interviews the respondent is given maximum freedom to respond, within the bounds of topics of interest to the interviewer. Success depends on (1) establishing a
relaxed and sympathetic relationship; (2) the ability to probe in order to clarify and elaborate on interesting responses, without biasing the content of the responses; and (3) the skill of guiding the discussion back to the topic outline when digressions are unfruitful, always pursuing reasons behind the comments and answers.

Qualitative method was chosen since. Qualitative data are collected to know more about things that cannot be directly observed and measured like feelings, thoughts and intentions. In the same vein qualitative research is about to find out what is in an individual's mind. It is done in order to access and also get a rough idea about the person's perspective.





Secondary data
A thorough research of published literature will be used with resources such as books, journals, papers, Internet.


Reflection
This research is going to address the efficacy of the marketing function within the organisation, therefore some of the questions that going to be asked during the interviews Questions that they perceive as invasion of privacy, that they think will embarrass them, or that may have a negative impact on their ego or status will not be honestly answered.
On the other hand, changing the functional role of the marketing department will have a great influence on the way the business flow, not only on the marketing department but equally on the role of the sales department and the affiliate as whole. Therefore it is most likely that, this sort of change will necessitate a leader that can centrally influence different department and clear the path for new business orientation.

Conclusion
The presented research is addressing a more customer oriented business, in an affiliate for an international pharmaceutical organisation as a way of sustaining a competitive edge through changing the traditional view of the marketing function, to a more market driven view. Where every act the business initiates should create value in the marketplace and where every one in the organisation is a marketer, no matter how seemingly remote they may appear from the traditional marketing process.
After completions of the interviews, the next step will entail reviewing different literatures that analyse the role of the marketing function within organisations, and the concept of market driven management.



Company history
Sanofi was established in1973, when the oil conglomerate Elf Aquitaine merged several diverse companies into one subsidiary. Capabilities of the new company included healthcare, cosmetics and animal nutrition.
In 1979, Elf spun off Sanofi. From this point on the company grew through a series of acquisitions and alliances, including a joint venture with American Home Products (now Wyeth) in 1982.
Towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s, the company developed its cosmetics operations with the acquisitions of Nina Ricci, in 1988, and the perfume business of Yves St. Laurent, 1n 1993. Later in the 1990s, Sanofi began to divest its veterinarian and biotech operations. This was closely followed by its beauty division, which had begun to incur losses. Nina Ricci was sold in 1996 and by 1999, the rest of the division had followed suit.
In 1999, Sanofi merged with Synthelabo. Synthelabo was founded in 1970, from the merger of Laboratoires Dausse and Laboratoires Robert et Carriere. L?Oreal bought a 53% interest in the company in 1973. In 1980, the company bought the drug firm Metabio-Jouillie. Other acquisitions followed throughout the 1980s. There were also several joint ventures established, including those with Mitsubishi Chemical Industries and Tanabe Seiyaku. In the early 1990s, the company acquired several smaller French companies.
This gave Synthelabo the strength to compete in the big international markets in the US and Asia. Sanorania Pharma was bought from Pharmacia & Upjohn in 1997, before the Sanofi merger in 1999.
After 1999, Sanofi-Synthelabo began to reorganize itself into a pharmaceutical specialist. This resulted in the sale of its animal feed, diagnostic and veterianary interests. During 2000, the company targeted the US market, by increasing its sales presence. Furthermore, in 2002, the company enhanced its capabilities with an alliance with Immuno-Designed Molecules, a biotechnology firm that developed cancer drugs.
Also in 2002, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Eligard for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, and obtained supplementary US patents for the Eloxatin and Elitek active ingredients.
The FDA also gave marketing approval in major indication extensions for Plavix in acute coronary syndrome and for Aprovel in diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease) in patients with high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. In March 2003, the FDA granted ARIXTRA (fondaparinux sodium) a six-month priority review for the new indication Prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis, which may lead to pulmonary embolism, in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, including extended prophylaxis.

COMPANY OVERVIEW
Sanofi-Synthelabo is a drugs company, which specializes in four development areas that cover cardiovascular, central nervous system, oncology, and internal medicine formulations. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002, the company generated revenues of $7.0 billion, an increase of 15% over the previous year.
Sanofi-Synthelabo has a portfolio of around 50 compounds in development programs, around half of which are in phase II or III clinical trials. The company is well established in Europe and is attempting to capture the lucrative US and Asian markets. Sanofi is headquartered in Paris, France.



BUSINESS DESCRIPTION of the marketing department in the Gulf affiliate

Sanofi-Synth?labo offers a product range focused on a core group of four therapeutic areas. These areas include the Cardiovascular disease/Thrombosis segment; disorders of Central Nervous System, Oncology and Internal Medicine sectors. The company also operates in the fields of Consumer Health (OTC) Products and Generics.
Within the cardiovascular fields, it launched Aprovel (irbesartan) in 1997, in partnership with Bristol-Myers Squibb. Now marketed in more than 30 countries around the world, this marks the group?s development in the Hypertension field.
Plavix (clopidogrel), a platelet aggregation inhibitor, was launched in the US and Europe in 1998. A CAPRIE study involving over 19,000 patients suffering from first symptoms of atherothrombosis showed that it was apparently more effective than aspirin (the standard prescription). Sanofi entered the oncology field in 1996 with the launch of Eloxatin (oxaliplatine) in France. The product is registered in more than 50 countries. New compounds are under clinical investigation and others are in the launch phase, such as FASTURTEC.
Within the central nervous system field, the company?s Depakine, which has been in use for the past 30 years, is one of the world?s most-prescribed anti-epileptic medications. Another product in this field, Gabitril (Tiagabine), used for partial epilepsy, was prescribed to 14,500 patients during its launch year in 1998.
Urology, gastroenterology, allergy, respiratory disease, rheumatology, the muscular system and food metabolism are the main fields covered by Internal Medicine. Xatral
(alfuzosin) is indicated for benign prostatic hypertrophy, condition experienced by more than half of all men 60-years-old and over.
Sanofi possesses strong brands in the consumer health market, where products are either prescribed by a physician, recommended by a pharmacist, or purchased by consumers without a prescription.













Research results;
Interviewed staff
General manager 1
Product managers 4
National managers 3
Medical representatives  UAE: 4
 Kuwait: 4
 Oman : 2
 Qatar: 2
 Bahrain : 2


Total = 21 interviews were conducted
First question was about the main responsibilities of marketing in the affiliate
The responses to this question vary as follow;
General Manager associated marketing, with the followings; (new ideas generation, new opportunities, establishment of excellent relation with key opinion leaders in the field of medicine and supporting medical reps. in their duties.

National managers almost have the same response; all of them highlighted the responsibility of supporting medical reps. in their duties either through training sessions for the reps. or organising educational activities to the doctors. Furthermore national managers also associated marketing with the launch of new products (Kuwait manger), and the designing of the promotional materials used by medical reps. (U.A.E manager).

As for the product mangers
All product managers identified S.T.P (segmentation, targeting and positioning) as the core functions of the marketing department. However all of them didn?t associate their daily work with these concepts, and responded that most of their work are related to allocation of investments to certain educational events to customers (round table meetings, medical symposia and international medical conferences) and training sessions to medical reps. Furthermore all of them agreed that they contribute in the process of promoting the drugs when they join the medical reps, when the medical reps are
Incompetent to transfer the message they are requested to. In the same vein product managers felt that one of their main responsibilities are to keep close contact with K.O.Ls, and to convince the G.M regarding the investments allocated to each of them.

Last but not least, product managers highlighted the responsibility of collecting market data regarding the size of the different therapeutic segments, through questionnaires that are given to the medical reps, to be handed to the concerned doctors.

One product manager (among the four) regarded the annual marketing plan that are prepared each year to be sent to France head quarter at September, as a serious responsibility, for the others, they were taking the annual plane as an administrative job , since they agreed that these planes were never taken seriously by France head quarter.



As for the medical reps; all of them highlighted two roles for the marketing department. First the training sessions conducted to them by the product managers fro products medical knowledge and the round table activities that are conducted to doctors.
Medical reps in Kuwait and U.A.E ( the biggest two countries among the five countries) especially highlighted the need for marketers to develop relationship with key opinion leaders and other important non prescribers as purchasing department in ministry of health and medical store personnel in the ministry.

On the other hand, Medical reps in Qatar and Oman, indicated that the marketing department?s responsibility is to support them (with medical information and tactics) in order to help them to have this kind of strong relation with K.O.Ls.


Second question;
Addressed the effectiveness of the marketing function within the affiliate

The general manger responded to this question, that the marketing initiatives, that are requested from France office, to be implemented in the Gulf, are still not accomplished e.g. identifying the size of segments to be targeted for each product. However he did appreciate the support giving to the medical reps by the marketers in the affiliate.
He also addressed the need for creative ideas to be implemented by the product managers, without mentioning the nature exactly of what he meant.


As for the national managers, the respond varies from one to another;
For U.A.E manager , he appreciated the role played by the product managers in the educational activities, on the other hand he felt that allot of the questionnaires that are giving to the med reps in order to survey an incidence or prevalence of a diseases or in order to have key account data base, were some how ineffective and are not helping in better sales for the company, in the same vein U.A.E manger stated that he never ( not even once) read the marketing plans prepared annually by the product managers .


For Kuwait manager, he stressed the fact the product mangers are adding value to the company, mainly through the training sessions they are conducting for the medical reps.
Since the regional office of the Gulf countries is in UAE, he explained that K.O.Ls management is mainly done by him and his team in Kuwait and that the role played by the marketing department regarding this function, is minimal and should be improved.






For the third national manager of (Oman, Qatar and Bahrain)
He felt that the market department is very effective in both supporting his team, with the training sessions they are conducted for product knowledge, and for the level of relationship , the marketing department developed with K.O.Ls doctors in his countries. Furthermore he requested improvement in communication between him and the market department.


For product mangers
All of them complained from allot of administrative working. In addition they felt that there is no enough time for them to analyse their market or to plan for future activities. All of them agreed that , most of their time they are responding , either to requests from the medical reps to solve certain problems in the market , or to requests from the marketing director in France , who does not involve him self allot in understanding the nature of the market , they are operating in.


For the medical reps
Medical reps in U.A.E were the responders who felt allot of support from the marketing department, in different activities i.e. helping them in improving relation with doctors in key accounts, supporting them in understanding their market and how to deliver a proper message to the target doctors.
In Bahrain and Oman, medical reps also appreciated the kind of support; they are receiving from the product mangers, especially in allocating investment to certain marketing functions in their countries.

On the other hand both Kuwait and Qatar medial reps. complained from insufficient support from the marketing department, they felt that most investment decisions were taken without their participation in making those decisions, and therefore they felt that most of investments that took place were misplaced, because of misunderstanding of the market department to Kuwait market.














Macro-environmental analysis

Introduction
PESTLE analysis is a useful framework that gives structured insight into what are the changes occurring in the organization?s general environment (Leicester2604. P, 1.46)
A PESTLE analysis will be carried out to SANOFI~SYNTHELABO subsidiary in the Arab gulf countries (UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain) in order to analyse different factors that can influence the performance of SANOFI , in response to its external environment.

P stands for political factor
The political system in the gulf countries allows international organization to exist inside their countries, only under the umbrella of a native pharmaceutical agency, where part of the company revenue, goes to the agency, and in return this agency is expected to provide the company with strong level of connection within the country which can facilitate the activity of the company and the distribution of its goods. Therefore it is one of the important elements to the pharmaceutical companies in the Gulf States, to have a strong support from its native agency , in order to have better opportunities for its activity base on the level of support it receive from this agent.

Recently all of the gulf countries have decided to restrict free medications within its ministry of health hospitals (the big institutional hospitals), only to native individuals. This policy has restricted expatriates from receiving their medications from the institutional sector. Accordingly most of the pharmaceutical companies started to suffer from reduction in both, the consumption and subsequent ordering for its products from the ministry of health?s hospitals.
Nevertheless this was partly compensated by increasing request for medications in the private sector. This is the main reason why many pharmaceutical companies have started to shift its field force to the private sector and the private health insurance hospitals, in order to compensate their loss in the institutional sector.

The political system is also supporting two local pharmaceutical companies (Gulphar & Global) as there is a preferential treatment for these two companies i.e. through awardation of major contract of ministry of health to them in their line of products.



E refer to economic
Gulf countries saw very strong growth during the second half of the 1970s (8.6 per cent) (1975-1980), followed by a sluggish economic growth at 1.2% during the period 1980-2000.(United nations developmental programme2002.P,92) Figure 6.1 illustrates the pattern over time and shows that the overall trend was downward over the period as a whole. The fluctuating economic growth pattern seen in the gulf countries reflects mainly movement in the oil market on which mainly it strongly depends. This overall down trend has the affected the pharmaceutical industry in this area of the world by two ways;
First a very aggressive price regulation was stressed over the last few years among the Arab gulf countries which resulted in squeezing of the profit margin of most of the companies, and secondly the over all health care system?s expenditure on drugs ( specially new innovative drugs with premium price ) was reduced.






S refer to social
The Gulf countries has become a home to substantial expatriate population, reflecting a combination of the oil boom and domestic labour shortages, the number of the foreign workers in the gulf countries increased fivefold from 1970-1990 , expatriate are estimated to constitute over two third of the population in the gulf countries (UNDP 36)
Age Structure in the gulf countries is significantly younger than the global average, with about 26 % of the population under the age of 15.
the dependency ratio ( the ratio of economically inactive to the working age population, defined as those 15 to 64 years of age) are lower in the gulf countries than else where in the Arab world , owing to the presence of a large numbers of foreign workers.
Further more it is estimated that the proportion of the population age 65 or older will increase in the gulf countries to up to 9 % in 2020.
(United Nations developmental programme2002.P 38)

These key demographic dates can have the following impact on the pharmaceutical industry in the gulf countries:
 Majority of the population in these countries are expatriates, most of them are Asians with low income that can weaken their demands for medicines especially brands with premium prices.
 There is a good trend in the future, with increasing the proportion of the native elderly in the population and consequently increase the need for medications for this age group.


T stands for Technological
Arab countries have some of the lowest level of research funding in the world, according to the 1998 world science report of the United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO). R& D expenditure as a percentage of GDP was a mere 0.4% For the Arab world in 1996 compared to 2.35% in 1994 for Israel as an example for comparison. (United Nations developmental programme2002.P, 65)
Despite the fact that technological changes are not expected to take place swiftly in the region and consequently local pharmaceutical companies will not have the competencies to compete against international companies like Sanofi~Synthelabo, still local pharmaceutical companies started to compete versus internationals , by manufacturing and selling drugs that become out of patent protection ( saving the huge budget of R& D) and providing much cheaper prices compared with the original brands produced by the internationals.


L stands for Legal environment
Legal dimensions in the Gulf countries don?t differ significantly from that of the developed world. The government has set of regulations in order to control the behaviour of the pharmaceutical industry. i.e. Legislation governs the rights of employees, it governs the way pharmaceutical companies can market its products ( code of ethics). Furthermore it sets out standards that must be embodied in the products provided by the company (through quality control and sample analysis for any medicine).
The legislative arm of the government also plays a role in pricing medicines and assuring the rights for the patients receive an honest data about the medicine from the company of manufacture in case he or she requests to have them.

In order to keep a sound relation with the government, it is important for the pharmaceutical companies to be aware of the legislations of each particular country and to run their activities in line with these regulations.






E stands for environmental or Ethical consideration
In the late twentieth-century urbanization created major air pollution problems in the Arab countries as a whole. The transport, industrial and energy sectors have had substantial effect on the environment (United Nations developmental programme2002.P, 45). Now there is a growing awareness of the community toward the environmental effect of the products and services. Sanofi~Synthelabo is giving a great deal of attention to the environmental and safety issues, there is no pharmaceutical manufacturing facility for the company, nevertheless still the gulf subsidiary is compliant with the policy of Sanofi~Synthelabo regarding this issue .This policy is the work of the HSE (health, safety and environmental) department within the company and it can be summarized as follow;
 1-In all the places in which the group operates it respects the applicable laws and regulations, applies expert recommendations and uses best industrial practices.

 2- Every product launch will be subjected to a safety, health and environmental risk assessment integrating all the scientific and technical knowledge of the group.

 Sanofi~Synthelabo takes care to minimise consumption of raw materials and energy and monitor and control gaseous emissions, aqueous effluents and solid waste
(Environnemental report 2002 Sanofi~Synth?labo 2001. P, 27)

Conclusion
The Arabic region especially the Gulf area is showing tremendous changes affecting all aspects i.e. politically, few local pharmaceutical manufactures are starting to build up the technology required for survival in this industry; furthermore these companies are receiving favourable treatment from the health authorities in these different countries, putting international pharmaceuticals in more fierce competition versus these local industries.
On other hand the fluctuating economic growth pattern, have reduced the health system budget, and exerted a lot of pressure on the pricing policy of a lot of pharmaceuticals.
Last but not least aging of the population will constitute an opportunity for companies producing drugs for this segment.





























Industry analysis
Porter 1982, has determined the forces that drive any industry competition, his analysis is based on the idea that a company?s ability to exploit a competitive advantage in its reference market depends not only on the direct competition it faces, but also on the role played by rival forces , such as potential entrants , substitute products, customers and suppliers. The first two forces constitute a direct threat; the other two an indirect threat, because of their bargaining power. It is the combined interplay of these five competitive forces which determines the profit potential of the product market.




Figure: Porter?s Five Forces Model
Source: Porter (19800.







Using this framework to analyse the competition in the pharmaceutical industry

Threat of new entrants

The threat of new entrants in the pharmaceutical industry is minimal, since barriers to entry constitute a big challenge for any new comer. The main barriers are:

1- Capital requirements , which can be considerable , not only for production facilities, but more important for R& D investments that is crucial for the success of any pharmaceutical firm to succeed , marketing expenses and so on . Introducing a single drug can cost from $ 600 million to $1 billion from conception to launch. The average product can takes up to 15 years to develop.

2- Economy of scale and economy of scope, to an industry afflicted with excess production capacity. The logic of combining operations has been compelling enough to generate more than $150 billion of mergers and acquisitions among pharmaceutical companies in the last six years in order to achieve economy of scale and economy of scope.


3- Legal protection obtained through patents, is also another entry barriers that minimise the entry of new entrants.












Threat of substitute products
Substitute products are products that can perform the same function for the same customer groups, but are based on different technologies.
Substitution in the pharmaceutical industry were seen during the last ten years, especially in the cardiology field, where most of the heart beat irregularity diseases
(Cardiac arrhythmias) were treated with pharmaceutical products as a first line of therapy,
Recently pharmaceutical product?s role has been so much weaken, after the introduction of new technology i.e. I.C.D (Intra cardiac defibrillators) that becoming increasingly encouraged as a first line of therapy instead of drugs.
However, special attention has to be paid to switching costs (real or psychological), which is very high, and can offset the total replacement of anti arrhythmic drugs with I.C.Ds. Therefore with advanced technology it is foreseen that the medical equipment industry can represent a threat to pharmaceutical products in certain specialities of medicine.


Bargaining power of buyers
Unforgiving health regulatory regimes have put a lot pressure on pharmaceutical prices and have reduced the profit margin of firms within this industry. Brands with premium prices have to be endorsed by key opinion leader doctors, who influence the purchase of such products, and the practice of other doctors.
Furthermore medical associations either internationals or locals can influence to great extent the prescription habit of physicians and consequently the sales of a given pharmaceutical product. Medical guidelines and recommendations have always been one of the major drivers of any pharmaceutical product.
Recently with the era of the internet and the easiness of access to information regarding pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical companies, has empowered end users i.e. patients role in choosing their medicine, and is becoming more and more important.
A well informed patient is increasingly becoming a decision maker regarding which drug to use.



Bargaining power of suppliers
Suppliers can exert bargaining power in the pharmaceutical industry either by rising prices of their raw materials or through reducing quality. This has lead to vertical integration within the pharmaceutical industry, where vertical integration for a big pharmaceutical company may therefore amount to acquiring or collaborating with a biotech company to obtain enabling technologies or to enrich its own R&D pipeline. In the case of the acquisition of a biotech company, the acquired research will very probably be non-overlapping with the in-house research, so that research at the sites of acquired company can continue as it is for the time being. Later, it can be tailored and pruned according to the needs of the acquiring company.


Rivalry among existing firms
The intensity and form of competitive struggle between direct rivals in a product market vary according to the nature of the actual competitive structure. This defines the degree of interdependence between rivals and the extent of the market power held by each competitor.
The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by being a very fragmented industry, recently mergers and acquisitions has led to a significant shift in the balance of power across the pharmaceutical industry, creating a number of ?mega-companies?. For the first time, take-over bids were completed amongst major companies, including Pfizer with Warner- Lambert, Pharmacia & Upjohn with Monsanto and Glaxo Wellcome with SmithKline Beecham. If other expected mergers go ahead, even larger entities could be created.


That factors that have been identified as driving companies to seek alternatives beyond organic growth, include:
 Slowing sales growth
 Cost containment is key on customers? agenda due to pressure on drug budgets
 Renewed emphasis on pharmaco-economic evidence, given the drive to meet budget constraints
 Shorter life-cycles of new compounds
 Scarcity of ?blockbuster? drug compounds.
 Higher costs of drug discovery technologies.
 Increased price competition and marketing spend required to combat:
o Patent expiries
o Generics
o Parallel imports


Still the opportunity for consolidation in this diffuse industry is very high, since the market share of the leading pharmaceutical company Pfizer constitutes only 7%.

However it should be considered that the competition between pharmaceutical companies is determined mainly by the therapeutic category, such as antihypertensive drugs, anti thrombosis drugs and so on.
Different therapeutic categories may show different competitive structures, for example the therapeutic class of anti cholesterol drug is an oligopolstic market where the number of competitors is low (Pfizer, Novartis, BMS and recently Astra Zeneca) and the degree of differentiation between the products is high. As a result rival firms in this class are highly interdependent, each firm knows well the forces at work and the actions of one firm are felt by the others, who are inclined to react. Therefore the outcome of a strategic action depends largely on weather or not competitor firm react.




Conclusion
The pharmaceutical market is sill a fragmented market, with more opportunities for consolidations through further mergers and acquisitions. The creation of mega companies will enable them to exploit economy of scale and of scope, and will give them a competitive edge with the size of investment they will afford to allocate to R&D.
However on the other hand, companies like SANOFI-SYNTHELABO, are having the chance to differentiate them self versus mega companies like Pfizer, through trying to identify strategies with more customer orientation. This will entail a genuine focus on the strategic aspect of the marketing function within the company, and how efficient the company will diffuse this customer orientation through its hierarchical structure.



Internal audit of SANOFI-SYNTHELABO (GULF)
Introduction,
The 7S framework is a useful framework for carrying out an internal audit of the organization, it forces one to audit an organization from all perspectives both hard (strategy, structure and systems) and soft (style, staff and shared values).
It was the first framework to incorporate resources and distinctive competence (skills of the organization). (Leicester2604.P, 1.51)

Carrying out a 7S analysis for Sanofi-Synthelabo in the gulf subsidiary will yield the following:
Strategy
The strategy in the Gulf subsidiary, is concerning the strategic initiatives and approaches to manage this geographical area which includes five small countries (UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Bahraini), and for handling daily operating tasks with strategic significance (Operating strategy).
These strategic initiatives may include decisions regarding;
 how to strengthen the company long term business by recommending certain company products to be marketed in the area according to the market need and deletion of certain products that are not profitable within this area
 how to achieve competitive advantage via allocation of the company resources including man power among the five countries according to the size of market and the potentiality of each market in the future.
 How to achieve the performance targets by providing the subordinates with action plans and monitor their performance with a reporting system in order to take corrective measure when needed.




Strategy is determined according to the area manager own thoughts and assumptions for this area of the world (strategy as thinking) (Leicester 2604.P, 1.17), moreover there is a relatively good feedback loop between the subordinates (the medical representatives and functional managers) and the area manager which influence the strategic decisions made by him. Thus a learning school of strategic decision process (leicester2604.P, 1.18) can be seen as well, especially in defining the quality of service needed for the customers (doctors & pharmacists). Finally the environmental factors like regulations of the gulf countries and the economic status also direct the strategic decision making process.

To conclude the strategy present in Sanofi~Synthelabo gulf subsidiary is basically
(A growth strategy) aiming toward communicating the uniqueness of the company products to its prospect to maintain a quality differentiation for its products in the mind of its prospects and continue to grow both in market share and revenue, this is implemented through;

 Training field force that is able of providing quality service to its target customers.
 Allocation of resources among the company products & among the different countries in the area.


Structure




Sanofi ~Synthelabo is having a vertical functional structure (Daft.P,316) with much defined line of authority where medical representatives of each country report and held accountable to one national manager , who in turn report to the area manager, further more also the medico-marketing department is reporting to the area manager directly.
 Line authority flows down this hierarchy form the position of the area manager, down to the supervisors and finally to the medical representatives.

 The medico-marketing department is having both staff authority and functional authority (Leicester 2600.P, 7.28) over the national managers and the medical reps.

there is a wide span of control with each national manager responsible for all medical reps within each country ( average 5 reps /country ) and one national manager is responsible for the medical reps of three countries ( Oman, Qatar and Bahrain) .

Decision authority is located at the top of the chart i.e. the area manager, giving the company a highly centralized structure with low level of delegation to the subordinates. The area manager has an autocratic style of leadership (Leicester2600.P, 7.32).

Analysing the mentioned structure, can show that the, level of coordination between the marketing department and the sales department is very poor. Product mangers are not allowed to view the daily reporting from the sales representatives, and market feed back data are mainly gained through joined visits with the sales reps, furthermore the higher manager is also promoting a sense of autonomy within each department, and in the same time he is not acting as a point of link between the different department. Therefore allot of opportunities are not cessed and the response of the company to the market and the customer?s requirement are some how slower than the competitive companies.


Systems
Sanofi~Synthelabo in the gulf is having a formal procedures through which it operates on daily basis.
The financial system records all expenses regularly and identifies expenses to its related activity and related products, in order to give an update view regarding the resources allocated to each country, each product and each activity. Thus resources are properly allocated among the different activities of the company.

The company also having a budgetary system, which is set annually .This system, helps to allocate resources to different products within each country according to the projected sales of each country.
Other systems which exist inside the company is the reporting system and the operational system, where the medical reps are given certain procedures in performing their work, then each medical rep has to perform a written daily report to his supervisor detailing his daily visits and providing feed back from the market.
Recently many medical reps have commented that these reports are time consuming and that it concentrates on performance rather than achieving tasks.
Finally the rewarding system inside the company is based on a financial incentive, where the medical reps are evaluated according to two main criteria; first achievement of individual targeted sales and second achievement of the whole country sales.
As for the product managers and the national managers, a monthly report is submitted to the general manager with the main activities conducted during the month and the plan for the next month activities. It is worthy to mention, that at this point, the product managers are having an access to all the national mangers reports.






Style
The general manager in Sanofi-Synthelabo gulf, depend mainly on command and control with little or no participation from the supervisors or the medico marketing department.
This centralization is always accompanied by a consultative type of authority to limit its severity. As for national managers and the marketing seniors, they are more people oriented as they are in direct contact with the medical reps and therefore they represent the link between the field force and the general manager.


Staff
Sanofi~Synthelabo in the gulf is considering training of its medical representatives as a continuous process, furthermore hygiene factors (Daft. P, 540) like good offices, the pay system and stability in the company are all available.
Motivation is related to a monetary incentive scheme with an appraisal prepared by the area manager, furthermore the loyalty and the commitment present among the subordinate is moderate at the best estimate, since most of the time the appraising system is subjective and depends on the personal feeling of the general manager toward the subordinate.













Skills
Management of product
The first skill that Sanofi-Synthelabo does well in the gulf is the degree paid to product knowledge, since this is seen in every activity the company performs. Further more this skill is present among all the level of the organization hierarchy up to the area manager.
Another skill which the company perform it relatively good is the way it manages its products, there are three lines of product within the company, each line is a responsibility of one marketing senior, further more there a marked coordination between the marketing individuals. Thus products management is based on two concepts; first growing the product to its highest potential and second utilizing all the company products directed to one prospect, to improve the company image and create a sense of partnership between the doctor and the company.


Shared value

In order to understand the shared values of Sanofi-Synth?labo as a group, a little detailing of its history will be necessary to explain the origin of these values.
Basically Sanofi-Synth?labo had created after a merge took place between two small French companies, during the period from 1998 till the present time the company succeeded to be one of the 20 largest companies in the pharmaceutical industry worldwide, ranked number seven in Europe and second in France.

This growth did not alter the values presented in the two small companies at the time of the merge. Both companies did not offer the best monetary package in the pharmaceutical field (not even close), but there was always a sense of family spirit that was easily to be felt between the staff of the company at all levels, this was helped by the average size of each company alone which created an emotional bond between the employee of the company, that by some how was seen as a compensation for the low monetary package.


The best example to show the shared value (people come first) inside the organization, is that when the merge took place in 1999 non of the employee of the new company was laid off, which was not the case with many other mergers at the time
( Glaxo-wellcome had laid off thousands of its employee by the time it merged).

THE FIRST HALF OF THE PAPER HAS BEEN COMPLETED!
Only PAY ATTENTION TO THE PART 2
IN ADDITION...THE WORKSHEET IS BELOW

This course provides a solid grounding in practice theory, and the purpose of the course project is to further explore and understand the many connections a theory has to your field on a practical level. For the course project, you will write a 15 (or more) page paper analyzing a chosen practice theory and its relations to your professional field.

There are two parts to this paper: Part 1 consists of a description of the theory, its historical evolution, its tenets, its scope, and the main interventions that stem from this theory. This first part of the paper should be 6?"7 pages (no more than 7 pages), double-spaced.

Part 2 of this paper is the analysis of the theory. This is where you have the opportunity to tease apart the theory and analyze its epistemological underpinnings, the research studies used to test theory, the methods used to test the theory, and the accuracy of the theory. This second part of the paper should be 7?"8 pages (no more than 8 pages), double-spaced. (This does not include the title page, abstract, and references.)

The page guidelines will be strictly enforced. It is easy to write a very long paper but much more of a challenge to learn to write succinctly. It is also good practice because the comprehensive examinations have strict page limitations as well.


Part 1....HAS BEEN COMPLETED
Describe the historical development of the chosen practice theory. Evaluate the intellectual and historical evolution of this theory and discuss how your discipline adopted and incorporated this theory. You may need to discuss the historical evolution of your discipline and how this theory fits in.
What are the major assumptions posited by the practice theory?
What is the scope and what are the problem areas addressed by this theory? How has your field of practice adopted this theory, and how has it influenced the problem areas it addresses?
What are the main intervention strategies this practice theory advocates? How do we know these intervention strategies are effective?

PART 2...THIS IS THE PART THAT WILL BE DUE
To begin your work on Part 2 of the paper, a worksheet is due in Unit 8 that guides you through the following questions and helps ensure that you are on the right track. (You will submit your final analysis paper, which includes Parts 1 and 2, in Unit 10.)

What is the underlying philosophical paradigm of the practice theory? Why do you think this is the philosophical paradigm underlying this theory? Link the major assumptions of the theory to the ontological, axiological, and methodological assumptions of the epistemological paradigm.
Identify and describe what research studies have been used to test this theory. In other words, what research studies have been conducted using this theory?
What research methods did these research studies use to test the theory. (Hint: The epistemological paradigm that guides the theory should be aligned with the methodological assumption of the epistemological paradigm.)
Discuss the scope of practice theory and its appropriateness for theory building and validation. How accurate is the theory in explaining the phenomenon?


Project Objectives
To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to:

Analyze a practice theory, including its assumptions, scope, and main intervention strategies.
Evaluate the processes of how a theory is generated, validated, and incorporated into a discipline.
Compare the assumptions of a practice theory with those of its underlying philosophical paradigm.
Identify empirical research studies that have been conducted to test the theory.

To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you are expected to meet the following requirements.

Fulfill the specifications outlined in the project description.
Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to APA (6th edition) style and formatting.
Number of resources: Minimum of 10 resources (not including Web sites).
Length of paper: At least 15 typed, double-spaced pages with one-inch margins.
Font and font size: Arial, 12 point.

This is a copy of the WORKSHEET that is discussed. Please pay attention to the FIVE ARTICLES THAT WERE CITED BELOW.
Name of Theory:

Levinsons Developmental Theory

What is the underlying epistemological paradigm of this theory? (All theories have an epistemological foundation. We have covered the following epistemological paradigms: logical positivism, post-positivism, realism, postmodernism, interpretivism/social constructivism, critical theory, feminist theory.)

The ontological basis of Levinsons model is fundamentally a social constructivist model because he focuses on the ability (and even the necessity) that individuals have to make meaningful their own experiences. It is not a purely constructivist model because he posits some external basis to his schema.



Why do you think this is the epistemological paradigm underlying your theory? (This is where you will link the ontological, axiological, and methodological assumptions of the epistemological paradigm to the tenets of the theory. You will need to review the tenets of your selected theory and review the assumptions of the epistemological paradigm.)

Ontological assumption of epistemological paradigm

1. Humans are essential independent of their social and cultural context. They are (contrary to John Donne) very much islands. This is an aspect of the purely constructionist aspect of this model because it is based on the idea that people have the individual ability to construct their own meaning

Axiological assumption of epistemological paradigm

2. Humans can legitimately consider themselves as fundamentally separate from all other individuals. This perspective assumes that the value of each person and that persons development over the course of a lifetime is more important than that individual as embedded in their family and their community.



Tenet of the theory


1. A major tenet of this theory is that human development can be conceived as going in a single direction and without the possibility of any detours or circling back.





Tenet of the theory

2. Humans are generally inclined to try to achieve greater levels of insight and self awareness
Ontological assumption of epistemological paradigm

1. Humans are essential independent of their social and cultural context. They are (contrary to John Donne) very much islands. This is an aspect of the purely constructionist aspect of this model because it is based on the idea that people have the individual ability to construct their own meaning

Axiological assumption of epistemological paradigm

2. Humans can legitimately consider themselves as fundamentally separate from all other individuals. This perspective assumes that the value of each person and that persons development over the course of a lifetime is more important than that individual as embedded in their family and their community.



Tenet of the theory


1. A major tenet of this theory is that human development can be conceived as going in a single direction and without the possibility of any detours or circling back.





Tenet of the theory

2. Humans are generally inclined to try to achieve greater levels of insight and self awareness
Methodological assumption of epistemological paradigm

3. Any methodological approach to test the validity of Levinsons developmental framework would have to be qualitative since the model reflects complex, subjective states that are not discernible through statistical analysis.


Tenet of the theory


3. The theory is based on the tenet that individuals, when given an overview of the model, will be able to determine for themselves with accuracy (that is, they would be in agreement with a n external observer) where they are positioned i terms of their development


Identify research studies that have tested this theory or research studies that have used this theory.

List citations of studies here: (List at least 5 studies in APA 5th edition format.)

Dannefer, D. (1984). Adult Development and Social Theory: A Paradigmatic Reappraisal. American Sociological Review, 49(1), 100-116. Retrieved from EBSCO MegaFile Database.

Dunn, T. R., Merriam, S.B. (1995). Levinsons age thirty transition: Does it exist? Journal of Adult Development, 2(2), 113-124. doi: 101007/BFO2251259

Fagan, M. M., Ayers, K. (1983). Levinsons model as a predictor of the adult development of policemen. International Journal of Aging and Development, 16(3), 221-230. Retrieved from EBSCO MegaFile Database.

Merriam, S.B., Courtenay, B. C., Reeves, P. M. (2000). Time and its relationship to development in the life course: Some reflections from a study of HIV positive adults. Journal of Adult Development, 8(3), 173-182. doi: 10.1023/A.1009542307756.

Rush, J.C., Peacock, A. C., Milkovich, G. T. (1980). Career stages: A partial test of Levinsons model of life/career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 347-359. Retrieved form EBSCO MegaFile Database.












Select two of the studies from above. Outline each of the studies using the following format:

Study 1: Career stages: A partial test of Levinsons model of life/career stages


Goal of the study: Examine Relationship between Levinsons model and career development


Research questions:
Whether they (participants) saw a connection between Levinsons model and their self assessment of their position in their career path

Research design and method used:
Qualitative measures. Attitudinal and behavior measures were abstracted from previously developed scales


Sample: 759 managerial, professional and technical employees randomly selected from levels and departments of a major public sector employer in the Midwest Unites States


Findings:
They did not connect their own experiences with Levinsons stages: Only moderate support for the theory was found with little or no evidence to support the age-linked notion of these stages.



Study 2: Adult Development and Social Theory: A Paradigmatic Reappraisal


Goal of the study:
Explore a multi-dimensional approach to adult development theory

Research questions:
Will job satisfaction be lower before age 30?
How will identity affect satisfaction with rules?
Is Job satisfacation an individual problem?

Research design and method used:
Guttman Scale Procedures
Historical variation


Sample: various samples


Findings:
Dannefers work, which reflects on theoretical and clinical work produced in a range of fields, argues that Levinsons model is deeply flawed because it ignores the primacy of social relationships as primary influences on an individuals development.



What research methods were used in the two studies?

Observations, surveys, tests, case studys, correlational methods

How is this consistent with the methodological assumption of the epistemological paradigm?
It is consistent, as the framework would have to be qualitative to ascertain insight into behaviors, attitudes, values/beliefs/aspirations. These subjective states are not discernible through statistical analysis.








In reviewing the findings of these two studies, how accurate was the theory in explaining the phenomenon that was being studied?
The theory gave a mixed explanation of the phenomenon that was being studied. The first article implied that there was moderate support, while the second article implied that the theory was deeply flawed.









,

Customer is requesting that (ANNIE) completes this order.

Customer is requesting that (ANNIE) completes this order.

1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) is to be adhered to for formatting of dissertations.

2. Dissertation Chapter Titles are as follows:

Abstract
An abstract of a research proposal is a brief summary of a larger document that is written in the future tense and summarizes work that will be done. The typical format for a proposal abstract includes: 1) the purpose; 2) research design; 3) methods; and 4) significance (contribution to nursing) of the study. Once the study is completed, the abstract is written in past tense and includes findings from the study.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Begin the proposal with a general introduction to the topic to be researched and the overall importance of this problem to society and to nursing. The introduction should capture the interest of the reader. Use active voice verbs. The Introduction should be written in such a way that there is a logical progression of content that flows from general to specific ideas about the proposed topic.

.
Statement of Problem

Clearly identify the problem requiring investigation. Give the reader sufficient background information to understand the scope of the problem.
.

Purpose

Clearly state the purpose of the proposed research and identify the population under study and the major study variables.
.

Significance of the Study to Nursing

Describe the importance of the study to nursing and justify the need for the study through clinical experience and through a review of the literature. Include primarily nursing literature, although literature from other disciplines can be used also. State how the results of this research can contribute to nursing knowledge and to the literature.

Research Questions and/or Research Hypotheses
For quantitative studies:
Research Questions:
Write the research question(s) clearly concisely. The questions need to contain the population to be studied, the setting, and the variables of interest. The relationship between the problem and the research questions needs to be clear and indisputable. Identify the dependent and independent variables (if applicable).

Research Hypotheses:
A simple hypothesis is a hypothesis that expresses an expected relationship between one independent and one dependent variable. A complex hypothesis refers to a prediction of a relationship between two (or more) independent variables and/or two (or more) dependent variables.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

This section describes the theoretical or conceptual framework used to guide the development of the study. Explain the theory in sufficient detail to allow the reader to follow the logical flow between the theory and the proposed study. Incorporate each variable that is being investigated into the theoretical framework and display it in a conceptual model as a figure.

Assumptions and limitations associated with the proposed study.
Definition of Terms: Conceptual and Operational

Define each major term in the research question with a conceptual and an operational definition.

. Each chapter must end with a chapter summary.


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Critically analyze studies that relate to the problem. Include primary research articles and conceptual articles, Founding theorist, empirical research, peer-reviewed articles, books, journals and historical works must be included in the review of literature. Use the Healthy People 2010 Document as a primary source in your literature review when appropriate. Use sub-headings to identify the major categories of the review (e.g., self-esteem, compliance, self-care). Present a logical progression of ideas that provides a foundation for the proposed study. In a final paragraph, summarize the state of the literature; that is, say what is known and what the gaps in knowledge are. The literature review should point to your research purpose and questions.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This section describes how the study will be conducted and includes the following subsections:

Introductory Paragraph includes the problem statement, purpose, research question, and or hypothesis.

Research Design

Clearly identify the design and make it appropriate to the research question. State a description of controls used for extraneous variables. Accurately describe threats to internal and external validity related to this design.

Sample

This section clearly describes the subjects that will be included in the study and your method for obtaining them. In addition, provide a rationale for the type of sampling plan you will use.

Human Subjects

Identify the risks and benefits of the study to the subjects. Clearly lay out a plan for protection for the subjects from any potential harm from participation in the study. Discuss methods that will be used to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of participants. Complete the online IRB tutorial and attach a copy of the certificate of completion to your proposal.

Instruments (Blank data collection instruments have been included)

Identify the type of data collection instruments to be used. Discuss reliability and validity data for the selected instruments. Discuss the process to be used in the proposed study to provide further evidence of the tools reliability. Attach a copy of your data collection instrument(s) to the prospectus.

Procedure

Describe the procedure for the collection of the data in sufficient detail to allow for replication of the procedure.

Data Analysis

Plans for data analysis are described. Statistical tests to be used to analyze each research question are identified with justification for the selection.

Each chapter must end with a chapter summary.


Chapter IV Results (In the process of collecting data using instruments cited
in the previous three chapters).

Introductory paragraph (Requests possible examples with suggested graphs and charts as it relates to the following):
Results of data analysis as it relates to research questions and hypothesis. Display findings in table format (Adhere to APA format for developing tables). Include a table that describes the demographic characteristics of the sample and tables that displays the findings of each research question.

Chapter V Discussion
Discussion of Findings
(The findings of your study should be compared and contrasted to findings from previous studies. State whether your findings were supported by the literature. Also discuss how your findings relate to the theoretical framework.)
Implications and Recommendations
Practice
Education
Research
Policy
Limitation
Conclusions

Each chapter must begin with an introductory paragraph and end with a chapter summary.


REFERENCES:

Only those references cited in the document are to be listed in the reference list. The majority of the references should be from primary sources. Note: 50% ??" 75% of references should be within the last 5 ??" 10 years. References should adhere to APA format.


There are faxes for this order.

Details for the Work:
This Academic Master Thesis is a necessary condition to finish my M.Sc. in Finance. Quantitative analysis shall be used.
Plagiarism is Heavily Punished, resulting in a failure of the master degree.
The grade is going to be given mainly based on the quality of the analysis and the arguments used.


Requirements: Have knowledge about Financial Markets in general, in particular Equity Indices ( U.S and Europe ) and Option Markets (in particular, the Put Call Ratio indicator and other Investor Sentiment Indicators)
The necessary simulations and analysis shall be done in Matlab because the code has to be introduced in the defense of the thesis.
Figures and Tables have to appear to represent some findings.
Knowledge in Time Series analysis may be needed for the statistical / econometric analysis.

Data and articles: I found some data I searched in the internet about Put-Call Ratios (from the CBOE website and iseoptions website) and about the VIX.
If more data (in variety or in length) will be needed to perform a better analysis, please contact me. I will do my best to collaborate.
I have access to Datastream database in the University. I also have access to academic journals from the university library, in case the writer does not.

Citations, Quotations and Footnotes: My supervisors are very strict in terms of the validity and quality of the sources and require citations to be present to justify.
In terms of the number, I just ask for a good quality / high-standards work. The past thesis works I have seen from my university have in average around 60-70 Academic Articles referenced, but this is only informative.
The sources have to be official and/or academic. Please avoid to cite newspapers and blogs, only if the topic is very relevant and appropriate for the argument.


Topic's Name: Contrarian Investment Strategies in Equity Indices with Sentiment Indicators based in the Option Information Sets (Volume (PC Ratios) and Volatility (VIX and others), etc.)

Goal: to Study possible strategies that use Investor sentiment in the market to predict reversals in the Equity Market and/or deliver good performance.
based on the sentiment of the stock market, which potentially determines whether the market is in overbought/oversold conditions. The goal is thus to analyze on the U.S. market and in the main European Markets.

Review of the different approaches:
-Explain what a contrarian Strategy is
-What does it Capture
-What is the interpretation

- Explain the Economic Intuition to use sentiment indicators. Refer to past research on this thematic.


Why is it likely to find good results with contrarian strategies in general? and this strategy in particular?
- > Try Several Indicators of Put-Call Ratio (CBOE Equity Put-Call Ratio, CBOE Index Put-Call Ratio, CBOE Total Put-Call Ratio)
- > Try ISEE Sentiment Indicator
- > Try VIX
- > Try VXN

Here is Some Investor Sentiment indicators that I did not find data but they might be worthwhile to be talked about (this is only my opinion, it can be discarded):
- Investor Intelligent Sentiment Index
- American Association of Individual Investors (AAII) sentiment indicator
- Nova-Ursa Ratio
- Short-Interest / Total market Float
- Sentix - Behavioral Indices


Analyse Different Ways to use sentiment in trading:
- as a stand-alone approach
- as a complement to fundamental investment Analysis and Investment Decision Making

Find Stylized Facts that support the argument of using Sentiment Indicators and Contrarian Strategies
(using indicators in the derivatives markets as predictors of the equity stock market)


Focus on Put/Call Ratio as an indicator:

Basic Analysis (Indicator versus the S&P)
(Exp Moving average of the Indicator versus the S&P)

Is the Exp.MA (L= 10day ) of the indicator an appropriate smoothing factor to flag short-term market movements?
If not, is there any good L that can provide that insight?

Is the Simple MA (L=20day) of the indicator a good tool for identifying persistent extremes in Put and Call activity?


Understand the relations between measures of Put-Call Ratios and Equity market indices to predict trend reversals.

How can we find a Strategy?
-Raw Data?
- MA Data?
- %Change Data? => test stationarity of the %Change Data of the indicator


Simulating Trading Strategies:

In backtesting trading strategies attention to the possible econometric issues the can occur

Calculate Profit and Loss of the strategies
When I am not invested in the index, should I be invested in T-Notes?

Have the possibility of leverage
Include Transaction costs in the study (only indicative values for a conservative analysis)

Start With a constant boundary, first.
In backtesting the trading strategies, use different types of possible thresholds:
(1) "Mean + k * Std.Dev." and "Mean - k * Std.Dev." (from an estimation sample) for the upper and lower boundary
(2) "Top Decile and Bottom Decile"

Is the prediction Good?

Analyse whether we need a time-varying boundary

Find out at which frequency, if there is one, should the trading occur.

Should we use some econometric technique? AR(1) process? or something else more complex?
If we can prove that the indicators are leading, maybe we should.


After finding a trading Strategy that worked in a part of the sample period, analyze why did it work, at what times did it work.



When find some possible trading strategies, test on other markets (Dax, FTSE, Eurostoxx)


Notes and plots that I constructed:

code and notes written until the moment:
- function that creates a matrix of moving averages for different Lags: ma_matrix_creator.m
- function that creates a matrix of %changes for different time intervals: pc_matrix_creator.m
- function with a trading rule (using mu +/- k * sigma): EPCR.m
- function using the opposite trading rule (using mu +/- k * sigma): ISEE.m


- trading scripts with some plots
a trading strategy that simulates a combination of possibilities for HP and k and estimates the parameters in one period and trades based on the estimated parameters in the rest of the sample: Restart_V11humb.m
a trading strategy that uses a moving window to change the upper and lower boundary: Restart_V12 humb.m
a trading strategy that simulates the combination of possibilities of transformations of the Raw Data (%changes in this example) and HP and k and estimates the parameters in one period and trades on the estimated parameters for the rest of the sample:
Restart_V11silver.m


- Basic Analysis: CBOE Equity Put Call Ratio
- Basic Analysis: ISEE all Securities
- trade 1 - (the problem of this file is that we are using also future information to backtest present trading strategies)
- trade 2 - 2-Step Trading Strategy (having an estimation period for the inputs and apply them for the rest of the sample)
- trade 3 - Simple Strategy with a Moving Window (50 days)


Thoughts:

Understand if there is under- or over- reaction to new information

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Some Important References: I was told that these can be good Reference Papers for the topic of my master thesis:

Simon, D. and Wiggins III, R., 2001, S&P futures returns and contrary sentiment indicators, Journal of Futures Markets, Volume 21 Issue 5, Pages 447 - 462

Billingsley, Randall S., Chance, Don M. ,1988, . Journal of Portfolio Management. New York: Fall 1988. Vol. 15, Issue. 1;pg. 25

Pan, Jun and Poteshman, Allen M. (2006): The Information in Option Volume for Future Stock Prices, Review of Financial Studies , volume 19, pages 871--908, 2006.

Wang, Y., Keswani, A., and Taylor, S., 2006, The relationships between sentiment, returns and volatility, International Journal of Forecasting 22 109??" 123

Easley, D., M. OHara, and P. Srinivas, 1998, Option Volume and Stock Prices: Evidence on Where Informd Traders Trade, Journal of Finance, 53, 431??"465.

Brown, G. and Cliff, M., 2004, Investor sentiment and the near-term stock market, Journal of Empirical Finance 11 (2004) 1??"27

Manaster, Stephen, and Richard J. Rendleman, 1982, Option prices as predictors of equilibrium stock prices. Journal of Finance 37, 1043-1057.

Potheshman (2006), Unusual Option Market Activity and the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001,2006, Journal of Business, vol. 79, no. 4

KUMAR, A. and LEE, C. ,2006 , Retail Investor Sentiment and Return Comovements THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE VOL. LXI, NO. 5


(Less relevant, but maybe interesting to consult)

Brennan, M. and H. Cao, 1996, Information, Trade, and Derivative Securities, Review of Financial Studies, 9, 163-208

Anthony, Joseph H., 1988, The interrelation of stock and option market trading-volume data. Journal of Finance 43, 949-961.

Stephan, Jens A., and Robert E. Whaley, 1990, Intraday price change and trading volume relations in the stock and stock option markets. Journal of Finance 45, 191-220

De Bondt, W. Schiereck, D., and Weber, M.,1999, Contrarian and Momentum Strategies in Germany, Financial Analysts Journal, November/December 1999
There are faxes for this order.

PLEASE OPEN WITH AN INTRODUCTION



Writing Assignment #1

At the end of module 3 you will be required to submit a critical review of How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth by Fee and Stuart. Guidelines for writing a good critique are provided on-line. This critique should include a summary and analysis of the book and should be between 5 to 10 pages long. The paper should be double-spaced, use a 10 or 12 point font, and contain one inch margins. This paper should follow the basic style guidelines for papers in the seminary. Be sure to read the guidelines for written work on Blackboard BEFORE doing this assignment. This critical review is worth 15% of your final grade, and the grade will be assessed as follows:

Words and Sentences (15%)

1. Is the paper without spelling and grammatical errors?
2. Does the paper reflect a graduate level of vocabulary?
3. Is the paper without syntax errors?
4. Is there a variety of sentence structures?
5. Does the style follow the basic guidelines for the seminary?

Structure (15%)

1. Do the majority of paragraphs deal directly with the assigned topic?
2. Is every paragraph important with limited tangents?
3. Does each paragraph logically follow the preceding one?
4. Are paragraphs properly grouped together in sections, with proper transitions?
5. Does the paper have a proper introduction and conclusion?

Analysis (35%)

1. Are illustrations/examples used to explain difficult material?
2. Is critical thinking employed?
3. Does the student present his/her own opinions and thoughts in a clear and substantial manner?
4. Are strengths and weaknesses addressed?
5. What audience is best suited for this book and why?

Summary (35%)

1. Is the purpose of the book stated clearly?
2. Are the chapters of the book adequately covered?
3. Does the student do more than merely retell the books contents?
4. Is there evidence of critical interaction with the contents of the book?
5. Are the most important items covered?




The Book Review or Article Critique
Written by Margaret Procter, Writing Support

An analytic or critical review of a book or article is not primarily a summary; rather, it comments on and evaluates the work in the light of specific issues and theoretical concerns in a course. (To help sharpen your analytical reading skills, see our file on Critical Reading.) The literature review puts together a set of such commentaries to map out the current range of positions on a topic; then the writer can define his or her own position in the rest of the paper. Keep questions like these in mind as you read, make notes, and write the review

1. What is the specific topic of the book or article? What overall purpose does it seem to have? For what readership is it written? (The preface, acknowledgements, bibliography and index can be helpful in answering these questions. Don't overlook facts about the author's background and the circumstances of the book's creation and publication.)
2. Does the author state an explicit thesis? Does he or she noticeably have an axe to grind? What are the theoretical assumptions? Are they discussed explicitly? (Again, look for statements in the preface, etc. and follow them up in the rest of the work.)
3. What exactly does the work contribute to the overall topic of your course? What general problems and concepts in your discipline and course does it engage with?
4. What kinds of material does the work present (e.g. primary documents or secondary material, literary analysis, personal observation, quantitative data, biographical or historical accounts)?
5. How is this material used to demonstrate and argue the thesis? (As well as indicating the overall structure of the work, your review could quote or summarize specific passages to show the characteristics of the author's presentation, including writing style and tone.)
6. Are there alternative ways of arguing from the same material? Does the author show awareness of them? In what respects does the author agree or disagree?
7. What theoretical issues and topics for further discussion does the work raise?
8. What are your own reactions and considered opinions regarding the work?
Browse in published scholarly book reviews to get a sense of the ways reviews function in intellectual discourse. Look at journals in your discipline or general publications such as the London Review of Books or the New York Review of Books
Some reviews summarize the book's content and then evaluate it; others integrate these functions, commenting on the book and using summary only to give examples. Choose the method that seems most suitable according to your professor's directions
To keep your focus, remind yourself that your assignment is primarily to discuss the book's treatment of its topic, not the topic itself. Your key sentences should therefore say "This book shows...the author argues" rather than "This happened...this is the case.


ELEMENTS OF A CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

A critique is more than a summary of the book, article, and/or chapter being reviewed. The emphasis is on a discussion and evaluation of the topic, not just a description. Further, it should be remembered that critical is not necessarily synonymous with bad or unfavorable. Critical reviews may be positive, negative, or a combination of both. A critique usually consists of three elements: 1) summary; 2) analysis; 3) conclusion.

Summary
? Summarize the issue/topic addressed. Explained why the author(s) think the issue/topic is important.

? BRIEFLY highlight the major themes (or sub-topics) being explored.

Analysis
This section should critically analyze and evaluate the work being reviewed. Some of the questions you may want to consider in this part are:

? What is the point of view of the author(s)? What perspective (ideological, philosophical) do they bring to the work? Is her perspective implicit (gleaned from reading between the lines) or explicit (openly stated)?

? What kind of evidence to they bring to support their viewpoint? Is it adequate?

? How clear is the argument? Does it flow logically? Are there gaps, inconsistencies, or contradictions in the discussion or argument?

Support your response with examples from the work itself and from your knowledge of the issue/topic. Be sure to go beyond stating your opinion; it is not enough to say you agree or disagree with the authors point of view, substantiate your claims!

Conclusion
? Of what value is the article/book/chapter? What does it add (if anything) to the discourse?

? Who would find the piece helpful and why?

Mechanics
You need not divide your review into three sections unless you choose to do so. You may weave the components into a narrative. Avoid majoring on the minors. For format questions, see guidelines posted for this class on Blackboard or contact your instructor.

I DO NOT want this research paper to be written by Celeste (writer)

Paper Title: Performance Assessment of Flood Protection System (Floodplain Catchments).

I would like you to write a 30-page (according to the outline below) about performance assessment in flood protection systems, to be exact, floodplain catchments. Also, you should use the abstract provided below as a guide for the research paper.
I have included all references that I want to be included in the research paper, as well as, any other related references in a total of 20 references. In fact, I have full text journals in my position, in addition some other publications that I need to be included. I will email all the resources to [email protected].
In summary, for this particular order I want you to:

1- Write a 30-page customized research paper with proper commenting, comparing and contrasting between citations and references.
2- Write according to the abstract provided below, which it should be also as roadmap for the paper.
3- Follow the exact outline provided below.
4- Write about every main heading and sub-heading in the outline.
5- I need you carefully to include at least three different opinions or ideas or references in every section in the outline.
6- APA 5th referencing style
7- Total of 20 references.
8- Write for no less than a doctoral academic level style.
9- Direct quotations, should be no more than 1% of the whole paper.
10- No pictures, tables or diagrams.
11- Write in the passive voice tense when refereeing to yourself or the writer.

Abstract

This research seeks to identify current and future performance of flood protection systems; strategies for adapting to overcoming pitfalls; and ways in which to implement the management of flood planning and mitigation so it copes with the projected climate change impacts.
The escalading frequencies and changing patterns of climate change impacts, such as precipitation rates and sea levels on the existing flood protection systems, should raise the red flag regarding the un-coped design and planning criteria for which designers and decision makers need to or account for.
The objective of this research is to assess the impact of climate change on flood protection systems, throughout the examination of the systems (catchment) performance. Moreover, the research will develop a consistent methodology for assessing the performance of engineering infrastructure such as Nerang Floodplain Catchment. Also, it will compare and contrast strategic adaptation. In addition, it will determine the most efficient adaptation strategy for the existing flood protection system.
The scope of this research is to assess the performance of Nerang Floodplain Catchment in Gold Coast, with the impact of climate change. Firstly, the research will develop a spatial 2D hydraulic simulation model for Nerang Floodplain Catchment as the researchs main case study. Secondly, the research will assess the performance of the catchment by measuring five variables: Vulnerability (?), Reliability (?), Resiliency (?) (Hashimoto, 1982), Flood Risk Index (FRI) and Flood Damage Index (FDI) (Zongxue, 1998). These measurements are going to illustrate the overall performance in a spatially distributed manner for the targeted catchment. Finally, the research will evaluate the performance results to determine the most efficient adaptation strategy for Nerang Catchment by either modify, upgrade or disregard the existing design according to the deduced results from the performance assessment.
The investigation of this research will provide decision makers a valuable methodology, and an essential knowledge to assess the performance of not only flood protection systems, but for any engineering infrastructure.
References
Hashimoto, T., Stedinger, J. R., & Loucks, D. P. (1982). Reliability, Resiliency, and Vulnerability Criteria For Water Resource System Performance Evaluation. Water Resour. Res., 18(1), 14-20
Zongxue, X., Jinno, K., Kawamura, A., Takesaki, S., & Ito, K. (1998). Performance Risk Analysis for Fukuoka Water Supply System. Water Resources Management, 12(1), 13-30.


Outline of the research paper:

1. Introduction
1.1. Background

2. Climate Change (Globally)
2.1.1. South East Queensland (Gold Coast), Australia (Locally)
2.2. Climate Change Prediction in south east Queensland (2030-2070)
2.2.1. Rainfall Totals
2.2.2. Sea Level
2.2.3. Storms Intensity and Frequency
2.3. Flooding (in South East Queensland Australia)
2.3.1. History of Gold Coast Floods
2.4. Flood Protection Systems
2.4.1. Floodplain Catchments (Nerang Catchment)
2.4.2. River Embankments ( Nerang River)

3. Performance of Flood Protection System
3.1. Performance Assessment
3.1.1. Reliability
3.1.2. Resiliency
3.1.3. Vulnerability
3.1.4. Flood Risk Index (from Performance risk analysis for Fukuoka water supply system Journal (enclosed) -flood instead of drought-)
3.1.5. Flood Damage Index (from Performance risk analysis for Fukuoka water supply system (enclosed) -flood instead of drought-)

4. Adaptation Strategies (from Strategic flood risk management journal (enclosed))

5. Hydraulic Simulation Model (MIKE SHE by DHI)
5.1. Spatial 2D Hydraulic Simulation Model
5.2. MIKE SHE by DHI
5.3. Case Study: Nerang Catchment, Gold Coast
5.3.1. Existing Conditions (Capacity, Flows, Failure Runoffs)
5.3.2. Model Application and Evaluation

6. Conclusion

There are faxes for this order.

I have already written my thesis (which i will be sending to you), however the critic was:

1) it was in its structure TOO descriptive and should have been more analytical.
2)I did not take into consideration how a pension fund really works.
3) In terms of leverage i was too opaque
4) My problematic was not clearly defined
5) My hypothesis was poor
6) Questioning the added value of my paragraphs
7) No thread and transition
8) My data was not correctly presented

Therefore it has to be completely rewritten. feel free to make any changes you deem necessary.

Should you require more time DO NOT HESITATE to ask for it!!!
My deadline is the 26th of August.

Please do not plagiarize as computer verifications will be made using e.g. past thesis / Internet / certain books. I am not sure how it works so please be careful.

The data i used are either the monthly performance or net asset value of hedge funds and pension funds. This data should be used and will be sent by email in form of an excel.

The calculations made using the monthly performance and net asset value can be used or redone completely.

The efficient frontier graphs were deemed as unlogical by my professors. Please develop them or replace them altogether.

I will require the excel with the calculations made that are presented in the thesis!!!

Starting Monday You may contact me via email.
Should there be any problems, please contact me ASAP. Should you need more time to make it better, please contact me ASAP this can be given in exchange for proof that some of the work has already been done. I am not unreasonable and can be negotiated with.

Should you have any questions AT ALL please contact me via email.

The Guideline for the thesis were as follows:

The following elements must figure in the graduating project, in this order:
- Cover page
- Title page
- Oath of personal nature of work
- Information page on the companies met
- Confidentiality (if necessary)
- Summary/Abstract
- Table of contents
- List of tables
- List of illustrations
- List of abbreviations
- List of symbols used
- Glossary

- Introduction
- Main body of text including literature review, methodology, results
- Conclusions and recommendations

- Bibliographical references
- Detailed bibliography
- Appendices


III.2.1 Title Page

This is the first page of the graduating project. It takes the same form as the cover, but is printed on ordinary paper.


III.2.2 Acknowledgements

If necessary or demanded, you must thank the organisations or people who helped or supported you in your project. This is particularly important if a third person made a contribution. You should specify this contribution here.


III.2.3 Summary / Abstract

The summary should not exceed a page in length and should be presented with single interline spacing. It should relate the main points of the project in terms of objectives, context, approach, results and conclusions.

Be careful! A summary is not an introduction.

III.2.4 Table of contents

The table of contents shows the relative position and the page numbers of ALL the elements in the graduating project from page 1, the title page, to the last appendix. All the main sub-chapters are generally included here too. It is not normally necessary to include all the titles of the different sections in the text; all depends on the length and the complexity of your graduating project. To guide you, remember that a table of contents should not go over 3 or 4 pages. If the table of contents is longer, then you have included too many details.


III.2.5 List of tables

Tables are useful to summarise data and results. Each table must be numbered and referenced in the text. The number, the title and the page number of each table are grouped together in the list of tables.


III.2.6 Table of illustrations

On the page following the table of contents, the table of illustrations summarises each illustration number, its title and its page number.


III.2.7 Table of acronyms and abbreviations

If you wish to use acronyms and abbreviations frequently in your text, you should think about including a list of all abbreviations and their meanings, presented in table-form.

III.2.8 Table of symbols and units

If symbols are used frequently (for example financial symbols), it is useful to regroup them in a table with their definitions.


III.2.9 Glossary

If technical terms that are specific to an industrial sector, to a company or to a project field are used frequently, it may be useful to regroup them in a glossary.

III.2.10 Introduction

This section presents the subject, the problem, the objectives and the plan of the graduating project. The introduction must be concise.


III.2.11 Main body of text

The body of the text will be sub-divided into chapters or sections. As an indication, the length of the text should be between 20,000 and 25,000 words and should not exceed 30,000 words, for the main body of the text.

To obtain information on the body of the text, look at section 11.3

In the main body of the text, think about careful layout. Good organisation and coherent progression between the different sections is vital. This includes introductions, transitions and conclusions which link different themes and ideas to be developed.



III.2.12 General conclusions

This section is presented in the form of a series of affirmations in logical order (which can be deduced) from the data presented in the body of the text. These affirmations are the logical consequence of analysis and discussion which you have presented concerning the work undertaken.


III.2.13 Bibliographical references

The list of references appears immediately after the conclusions. All authors (whether the reference is to a book or an article) are listed in alphabetical order, indicating for each work, the name of all the authors. If, in the text, you make repeated references to the same book or article, it is not necessary to repeat it in the list of references.

The important information to describe a book, as either a reference or bibliographical element, are the following. They must be indicated in a specific order:

Last name of author
First names or initials of author
Year of publication (in parentheses)
Title (in italics)
Editor
Edition (if necessary)
Pages quoted

An example below:

Wild R., (1991), Production and Operations Management, Cassell, Fourth Edition

The important information for describing an article, as a reference or as a bibliographical element, is the following. They must be indicated in a specific order:

Last name of author
First names or initials of author
Year of publication (in parentheses)
Title of article (in inverted commas)
Name of journal (in italics)
Volume number
Instalment number
Month (if necessary)
Page numbers (beginning and end of article)


For example:

Macbeth D.K., (1985), The flexible manufacturing mission some implications for management, Int. J of Operations and Production Management, vol 5(1), pp 27 to 31.

References are numbered on a separate page, after the main body of text. If you are quoting from more than one work of a same author for the same year, you should add the suffix a, b etc. for example, (Macbeth, 1985a) in your text.

You can note quotes of other authors directly in the text, but avoid doing so too often. The best way consists of paraphrasing the main points of his/her work using your own words. Avoid copying whole sentences and paragraphs.

You can also make reference to brochures and to company manuals. You can also reference important interviews indicating the name of the person; his/her job description, the name of the company, the date and the note private communication or interview with the author.


III.2.14 Bibliography

The bibliography lists the books, articles, and other sources of information that are pertinent to your graduating project but that are not quoted in the text. The bibliography is listed after refernces, on a separate page.


III.2.15 Appendices

Read section III.1.8 for the use of appendices. It must make reference to all the appendices in the body of the text. Each appendix begins on a new page.


There are faxes for this order.

*USE THE SOURCES THAT I STATE BELOW AND USE FOOTNOTES*

*THIS IS A HISTORIOGRAPHY ON SALLUST*

Section I: The historians life
A. Influences upon the historian
1. Education
2. Historical Events
B. Professional Career, positions held
Section II: His historical contributions
A. Predecessors
B. Major Contributions
C. Influence and successors
Section III: Analysis of one of the historians works
A. Theme and reason for writing
B. Its purpose and scope
C. Its influence
(For section III use: Sallust. The Jugurthine War/ The Conspiracy of Catiline. London: Penguin Books, 1963).

---Sources----

Books:

Earl, Donald C. The Political Thought of Sallust. Cambridge classical studies. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1966

Laistner, M.L.W. The Greater Roman Historians. University California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963

Mellor, Ronald. The Roman Historians. Routledge London and New York, 1999

Sallust, and John Carew Rolfe. Sallust. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1965

Syme, Ronald. Sallust. Sather classical lectures, v. 33. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964

Wistrand, Erik Karl Hilding. Sallust on Judicial Murders in Rome. A Philological and Historical Study. Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia, 24. Goteborg: Universitet, 1968

Articles:

Allen, Walter Jr. Sallusts Political Career. Studies in Philology Vol.51, No.1. January 1954. Pp. 1-14. JStor. Published by: University of North Carolina.

Earl, Donald C. The Early Career of Sallust. Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Gesechichte Vol. 15, No. 3. August 1966. Pp. 302-311, JStor. Published by: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Levene, D.S. Sallusts Jugurtha: An Historical Fragment. The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. 82. 1992. Pp. 53-70. JStor. Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

Newspaper article:

Surveying 2,500 Years of Historians
Newspaper article; The Washington Times, August 3, 2008.

In the introduction part there should be a main question which should be answered in the conclusion. First, the paper should give general information and historical information about Georgia. Then the hot spots in Georgia should be examined in a detailed way: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Ajaristan. Then the attitude of Eastern Europe towards Georgia in regards to these problems should be given. Especially important are the attitudes of Poland,Romania and Bulgaria. This is the most important part of the paper and the main question should be related to this part. Then there should be a conclusion. Footnotes should be used in the paper.

Right a book analysis of a book written prior to 1978 about Hitlers death camps or the experiments of Nazi doctors on Jewish patients during the Hollocaust. Be sure to answer the questions below in your book analysis/essay


I. WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THIS HISTORICAL AREA AND THIS BOOK?

II. What 4 historical/cultural themes do you see coming out of the book? Either stated or surmissed by you. Identify them and expand on them with YOUR OWN THINKING.

III. Now, pick any historical/cultural situation or condition that impacted you in the book, put yourself there and in it at that time, and explain how you feel, what you would have done. Use "I am" or the grading for the project starts with a "C" grade, no matter how good the writeup is.


IV. Then what 4 major or important (to you) historical pictures, ideas, conclusions remain in your mind after reading it and thinking? You must generalize. Do not talk about how good or bad the book was. Do not write a book review.


V. FINALLY - What alternative title would you give this book?

for this assignment, you will compose a 1500 word essay which uses ideas and information from the work to discuss the following questions:
Why did the author undertake this study of sixteenth century rural life?

How does the author resolve the problem of limited documentation of pre-modern rural life?

What are the most important findings in the work?

How did the author's participation in filming the story of Martin Guerre influence the writing of a history of these events?

How significant and useful is this work for understanding the past?

The essay will be evaluated according to the extent to which you communicate successfully to the reader your thoughts about each of the questions identified above. Strive for organization, depth of analysis, clarity of ideas and expression, and proper forms of English usage. Support your analysis with specific evidence and examples from the work. If possible, use a word processor and remember to check spelling, punctuation, and grammar.

The book is called the return of martin guerre and it is by natalie zemon davis.

This is an Analysis paper between Gold Rush and a novel "Daughter of Joy" Joann, Levy.

To have some proper footnotes
I will not provide the fiction to you.

Below is the instructions and I will email a copy to you too.

The paper itself needs to focus on the book as a reflection of the human experience at the particular historical time it depicts. In other words, your paper needs to analyze the book as a reflection of history and how it facilitates our understanding of the particular historical time and experience it depicts. To accomplish this goal, you need to obviously do some additional research into the historical period and the people depicted in the book. Do not write an English paper that analyzes the book as literature! You also should not retell the story in the book; focus on the analysis. The paper (double-spaced) needs to include the following elements:

Cover page
One paragraph introduction with your thesis statement about the book as reflection of history
Analysis (6-8 pages)
Conclusion with a reflection on value of book as tool for understanding the past
Proper footnotes or endnotes (see policy on plagiarism below)
Proper bibliography


Example: Many of you have probably read John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath (which is why it is not on the list), a novel about the Joad family experience as migrants to California during the depression. If I were to write about this book, I would give a very brief historical background to the Great Depression and its impact on average Americans. I would focus the paper on discussing how the Joad family experience reflects the larger Okie experience in California. I would also reflect on Steinbecks motivation for writing this book at the time (1930s).

There are faxes for this order.

This is a book review on History in Three Keys: Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth by Paul Cohen

The paper should contain the following:
1. A clear thesis . The thesis is not the same thing as the subject or topic of the book. The thesis is the major argument the author makes, the major theme of the book, the central interpretation offered by the author.

2. Background information on the author. Where he/she was educated, etc?


3. A clear statement of what types of evidence the author uses to support his/her
thesis.
Eg, Does the author rely on letters and diaries? On government documents? On artifact or court records? On published sources or primary sources? On a few sources or many?
4. An evaluation of the success of the book-was the author persuasive? Did the
argument seem to hang together?
An evaluation is not based on whether you liked the book, found it easy or fun to read, boring or exciting. Your personal responses are not called for. The evaluation focuses on how well the author makes his/her points, supports hislher thesis-and how valuable
the book was in helping you understand the subject or time period ..
5. You should use examples from the book to make your case. Do not quote long
passages from the book.
You might want to comment on how the book is organized-is it thematic or chronological? Do you think the way the author organized the book was successful or confusing? Or you might want to comment on any bias you find in the book; is the author overly defensive about his/her subject; overly critical of the government or individuals or one race or gender; too eager to disprove another author's thesis.

6. How does the book relate to a historiography? Is it a historiography? Does it explain what a historiography is? Etc?

The thesis statement should go in the first paragraph. After the first paragraph, this is the format to follow:

1. The author?s background
2. Synopsis
3. Analysis ? Objectives, Sources, Structure
4. How it relates to historiography
5. Conclusion


Footnotes should be used when necessary

a 5 page review of Jose Moya?s Cousins and Strangers. ?book report style? It is supposed to summarize and evaluate the main findings and arguments in the book. You can, however, concentrate on a particular topic or section in the book.
You can concentrate on any of these aspects or on others in the book: for example, the formation of neighborhoods and associations (chapters 4 and 6 respectively), ethnic stereotypes, language, humor, gender and sexuality, women, comparisons with the United States, etc. In this regard, browsing through the index (pages 543-567) should be helpful in identifying possible topics for your paper.



This book was assigned not only because it deals with important aspects of the 19th century but also as an example of a historical monograph. The other two books assigned for the class are textbooks based on secondary sources (i.e., books and articles written by other historians). Cousins and Strangers is a monograph, that is, a study based mainly on primary sources, meaning original documents such as family letters, newspapers, diplomatic dispatches, travelers accounts, manuscript censuses, and so on; the Appendix, pp. 409-21 discusses these sources. This book received five prestigious awards for its innovative methodology. Your paper will likely be better if it includes also a discussion of the book?s methods. What type of documents or sources does the author use to support his arguments? How does he combine quantitative and qualitative methods and ?macro-structural? and ?micro-social? approaches? What are the advantages and limits of these approaches and methods? Can you think other sources and methods that could have strengthened the argument? In this regard, your paper will be not only about the specific subject of the book but also about the practice, the ?craft? if you will, of history.

Subject name: Rediscovering Asian history, Culture And Tradition
Faculty: History

2450-2550 words

Essay Topic:
Consider how national identity and culture is constructed through fashion in China and Japan.

This is an in depth research essay requiring you to make a comparative (case study) analysis of constructions of Nationalism and Culture in China and Japan.


Important Points to Consider in Examining constructed nationalism and culture. (you must demonstrate your understanding our following points in your essay)

1. What is the traditional or other basis for these constructions or practices?
2. Why did these constructed ideologies emerge, or become subject to reinvention, when they did? Here you need to make sure you provide very concise historical and political context to support your analysis (your reader is your marker, don?t tell story).
3. What purposes do these constructions serve?
4. Whose interests are served in these constructions (eg. elite groups, populist or dissident groups)
5. What are the implications of these constructions?
6. What similarities and/or differences can you observe from your case study of these two Asian societies?


This essay should conform to general academic standards of presentation?spelling, syntax, paragraphs, introduction, main body, conclusion, and references. The title as set should appear on the first page, all pages numbered, and importantly your essay should be properly referenced throughout and must include a full list of references. Ideally your essay should be typed/word-processed (1.5 or double-spaced lines). Remember to answer the question as set; don't simply off load everything you may happen to know about the topic in hand! Obviously in answering your essay title you should seek to draw on subject themes, studies, theories, concepts and debates where relevant as well as possible other sources when useful to do so.

This essay will be assessed in these aspects: Composition, written expression, technical presentation.

Analytical skills?your ability to explicate a given issue or set of issues；in other words, to your ability to write about these issues in a way which sheds light on them, and which demonstrates your grasp of them.

Composition---the way in which your argument has been structured, or in other words to the form of the essay ( good introduction-, topic sentence for each paragraph, one paragraph one idea, good transition, good strong conclusion- It is strictly assessed for this essay?)

Written Expression---your prose style. The major weaknesses in this category are usually to do with syntax (sentence structure) and vocabulary.
Technical presentation?the overall formatting of the essay, and especially to the presentation of footnotes and bibliography. (please use Chicago Manual of Style)

Requirements
*This is a comparative essay, you should balance your words on both countries and your job is not to describe but analyze and make your arguments and all these should serve to make your thesis persuasive.

＊The examples you choose from both of the countries must have illurstrative and representative (or symbolic)value for analysizing their construction of national identity and culture,and also worth comparing their similaritied and differences.

*This is a history course, do not compare their contemporary fashion.

*use the past tense, for both events and discussions of other authors work.

*Take an authoritative tone but not an arrogant one.

*You need a good introduction. It should be brief but include the following: Question, Stance, Argument and Approach. Be explicit about these things.

*all paragraphs should have a strong and clear topic sentence.

*Make the structure of your essay a conscious choice, not an accident. Think about taking your reader through your ideas, by the hand.

*Cut all the padding out of your essay and your sentences.

*Each sentence should only be about one idea and each paragraph should be made up of a set of sentences about one idea.

*Avoid starting sentences with the following words: However, Thus, For example.

* This essay requires you to paraphrase and summarize others? ideas or arguments and concentrate on strong analysis. We are interested in your idea. Not direct quote in this essay. If you really want to use direct quote, you can only use a few short sentences and phrases.

*don?t use a lot of words to explain a concept, such as nationalism and culture, your reader is your marker, be concise about those things, you should concentrate on your argument and analysis. You will fail if your own argument and analysis is not sufficient.

* YOU　MUST USE BOOKS AND ACADEMIC JOURNALS BESIDES GOOD INTERNET　RESOUECES, because they are more authoritative and academic. Use real authoritative sourses(17 sources at least)

*use active voice whereas possible.

*use Chicago Manual of Style for footnote and bibliography of this essay

*Outline your essay
The purpose of an outline is to help you think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing. A good outline is the most important step in writing a good paper. Check your outline to make sure that the points covered flow logically from one to the other. Include in your outline an INTRODUCTION, a BODY, and a CONCLUSION. Make the first outline tentative.

INTRODUCTION - State your thesis and the purpose of your research paper clearly. What is the chief reason you are writing the paper? State also how you plan to approach your topic. Is this a factual report, a book review, a comparison, or an analysis of a problem? Explain briefly the major points you plan to cover in your paper and why readers should be interested in your topic. (you should include: Question, Stance, Argument and Approach. Be explicit about these things.)


BODY - Each paragraph in the body of the essay should include a topic sentence that tells the reader the main idea of the paragraph. Other sentences in the paragraph should support this with examples. In your paragraphs you will need to summarise and paraphrase (i.e. use your own words for) the ideas, research and arguments of others. You should use direct quotes very sparingly. Using The Ideas Finally the concluding sentence should tie the paragraph together and lead to the next paragraph. Of course, the order of the ideas covered in the paragraphs will follow the plan.

CONCLUSION - This should summarise the main view (thesis) presented. Explain why you have come to this particular conclusion. It should briefly review the ideas covered and finish off with an overall comment on the topic, e.g. future developments, recommendations.


CHECKLIST ONE:

1. Is my thesis statement concise and clear?
2. Did I follow my outline? Did I miss anything?
3. Are my arguments presented in a logical sequence?
4. Are all sources properly cited to ensure that I am not plagiarizing?
5. Have I proved my thesis with strong supporting arguments?
6. Have I made my intentions and points clear in the essay?

CHECKLIST TWO:

1. Did I begin each paragraph with a proper topic sentence?
2. Have I supported my arguments with documented proof or examples?
3. Any run-on or unfinished sentences?
4. Any unnecessary or repetitious words?
5. Varying lengths of sentences?
6. Does one paragraph or idea flow smoothly into the next?
7. Any spelling or grammatical errors?
8. Quotes accurate in source, spelling, and punctuation?
10. Did I avoid using contractions? Use "cannot" instead of "can't", "do not" instead of "don't"?
11. Did I use third person as much as possible? Avoid using phrases such as "I think", "I guess", "I suppose"
12. Have I made my points clear and interesting but remained objective?
13. Did I leave a sense of completion for my reader(s) at the end of the paper?

A book critique of "A History of Israel". The book critique should provide detailed summary and analysis of the book stating strengths and weaknesses of the author's prespective on the historicity of the Old Testament, the canonicity of Scripture, and his view of the documentary hypothesis.

Book Title: "A History of Israel"
Author: John Bright
Published in Philadelphia by Westminster Press
Either 3rd or 4th edition of the book will be fine.

Please e-mail the book critique to [email protected].

Thanks!

Hi,

Attached please find 5 sources in regards to Early Colonial Hispaniola. This is a research project with Chicago Style annotated bibliographies. No essay is required.

The main topic for this project is:
? Taino/Arawak Indian abuse and depopulation through the Encomienda System in the early colonization of Hispaniola

The 2 main questions this project will answer are:
? Was the Encomienda system a form of Slavery?
? Was the Encomienda system the main cause of the depopulation/extinction of the Taino Indian population of Hispaniola?

This project will consist of 5 pages. See instructions below:

Please create 5 pages (1 for each source) of Chicago style Annotated Bibliographies. Below please find further instructions on how to create each page.

Page 1-5 (1 page of an Chicago Style Annotated Bibliography per each source)

-Annotated Bibliography
Include five resources of good quality for use in historical research that specifically relate to your topic and research questions. At least one of these must be a primary source (the Bartolome de Las Casas is the Primary Source). Do not include an encyclopedia. No single annotation should be longer than one page in length, double-spaced.

Use the following section sub-headings for each annotation:

i) Citation
The citation must appear at the top of the page in Chicago Notes and Bibliography style. For purposes of this assignment the citation should be single spaced.

ii) Summary
Provide a summary in which you identify the resource?s contents, main ideas and arguments. If you include a website, describe the website's organization. Your summary should be one paragraph long and double spaced. The summary must be a minimum of 6 sentences.

iii) Assessment
Identify the key elements that support your view that the resource is of good quality for use in historical research at the college level. For example, what evidence is there that the information contained in the article or website is well researched? What evidence is there that the primary sources are authentic? What qualifications does the author or director have? Does the article appear in a peer reviewed journal? Your assessment should be one paragraph long and double spaced and a minimum of 8 sentences.

iv) Relevance
How or why is the resource relevant to your research questions? Minimum 4 sentences.

So each page (each source) will have the citation, plus 3 paragraphs (A summary, an assessment and a relevance paragraph). If you have further questions, please feel free to contact me at 914-319-5354. Thank you very much!

Regards,
Melina

Note: Please note, last file (the 5th file) will be transferred via email as the attachments were more than 10mb. I will include order number on the email with the attachment. Thank you.

Essay questions:

The essay is an individual assignment and will account for 70% of your grade for the module. Please write a 3000 word essay in answer to ONE of the following:

1. Explain what left realism identifies as the main causes of crime and consider how far it is convincing in its analysis.

2. Explain what right realism identifies as the main causes of crime and consider how far it is convincing in its analysis.

The word count does not include references list/bibliography.



There are faxes for this order.

I want you to add two pages to my research paper. add a traditional introduction to my research in which you show the historical context of women in the late 19th century in the American west and how they are marginalized. then go to the middle of my research and add quotations from the novel itself talking about Alexandra merits. please write three or for quotations with your comments. don't change anything in the argument, any addition should support my argument. you can delete or edit any paragraph you feel it is weak. please write your addition in a different color or font.
the following is my research paper:
Willa Cather's O pioneers! and the American Frontier female Roles
Although women of the 19th century American West enjoyed a considerable amount of human rights like the rights of inheriting lands, working in some jobs, such as teaching and nursing, they faced many challenges and problems that spoiled their enjoyment of these limited rights. Women in the nineteenth century American West were described in many historical and literary contexts as being secondary and marginal. The traditional roles of women in the American West society at that time viewed woman as being nurturer, wives and sometimes prostitutes. In other words, woman, as far as most of the frontier literary and historical contexts can tell, is an object, a spoil of war or the warriors fame. Woman is something that helps or prevents the adventurer but she is not the adventurer herself (Quawas).
In fact, gender played critical role in the determination of roles or role allocation in the context of the American West society. It is ideal to note that roles were executed in relation to ones gender. There were roles specifically for men and women in the society because of their gender differences. Women focused on the execution of home roles such as household chores, child bearing, rearing, making meals, taking care of the husband, and enhancing the image and reputation of the family and home. Men in this context were superior to their women counterparts within the society.
In this essay, I will shed light on a woman who has the qualities and merits that enable her to break the fence of gender roles in her society. By applying Psychoanalysis and feminist theory, I will analyze the personality of the independent, strong, risk taker, an smart Alexandra Bergson in Willa Cathers O Pioneers!. The significance of my research is that it studies the possibility of females success in life under certain circumstances and refutes the opinion which suggests the leadership is a male-specific quality.
The 1913O Pioneers by Willa Cather, one of the greatest American women writers, is a good illustration for the frontier literature. The novels heroine embodies all feminine characters who disregard the complex American West during the time the novel was written. The narratives reveals out the difficulties experienced by women at the end of nineteenth century. The story also highlights how women struggle to remain significance to their life missions. Cather highlights the discussion of the women characters and their struggle to overcome societal challenges. The story demonstrates the power of a woman through underscoring obstacles and drawbacks that the main character in the story overcomes. The protagonist demonstrates a powerful personality that helps her overcome the hardships she is exposed to (Duby, Perrot and Pantel 68). Through the main character, Alexandra, Cather wants to assess the temperament as well as the intellectual propensity of a female character exposed to numerous life challenges. The author designs the narrative to psychoanalyze the intellectual propensity of a female with respect to her capacity to endure opposition and provide proficient leadership in the society (Duby, Perrot and Pantel 68). Besides, Cather accomplishes a feminist theory study through assessing the aspects and conditions that make the theory a reality during the period in which the story was set. She epitomizes the part female characters play in the novel considering that the main character in the novel is a female.
Alexandra, an intelligent and a strong-willed woman and the main character in the novel, illustrates an evaluation of psychological, physical and mental strength displayed through women who lived in the late nineteenth century West America. Willa stresses the role of Alexandra from the initial moment when she introduces the character to the reader, His sister was a tall, strong girl, and she walked rapidly and resolutely, as if she knew exactly where she was going and what she was going to do next (Cather 12). From all indications, Cather wants to depict Alexandra as a person who notwithstanding her gender identity, is disinclined to agree to the responsibility of a nineteenth century weak and hackneyed female. Alexandra is strong-willed and she has resolved to attain her goals through all possible means even if it means acting in conflict with the traditional representation of a woman in her society. Emil views her as an individual with the ability to assist him in taking part in representing her strength.
Alexandra displays a powerful psychological potency through her pursuit for land. Her connection with the land represents the extreme fight back between the huge manipulative forces and the human agency. The psychological potency demonstrated by Alexandra is visible when her father assigns her the family land. Alexandras father wants her to manage and control his land when he dies. The father has more confidence and trust in Alexandra compared to his sons, Oscar and Lou. He writes a will that indicates that Alexandra would take control and care of the estates owned by the father once he is dead.
Three years after her fathers death, Alexandra manages and protects the land according to her fathers wishes. Through this action, Alexandra illustrates grand strength as a woman. She puts forth her strength upon the land and this action shapes and bends her. Her connection with her fathers land becomes deeper than simple influence or control. Cather demonstrates the potency of a woman through the manner in which Alexandra successfully controls her familys estates through application of her aptitudes. The creation of this character by Cather, a character who shows great personality that earn the confidence and conviction of her father, is crucial in acknowledging the goals and themes of this narrative. Alexandra exhibits commendable attributes that makes her the most outstanding person among her friends in the narrative. Cather does not represent any other character with commendable attributes like those of Alexandra. The representations of Alexandras attributes include her intellectual and psychological physique.
The intellectual and psychological stature of Alexandra is analyzable through Sigmund Freuds theory, which claims that females psychic energy can be produced via libido. Cathexis force, which refers to the procedure of investment of emotional and mental energy in an object, a person or an idea, assists individuals in investing in mental power that facilitates and speeds up the making of decisions relating to life (Freud 88). According to Sigmund Freud, humans conduct can be inspired through a force to live. Freuds theory is applicable in evaluating the attributes of Alexandra in the novel. It is therefore comprehensible why Alexandra is capable of achieving her set goals and objectives. Cather uses the character of Alexandra in an impressive manner to attain her objectives of giving a picture of the temperament of females in the course of the 19th Century (Slote112). Immense psychological potency is depicted when Alexandra remains powerful, objective and flexible amidst disputes in the setting following the famine.
Alexandra views the objective of safeguarding the family land as achievable, and must be accomplished. This shows her strong will, and as result, Alexandra applies great cathexis force whenever she formulates and puts in immense intellectual energy in making constructive decisions. Theaspiration to guarantee a secured economic prospect for her people received support and motivation from Alexandras psychosomatic composition (Slote 112). She approaches the condition of her family estate in a different way compared to farmers in her community. Her wonderful approach to problems facing her family is enhanced through her mental composition. Her inclination and aspiration is the call for life preservation. She makes wise decisions that allow her to attain her goals, and this true account of Sigmund Freuds theory (Freud 23). The resolution to get involved in adaptive techniques of farming highlights another case in point of a motivation and need to safeguard life in an agrarian community faced with an appalling famine.
The livelihood of Alexandras relatives receives supports through agricultural activities, which include farming. This aspect makes Alexandra to be very keen when making vital decisions. She is careful to make decisions that would not jeopardize their lives and source of livelihood. This is evidenced when Alexandra decides to embrace alternative farming methods that are productive even in unfavorable weather conditions. Through obtaining ideas from men and women regarding their farming methods, Alexandra gains composite comprehension regarding how to grow crops. This knowledge offers her the prospect to recognize that she could be of benefit to the society, where she would help her community recover from the dangerous situation that it was facing. Through demonstrating the strength, will and influence of Alexandra to the members of her community, the author develops the exceptional attributes of Alexandra .Through Alexandras demonstrated traits; Cather is able to put across an important point to the reader.
In addition to this, the pronouncement to mortgage the land in possession by the family tends to display a scholar potential by the character. It is evident that she is in a position to talk her brothers into settling for the idea of trusting in the promise by the untamed country. At this point, she is in a position to re-mortgage the piece of land through a bid in order for her to purchase more. It is definite that this is a possible occurrence now when the land is under drought along with depression. The mentioning of drought at this particular point is appropriate since the author targets at enlightening the reader that the town Hanover was working to ensure that it does not give up into being blown away. In depth, it requires a high degree of braveness for one to make such a decision. From an overview of the story, it is precise that the most individuals have freight concerning the drought season that makes them result to purchasing their pieces of land.
Given an example of Carl Linstrum, he resolves to purchase his piece of land the relocate to a safer locality. Alexandras take on the matter tends to be bold unlike how Linstrum decides to purchase his piece of land in fear of the pronounced drought. She puts every key point into consideration to result in a wise decision with influence of both her mental along with psychological strengths. One of the interesting facts about Alexandra is that she opts to ensure that environment within her is safe instead of cowardly relocating to other grounds. This leads to her decision of re-investing. After the drought, it is evident that Alexandra appears to have made the right decision regarding maintain her location and making the environment conducive for her survival. After that, trying moment there is evidence of Alexandra coming across certain persons and giving them hope. A better example is her brother who was in shock to realize that Alexandra was still hopeful about focusing her investment on land despite the fact that it was unworthy.
One of the key roles by Emil is that she manages to be imperative on the part guaranteeing that Emil remains hopeful. An alternative aspect about Alexandra is that she portrays the personality of someone who does not get easily intimidated with certain challenges that people face in life, thus, she seems to be a fighter regardless of the hardships they face. Alexandra appears to have taken interest on the weather trend within the region in order for her to foresee some of the possibilities relating to the weather pattern within the location. This is the most significant possibility that had influence on her re-investment on the pieces of land as an alternative to purchasing them at a very low price. The author manages to bring out the personality that relates to depression. One can argue the fact that Alexandra projects a psychologically muscular reaction concerning family along with responsibility.
Another important factor that the Freudian theory examines is the composure of the intelligence. With this factor, the Freud manages to point out that the human brain is in two groupings, namely conscious with unconscious. The conscious part of the brains dwells its attention on numerous activities that someone would be sentient. Alternatively, the unconscious segment of the mind relates to actions that a person is uninformed. These are significant aspects in acknowledging the mind symphony of the character(Smith 49 ). It is clear that the mind operations by Alexandra has both compositions working effectively. She has goals that she personally did not have a clue of the repercussions. Putting these factors into consideration clearly clarifies that it is difficult to Alexandras individuality. One can conclude that she is a risk taker in that the results are not threat to her.
The resolute mind possessed by Alexanddra is detectable in the way that she treats the other people around her. The author shows Alexandras resolute mind by describing her attitude towards individuals who seem to have a negative effect on her life. The stubbornness of an individual may also depend on the power that an individual have. When Lou and Oscar try to verify their stand about Carl asserts, Well, suppose I want to take care of him? Whose business is it but my own? (Cather 92). The conversation confirms that that Alexandra has an influence on the thinking of her brothers meaning the controlled most of their actions. The brothers considered the presence of Carl as a threat to their wellbeing when considering that they are now occupying similar position of being Alexandra suitors. It is clear that Alexandra wants to associate him with preserving the family land. She considers that the preservation of the land acts as a factor for the survival of her family. It is this burning desire about the family that makes Alexandra to actively involved in protecting the familys estates; consequently, enabling her to make drastic changes in her life. Freuds theory of discussion would be useful in studying the personality associated with Alexandra
Freuds theory explains that the various psychosexual stages have a higher amount of influence in the development of the children. Every developmental stage becomes more important in affecting the degree of which an individual seeks for the pleasure seeking activities. The scholar also asserts that the completion of every developmental stage have a direct correlation to a healthy living. The completion of the stages without less problem shows that an individual will be having a healthy personality in the process of achieving adult-age(Tyson 10). Consequently, the analysis given by Freud theory is significant in understanding the exemplary character associated to Alexandra. The mature completion of Alexandras childhood is detectable when the father sought for a counsel from her a tender age. Another argument about Alexandras personality may also relate to the physical development when she was a young child. The parents provided enough protection to her childhood ensuring that she received proper intellectual development. Further, the information about Alexandra is important as it helps in exemplifying the trait of the character throughout her history. This is traceable in the story when the father begins to seek her counsel at a tender age. The information gives answer to the questions why is the author so involved in the matter? This means that the author would go for all the possible information about Alexandra to ensure her present an amazing description about her. Consequently, the concentration on the character makes her important as a tool for the author in transferring her message to the readers.
Understanding the character of Alexandra will also need the incorporation of the concept about defense mechanism provided by Freud. The defense mechanism helps in understanding the character trait of the individual in discussion. The author asserts that defense mechanism helps in covering wrong doings thereby contributing to its use by some individuals. Regarding this concept, individuals would end up rationalizing issues with the major aim of protecting their ego after making a mistake normally in their decision making process (Freud,Anna,67). Consequently, the use of defense mechanism is significant in studying the role of Alexandra in the story. As shown, Alexandra seems to possess a straightforward feeling when interacting with the people surrounding her. She does not hide anything amidst the talks without feeling shame. This shows that Alexandra has a personality of pure conscience that leads to making wise decision on the role delegated to her by the deceased father. Further, her relationship to other characters is also good thereby enabling her to develop a pure relationship with them.
According to the information drawn from the novel O Pioneers! Alexander is the heir to her fathers estate. This occurs despite the presence of numerous sons by John Bergon. This leads to the presentation of the heroine by Cather in the form of an individual possessing social, political, and economic power within the society. Women in the society faced limitation form the fact that they had no opportunity and right to vote thus minimal participation in the political sphere within the society. It is ideal to note that Alexandra becomes a landowner at the time when women faced such political limitations within the society.
The trust of her father pays off in the development of an astute and visionary businessperson through implementation of her daughters management skills and policies. This leads to the development of the land parcel of the daughter in comparison to the lagging development in the case of the land parcels by the sons. These developments illustrate and mirror description of Alexandra as a tall, strong girl by Cather in relation to her rapid and resolute walk with the knowledge of what to do in every situation. Alexandra is described as a tall, strong girl, and she walked rapidly and resolutely, as if she knew exactly where she was going and what she was going to do next, [Cather 12]. This is a reflection of her determination towards the achievement of her goals and objectives.
This description is essential in the understanding of the chief protagonist in the story thus enabling the author of the novel to develop effective and efficient characters in relation to the development of the plot. The combination of the character traits with references to Alexandra is essential in the illustration of the character as meaningful and justified to possess the traits as provided by the author. In the implementation of the Freuds theory in the critical analysis of the event, the Cather presents Alexandra as exhibiting great traits of an individual with the opportunity to exercise political, social, and economic power in the creation of change within the society. This leads to the presentation of the women characters in the novel as empowered category endowed with great intellectual skills as evident in the management skills and policies of land with reference to the chief protagonist of the play.
In the process of preserving the familys land, Alexandra is also critical in advising her brothers to adopt and implement effective and efficient techniques of farming with the aim of enhancing productivity levels. This is a reflection of mental energy in relation to the implementation of Freuds theory. Alexandra does not bow to pressure against women owning land and participating in other activities as voting practices, but sees an opportunity in relation to maximization of the productivity of land resources. This leads to the implementation of accurate and effective land techniques thus quality management of land stress in the society.
This is an indication that the chief protagonist is a risk taker thus the ability to identify opportunities where male society members fear or lack the courage to exploit. In addition, it is vital to implement anticathexis theory in relation to understanding outstanding personality of Alexandra as the chief protagonist in the novel. Alexandra directs her libidinal strength towards a good course which is maximization of the productivity of land resources thus preservation and utilization of the family land. This is an indication of the execution of the essence of the cathexis theory thus encouraging her brothers to focus on the implementation of new techniques of farming.
On the other hand, It is also vital to evaluate the prosperity of Alexandra from the feminism perspective. In order to achieve this objective, it is ideal to note that the story of this novel is set at the end of 19th century. According to historical illustrations, men dominated the American West societies during this time of the development of the society. This indicates that women played minimal role towards the development of the society. Women focused on activities such as child rearing and taking care of the husband as well as household chores. Men had great power in the society since they were the sole decision makers and heads of their families. Critical issues such as land were under the influence of male superiority. The land in the story wanted to be let alone, to preserve its own fierce strength, its peculiar, savage kind of beauty, its uninterrupted mournfulness (Cather 16). The presentation of land to Alexandra by her father is an illustration of her exemplary traits. This is because of her empowerment to thrive in the essence of male superiority in the maximization of the available opportunities in the context of land resources. The story is a reflection of feminism movement towards empowerment through achievement of social, economic, and political power in the critical time of history.
The author adopts and implements feminist approach in the presentation of the chief protagonist as strong and brilliant whether mentally and physically. Despite various limitations hindering contribution and development of women in the society in American West of the 19th century, the heroine in this novel goes against the odds to preserve and enhance the production of the family land in the presence of her brothers and male counterparts in the community. In addition, there is also a demonstration of her brilliance in the management of land stress during the essence of drought and stress in comparison to tactics implemented by her brothers in the novel. According to the illustration by the Cather, Alexandra adopts and implements quality counsel in comparison to her brothers in the management of economic crisis and famine. This is an illustration of the empowerment and intellectual skills of women towards the achievement of their rights in the contribution to the development of the society. The superiority of Alexandra is evident throughout the novel due to tendency by her brother to ignore her plea and advise on the adoption of quality farming techniques claiming to be responsible for her progress and success. Lou turned to Oscar. Thats the woman of it; if she tells you to put in a crop, she thinks shes put it in. It makes women conceited to meddle in business (Cather 93-94).
Presentation of Lou and Oscar as underdogs in relation to the success of Alexandra makes it easier for the reader to note the essence of strength of women in the society with reference to the comparison of intellectual strength of men and women in the society. This is an indicaion that gender should not be a factor to consider in the determination of the level of intellectual skills and contribution towards the development of the society. Cather manages to present women as successful despite various limitations in the American West of 19th century following implications or influences of male prejudice and superiority on critical matters affecting the society. The chief protagonist (Alexandra) also has the ability to make valuable and sound decisions on critical issues better than men within the novel thus the ability to exploit or maximize the opportunities with the aim of achieving the desired outcome. This is a reflection of the development or rise of feminism in the society. Men view this as a threat to their dominance in critical aspects such as decision making. The chief protagonist has the ability to demonstrate her leadership skills in going against the odds and exploiting the piece of land through re-investing on the resource. The common view in relation to the matter would have been selling of the property because of limitations faced by women in the society. This is a critical representation of the capacity of women in the society for the purposes of maximization of the available opportunities towards the achievement of their rights and empowerment.
Another feminism approach would focus on the examination of the relationship between Alexandra and her father. The father plays a critical role in the achievement of the rights and empowerment of women in the society. This is because of the role played by Alexandra as a role model or mentor to other women in the society through empowerment received from her father in relation to the presentation of the land and management opportunities for the preservation and maximization of the productivity levels of the family land. In the empowerment of Alexandra, the father states to Oscar and Lou, When you marry, and want a house of your own, the land will be divided fairly, according to the courts. But for the next few years you will have it hard, and you must all keep together, Alexandra will manage the best she can (Cather 22). This is a reflection of the change in the society as women obtain much power to participate in the development of the society. Alexandra also notes that she has the opportunity to transfer her motherly nature to helping or loving other society members and brothers thus the tendency of helping them achieve their goals and objectives through implementation of quality pieces of advice. This empowerment is also critical in the determination of her relationship or marriage encounter with reference to interaction with Carl in the development of the plot of the novel. Despite the fact that she reveals her emotional side in the relationship encounter, marriage aspect does not force the chief protagonist to give up her dream in relation to the seat of power emanating from effective and efficient management of the estate.
On the other hand, the previous quotation can be read from differently. That is. A feminist psychoanalysis of Willa Cather places young Alexandras development squarely within the relationship between her and her father. Because her father empowered her, Alexandra is free from the psychic residue of patriarchy. Interestingly, her fathers dying wishes include references to Oscar and Lou getting married but not to Alexandra. Alexandra is assuming the role of the patriarch, which her father gives to her. Thus, he states to Oscar and Lou, When you marry, and want a house of your own, the land will be divided fairly, according to the courts. But for the next few years you will have it hard, and you must all keep together. Alexandra will manage the best she can (Cather 22). Oscar and Lou are feminized, viewed as being in need of the patriarchal institution of marriage; whereas Alexandra is the potent heir to the estate and not in need of external financial support.
Comparing Alexandra with another female character shows that she is liberated from the chains of gender role which helps her being successful. There are always dreamers on the frontier (Cather 301) Dreams feature prominently in Alexandras life. Besides the lofty dreams of the future, such as her fathers dream about making a great fortune and going back to Sweden to pay back to the poor sailors the money grandfather had lost Cather 236). Alexandras nightly dreams can be analyzed using psychoanalysis. However, Alexandras dreams are rational compared with Maries. Marie is a counterpoint for Alexandra, because Marie comes across as being not in touch with reality. Alexandras dreams are solely her own: her desire to be in touch with the land, to cultivate it and create prosperity. She does not think in terms of providing for children, because she has none. Alexandra has liberated herself from the social, political, and economic institutions that constrained womens lives in the era during which the story takes place.
Another essence of the determination of the triumph of Alexandra relates to the examination of the goals and objectives of Cather in the development of the plot and setting of the novel. The decision of Alexandras father to offer her piece of land and present her as the manager of the property in case of his death is an illustration of the main objective or purpose of this novel which represented by women capability to be decision makers in their societies.. This is an illustration of change in the society since women never had the right to participate in such activities in the 19th century. The change of role and expectations in the novel focuses on the presentation of the objective of the author towards enhancing interaction with the readers. This is a reflection of irony on the part of the father as he decides to offer the management opportunity to the oppressed in the society because of her intellectual skills and power rather than gender. The author focuses on the presentation of women as powerful through mental and intellectual gains as presented in the case of the chief protagonist.
It is critical to understand the perspective of Cather in the demonstration of the process towards the achievement of women and achievement of their rights thus going against male dominance in the society. The motive of re-investing in the piece of land is also a reflection of a critical message to the readers by the author of the novel. This is because of the opportunity to demonstrate the essence of intellectual skills of the oppressed society members as evident in the case of the chief protagonist. As the chief protagonist, Alexandra demonstrates her intellectual skills to focus on success both at individual and communal or collective gains.
The author of the novel also presents or demonstrates sexuality of the chief protagonist in a view of illustrating the goals and objectives to the readers. This is through direct subversion of the gender roles and social norms. In the first encounter, Alexandra envisions herself being lifted and carried lightly by someone very strong. He was with her a long while this time, and carried her very far, and in his arms she felt free from pain (Cather 282). Alexandra focuses on subverting patriarchy in relation to putting off marriage thus not viewing herself in the context of the traditional woman in the 19th century. This makes her a true feminist who plays a critical role in the empowerment of the women in the society. She acts as a role model to women through demonstration of her private and public lives in the achievement of prominence. In the reverse presentation of the role, the novel notes that His right arm, bared from the elbow, was dark and gleaming, like bronze, and she knew at once that it was the arm of the mightiest of all lovers (Cather 283).
Cather's novel O Pioneers! bridges the gap between gender and heroism. This Western American novel by Cather shows that women are able to do something important besides giving themselves to men, captures the essence of the heroic pioneer, the noble American spirit taming the West, in a female character. A love of the landis not a gender-specific quality attributed only to men; the land, Cather states, can be loved by anyone who dares to trust in it and to create it anew. As a hero of the West, Alexandra breaks the concept of the untamed West and the woman's role in it. Traditionally, men were the ones "who forged ahead into the wilderness while the woman came up carrying tablecloths" (Thomas 62).
In the development of the plot, the author focuses on the demonstration that women and men have similar capacity and potentiality in the realization of the goals and objectives of the society when given similar opportunities. The opportunity to make decisions is an essential concept in the realization of the goals and potential of the society members. The case of Alexandra and the empowerment from her father is an illustration of the level and capacity of women to compete effectively and efficiently with men towards the development of the organization. It is critical for the transformation of the society to allocate roles and expectation on merit rather than gender. This is because of the demonstration of effective and efficient land management skills and policies by Alexandra for the purposes of maximizing the value and productivity of the land while preserving the family property. It is critical to note the prosperity of Alexandra against the odds in the achievement of her goals and objectives within the society despite being of the weakest gender in accordance with the traditional perspective of women in relation to the American West of the 19th century. From this evaluation, it is ideal to conclude that Willa Cathers O Pioneers! confirms the fact that women are equal to men and if they are given the opportunity and the good supportive environment, they will be as successful as men and they will be able to make wise and crucial decisions.





Works cited
Cather, Willa. O Pioneers! Boston And New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913.Google Books. Web . 10 May .2013.
Duby, Georges, Perrot Michelle, and Pantel Pauline. A history of women in the West. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994. Print.
Freud, Anna. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. New York: IUP, 1966. Print.
Freud, Sigmund. Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety XX (2nd ed.). London: Hogarth Press, 1955. Print.
Quawas, Rula. "Carving an identity and forging the frontier: the self-reliant female hero in Willa Cather's O Pioneers!" Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies 41 (2005): 237+. Academic OneFile. Web. 9 May
Slote, Bernice. 'Willa Cather and Her First Book', Willa Cather, April Twilights. London: University of Nebraska Press, 1968. Print.
Smith, David Livingstone. Freud's Philosophy of the Unconscious. Vol. 23. Springer, 1999.Print.
Robinson, Lillian S. "Treason our text: Feminist Challenges to the Literary Canon. In Feminisms: An Anthology of literary Theory and Criticism, ed, Robyn R Warhol and Diane Price Herndl,2112-26.New Brunswick ,N.J.: Rutgers University Press,1991.
Tyson, Phyllis, and Robert L. Tyson. Psychoanalytic theories of development: An integration. Yale University Press, 1993.Print.

I would like my essay to be about the Amistad revolt. My professor suggested the following link to get information from regarding a primary source.

Check out this link: www.archives.gov/education/lessons/amistad/

Instructions for Primary Source Analysis Essay
For this assignment, you will locate a primary source that you are considering using for your final research paper. Keep in mind that primary sources can come in many forms. They can be maps, diaries, letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, government documents, posters, pamphlets, photographs, advertisements, paintings, films, novels, songs?just to name a few.
The purpose of this assignment is to work on how to analyze a primary source. Your goal is to analyze your source excerpt as deeply and as thoroughly as possible. Do not simply provide a general summary or overview of your source. Think concretely and critically about its content, its historical context, the historical cultural values that shape it, and its relevance to your research. What are the author?s tone, style, and argument? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Read between the lines to discover its biases and assumptions. Depending on the nature of the primary source you select, the source may be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as dozens of pages.
In structuring your Primary Source Analysis Essay, you must address the following questions. Do not simply list answers to the questions below. Rather, you must write your paper in essay form. It should have an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You do not need to address the questions in order, but be sure that you address all questions that are relevant to your source in your essay. Your essay must be a polished piece of writing. I will grade it for both content and style.
The essay should be a one to two page analysis of that source. All writing must be in 12-point, Times New Roman, double-spaced and follow the Chicago Style Manual.

Basic Identification
1. What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.)
2. When was it created?
3. Where was it created?
4. Who created it?
Author?s Intent
1. What is the author?s place in society? (profession, status, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
2. How might the factors listed in the question above shape the author?s perspective in this source?
3. Why do you think the author created this source?
4. Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
5. Who is the intended audience for this source?
6. How might the intended audience shape the perspective of this source?
Historical Context
1. Under what specific historical circumstances was this source created?
2. What larger historical events, processes, or structures might have influenced this text?
3. Is this source consistent with what you know about the historical record from that time?
Content of the Source
1. What historical facts do you learn from this source?
2. What biases or other cultural factors might have shaped the message of this source?
3. How do the ideas and values in the source differ from the ideas and values of our time?
4. What historical perspectives are left out of this source?
5. What questions are left unanswered by this source?
Relevance of the Source
1. What research question are you using this source to answer?
2. How might this source confirm or contradict issues raised in secondary sources?
3. What does this source tell you about the history of everyday life during this particular time period?

This is a research paper for my graduate African History class. The topic is "time-awareness/time-perception" in African culture. This topic needs to be written and contextualized within capitalist transformation. The paper needs to push beyond the understanding that Africans were "late" to an understanding of exactly what types of temporal awareness they had and when. The paper should begin with the 19th century. Look at missionary accounts about Africans and time perception. What did Africans think about time? What were their ideas about time? How did they spend their time? Leisure time? Work time? How did they measure time? Explore the relationship between nature and time (stars, moon, sun, seasons, bells, etc.) Africans were not naturally obsessed with time until influenced by Europeans. So how did missionaries teach time to Africans? Explore slavery''s impact on African''s sense of time. How did colonial authorities impose time on Africans? How did colonialism impact on African ideas about time? How did African perceptions of time conflict with European perceptions about time? How was time used in racial discourse? Did Europeans say that because Africans had a different sense of time then they were inferior? lazy? idle? backward? etc. What is the relationship between making the most of time and production say about a certain civilization? How did Africans transition from traditional modes of time to industrial time? What is the legacy of this history? What does all this mean now?

The paper should have a clear, concise introduction, the minimum number of quotations should be about 2-3 per page, there should be parenthetical citations, footers, etc. There should also be a bibliography. I would also like to incorporate some interesting historical narrative(s) to tell the story and making this paper interesting and colorful. I''d like the story to grab the reader and make them interested in this topic so if it could be colorful throughout that would be great. Most history papers are pretty boring. I don''t want this to be one of them.

thank you