Global Sociocultural Responsiblity: individuals should be able to participate actively as informed and responsible citizens in social, cultural, global, and environmental matters.

A student who is competent in global sociocultural responsibility can:

* Identify scientific principles underlying human influence upon the Earth and its inhabitants.
* Recognize current social and political issues in their own community.
* Demonstrate knowledge of diverse cultures, including global and historical perspectives.
* Demonstrate an understanding of and appreciation for human diversities and commonalities.
* Recognize the impact of biases, assumptions, and prejudices in interactions.
* Understand how the natural world affects our daily lives and in turn is affected by our activities.

(The above information was provided by Seminole State College)

Global Sociocultural Responsibility is defined as the way of recognizing and responding to different ethnic and cultural groups by analyzing from multiple perspectives the means by which each group serves a global community that contributes to local, national, and environmental events and concerns of humanity.

(The above was obtained through Florida Community College)

Global responsibility would say, "How about all of us involved in creating whatever this bad effect is, getting together and working out how to solve it, as we are all responsible in some way". (http://info.emeraldinsight.com/authors/interviews/jgr.htm)


Part A: Assume I am a 10 year old child. How would you explain "Global Socioculture Responsibility" to me. Remember, I won't understand the "big" words that may make sense to you.I am pretty good at thinking like a 10 year old so if it doesn't make sense or isn't easy to understand, not a good grade. In your assignment, this will be "Part A". ("PART A")

Part B: Now for the REALLY HARD part."Part B" of your assignment: Tell me how has cross cultural (outside influences that stimulate cultural change) of the social and/or natural environments impacted your development. Consider issues the issues I provided earlier in this assignment (diversities, biases, assumptions, prejudices, natural envirionment, etc.) Remember, the text has pointed out that our society is more connected with other societies and cultures. Therefore, the "larger world also has an impact on us."

"Part C" of your assignment: How can your personal actions, beliefs, values, etc. AND the actions, beliefs, and values of the "groups" you belong to affect how you interact with other people in our culture and even how they may people living in aother culture? So, I am looking at you AND the groups you belong to AND how they can affect interactions with other people in OUR culture and people in OTHER cultures. Information on what groups people belong to ("social groups", "primary & secondary groups" "reference groups", "in-groups and out-groups").

I know this is a difficult assignment, but cultures/societies that are different from the one you live in are important and should be a consideration in many of the decisions you make and actions you take. Having problem with Part B and Part C? Try googling "cross cultural impact of the social and/or natural environment" or "Global Sociocultural Responsibility" and see if there are any articles that may help you understand the assignments. You will find many articles on these topics regarding "business issues" since many businesses are global.

This is my major course's essay. Please do not copy and paste. If you do that, I will fail this course. When you need it, please put references. This paper is due by May 2nd which is next friday thus I need this paper by May 1st which is thursday. If it is possible, I want Writers

Please note that a strong essay will do the following:
- Analyze the main themes in a nuanced manner, explain their complexities, and integrate information from the readings, the lectures and the discussions.

This is a topic of essay;

- What do global climate change, the peak oil problem, and political struggles over energy convey about the need for global community? What actions might address these problems, and how might nation states, international organizations, and citizens foster positive transformation?

Overview
Community health nursing can improve access to care for the most vulnerable and hard-to-reach groups in any country. The community health nurse should combine knowledge of major indicators of health, social factors that contribute to declining health status, and public programs designed to address problems of health care. Efforts should encompass all levels of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary) and should address the needs of the individual, family, aggregate, and community.
This assignment is 100 points, or 30% of your final grade.

Directions for the case study/final paper.
You are a community health nurse within your community and encounter a family of four that is homeless. They are recent documented immigrants (in the US via legal measures) and speak very little English. The adults possess a high school education, however are unemployed. The family consists of a 25 year old pregnant mother (5 months), her 27 year old husband who has a history of depression, their five year old son who should be starting kindergarten and was recently diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, and a seventy-two year old grandmother who was recently diagnosed with COPD. They have no resources or family. Visit or interview representatives from various agencies to develop your responses. Please respond to the following:
A. Where do you refer them for shelter, food, clothing, and health care. Briefly describe the agencies and criteria required to obtain assistance. (10 points; 2 each)
B. What legal-ethical issues exist? (10 points; 5 each)
C. Identify local, state, and federal legislation applicable to this situation. (15 points; 5 each)
D. Apply an upstream perspective to design an evidence-based plan for health promotion and illness prevention for each member of the family. You must include the three levels of prevention in your plan. (60 points; 15 for each family member).
E. Utilize APA format and provide a reference list. (5 points)
Module #5 Final Assignment: Evolving local & global community health concerns

Local and state laws must refer to Cook County (Chicago) and the state laws are Illinois.
Websites can be used for references. Aunt Martha's (community service) should be used because they offer a lot of services that would apply to this family.

Please email me with any questions. This is a community/public health nursing class for a BSN program.

Outsourcing in a Global Community - the effects (pros & cons) on the United States.
Thesis Statement - identify whether thesis is a claim of fact, definition, value, cause, or policy, with explanation of what that means.
Complete sentence outline
Annotated Bibliography - include summary of description of each seven sources (APA) Sources should be current 2004-2005

2000-2500 word research paper. It should contain: an introduction and a thesis statement, a body with supporting evidence and in-text citations,and a conclusion.


Three of seven sources: US dept of labor statistics, McKinsey Global Institution 2005, Catherine Mann of the Institute for International Economics.

Discussions Theoretical Foundations second half paper
Instructions to Writer: [Please see attached Source material(s)]
Answer Topics 1 and 2 for each Unit in the form of a paper. Use at least 300 words or more to answer each topic and corresponding sub-topics. Must also include a minimum of three peer-reviewed citations per topic. Citations must include outside sources and no more than one citation from assigned course readings may be used.
Topic 1: Grand Nursing Theory
Select one of the grand nursing theorists listed within the Unit 6 overview which is of interest to you and evaluate the information available about the model and the theorist to address the following questions:
1. What in the background of the theorist as a nursing scholar might have prompted her to develop the theory?
2. What are the central values and beliefs set forth by the theorist?
3. Which of the four metaparadigm concepts are included in the model?
4. Discuss the adequacy of the model. Did you think it was useful and in what area would you be more apt to use this model or theory in? Administration, education or practice?
Topic 2: The Future of Nursing
1. In response to the IOM report (The Future of Nursing Campaign for Action (2011). IOM Recommendations. Retrieved from http://thefutureofnursing.org/recommendations) explain how nursing theory can support the recommendations for the future of nursing.

Topic 1: Middle Range Theories
Select one of the Middle Range Nursing theories from Unit 7 overview and create a model case scenario, in which you will apply all or one of the following from the theory: concept, metaparadigm, and/or usefulness. Provide the background of the theorist and any concepts that developed from applying the theory to the model case scenario. Explain how you could apply this same theory into your advanced nursing role? After examining your model case scenario, what do you consider to be the strong or weak points to this theory?
Topic 2: Research and Practice
Explain why we need to continue to examine and promote the use of middle range theories in research and practice.

Topic 1: Ethical Dilemma
Think about an ethical dilemma you recently faced in your practice. Select a nursing theory that could have guided you in making a decision about the care of this patient. Explain whether the theory emphasizes the patient?s rights, goals and autonomy. Does it provide clear guidance for ethical decision-making in nursing? Does the theory emphasize ethical codes for practice? (Present your information according to HIPPA requirements)
Topic 2: Global Perspective
Select a nursing theory you consider relevant today. Explain from a global perspective how you would change this theory to better support the ethical and social issues [Examples such as bioterrorism, genocide?] nurses face in healthcare.
Topic 1: Theory Integration
Select a theory or model that might be valuable in your advanced nursing role or that interests you. Explain your response to the following questions:
1. What are your personal values and beliefs about nursing, health, environment, and patient care delivery?
2. What are the underlying assumptions, values, and beliefs of the particular theory or model that you have chosen?
3. Is this theory or model congruent with your own values and beliefs about nursing, nursing care, nursing environment, and health.
Topic 2: Global View
Select a global view [paternalistic, feminist, modernism, postmodernism] and explain how this identifies to your overall outlook of life.

Topic 1: Reflection
Review the course outcomes at the beginning of the course (also listed in the course Syllabus) and assess how you have met each outcome. Include in your Discussion how assignments and readings have contributed to your development as a nurse in an advanced role. Remember to share some of your thoughts related to specific websites you found of value in your discussion.
Topic 2: Assimilation
Currently, global communities of nursing scholars are sharing nursing theoretical works and contributing to the development of nursing knowledge. Evaluate the impact upon theory development for nursing now and in the future. How would you address staying current to healthcare issues in order to address future changes?









List of Citations That May be used as Source Materials respectively:
McFarland, M. M., & Eipperle, M. K. (2008). Culture care theory: A proposed practice theory guide for nurse practitioners in primary care settings. Contemporary Nurse, 28, 48-63.
Nelson, J. W. (2011). Measuring caring ? The next frontier In understanding workforce performance and patient outcomes. Nursing Economic$, 29(4), 215-219.
Nicely, B., & DeLario, G. T. (2011).Virginia Henderson?s principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. Progress in Transplantation, 21(1), 72-77.
Society of Rogerian Scholars Retrieved from http://societyofrogerianscholars.org/
Martha Rogers: Nurses.info. Retrieved from http://www.nurses.info/nursing_theory_person_rogers_martha.htm
Roy Adaptation Model: Sister Callista Roy: Pearson Prentice Hall. Retrieved from http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_george_nurstheory_5/0,2535,88691-,00.html
The Roy Adaptation Model: Boston College: William F. Connell School of Nursing. Retrieved from http://www.bc.edu/schools/son/faculty/featured/theorist/Roy_Adaptation_Model.html
Andershed, B., & Olsson, K. (2009). Review of research related to Kristen Swanson's middle-range theory of caring. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 23, 598-610.
Bettle, A. M. E., & Latimer, M. A. (2009). A case study examination of chronic sorrow in caring for an adolescent with a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Canadian Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 31(4), 15-21.
Guadalupe, K. (2010). Understanding a meningioma diagnosis using Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 6(2), 77-82.
McCarthy, V. L. (2011). A new look at successful aging: Exploring a mid-range nursing theory among older adults in a low-income retirement community. The Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 15(1), 17-23.
Mefford, L. C., & Alligood, M. R. (2011).Testing a theory of health promotion for preterm infants based on Levine's Conservation Model of nursing. The Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 15(2), 41-47.
Jean Watson. Retrieved from http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Jean-Watson.php
Madeline M. Leininger, Foundress TCNS Retrieved from http://www.tcns.org/Foundress.html
Health as Expanding Consciousness: Margaret A. Newman Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Newman_Health_As_Expanding_Consciousness.html
Fairchild, R. M. (2010). Practical ethical theory for nurses responding to complexity in care. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 353-362.
Klaver, K., & Baart, A. (2011). Attentiveness in care: Towards a theoretical framework. Nursing Ethics,18(5) 686-693
Lundqvist, A., & Nilstun, T. (2009). Noddings?s caring ethics theory applied in a pediatric setting. Nursing Philosophy, 10, 113-123.
Noel, D. L. (2010).Occupational health nursing practice through the human caring lens. AAOHN Journal, 58(1), 17-26.
Paganini, M. S., & Egry, E. Y. (2011). The ethical component of professional competence in nursing: An analysis. Nursing Ethics, 18(4) 571-582.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). Chapters 8. (6th ed.).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Noureddine, S. (2001). Development of the ethical dimension in nursing theory. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 7, 2-7.
Aranda, K., & Jones, A. (2010). Dignity in health-care: A critical exploration using feminism and theories of recognition. Nursing Inquiry, 17(3): 248-256.
Pitre, N. Y., & Myrick, F. (2007). A view of nursing epistemology through reciprocal interdependence: Towards a reflexive way of knowing. Nursing Philosophy, 8(2), 73-84.
Ramey, H. L., & Grubb, S. (2010). Modernism, postmodernism and (Evidence-Based) practice. Contemporary Family Therapy, 31, 75-86.
"Former UCSF Nursing Dean Margretta Styles Dies:? University of California San Francisco. Retrieved from http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2005/12/6434/former-ucsf-nursing-dean-margretta-styles-dies
Fawcett, J. (2003). Theory and practice: A discussion by William K. Cody. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16(3), 225-231. (Course Reserve in the Kaplan library)
Fawcett, J., & Russell, G. (2001). A conceptual model of nursing and health policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 2(2), 108-116. (Course Reserve in the Kaplan library)
Andrews, M. M. (2008).Global leadership in transcultural practice, education and research. Contemporary Nurse, 28,13?16.
Mcsherry, R., & Douglas, M. (2011). Innovation in nursing practice: A means to tackling the global challenges facing nurses, midwives and nurse leaders and managers in the future. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(2), 165-169.
Ruddy, M. (2007). Models and theories of nursing. Retrieved from http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73861/Documents/Models%20and%20Nursing%20Theories.pdf
Vandenberg, H. E. (2010). Culture theorizing past and present: Trends and challenges. Nursing Philosophy, 11, 238-249.

All files needed to complete order have been uploaded to file board.

it needs a thesis statement

here is a paper i wrote about Nathan's essay in "emerging a reader"

Throughout Rebekah Nathans study on communities within AnyU, she found that both community and diversity failed time after time. The University would try to build communities within the students by assigning reading projects and starting clubs, but the students would not get involved. People who have the same background, ethnicity, or interest would not venture out and meet new people.
The University assigned a summer reading project for freshman to have something to discuss at orientation. This was unsuccessful to start communities because either most the students didnt read the book or felt forced into community. The course following the project showed these results. This reading project was as unpopular as the freshman seminar was, said Rebekah.
Every week the hall bulletin boards are plastered with notices about new events to attend, new music groups in town, or organizations offering ethusiastic invitations to their open house. The proliferation of even choices, together with the consistent message to get involved, and the ever available option of dropping out, creates a self-contradictory system. Students are confronted with an endless slate of activities vying for their time. Every decision not to join but to keep ones time for oneself is interpreted as student apathy or program irrelevance, and even more activites are designed to remedy them. Each decision to join something new pulls at another commitment, fragmenting the whole even further. Not only people but also community are spread thin. , Explains Nathan on the subject of students getting involved. Students were asked to start their own clubs if others were of no interest, even this had little reaction.
Students also had something against fraternities and sororities. I found that students greatest objections to the Greek system were its steep demandsthat it required so much time and resources that were both mandatory. Yet, the one AnyU student in ten who did join the fraternity or sorority was, according to 2003 surveys conducted by the Office of Student life, much less likely to drop out of school and much more likely to report the highest level of satisfaction with campus life. Rebekah reported.
It seems that Rebekah Nathan has come to one conclusion, Struggling with community in this way is, as observers of American life have pointed out, the American way. The same things that make us feel connected and protected are the things that make us feel obligated and trapped as individuals and/or cut off from other groups with different agendas.


here is the prompt for the essay, your supposed to make like an argument with a thesis. The essays written by Nathan and Appiah can be found in "emerging a reader"

Paper Two

Rebekah Nathan in Community and Diversity and Kwame Anthony Appiah in Making Conversation and The Primacy of Practice both consider the tension between our social networks and the demands of an increasingly global society. Most people would agree that as we move through the twenty-first century humanity will need to find some sort of equilibrium between the responsibilities and comforts of our social networks and the growing need to interact with a very large and diverse world.
Write a paper in which you determine the tools needed to move successfully between our local networks and larger global communities.
Can concepts such as nationalism, patriotism, local loyalties and shared heritage factor into an understanding of the global community? Can diversity encourage community? How do our social networks make us more cosmopolitan? Do local loyalties preclude cosmopolitanism? How does the primacy of practice work against diversity? In making your argument, explore the promise and problem of shared values and common interests.
Requirements
? Rough Drafts should be 3-4 pages long. Bring 3 copies of your rough draft to class.
? Revised Drafts should be 5-6 pages long.
? All papers should conform to proper MLA style.
? All drafts should be double spaced, printed, and proofread for error. Your name should appear on the first page and in the header of every page along with the page number.

There are faxes for this order.

I want this username to complete my order: ProfDiggers. This is an Informative Essay.
I prefer you to think of it as needing to be more interesting than surprising.The goal is not necessarily to shock audience -- remember, that the readers are students and an instructor but rather to tell them something they may not know in a way they have not heard it.
Specifically, the assignment for this essay is to choose a community you are a member of and write an essay that explores that community. That exploration can be personal-- in other words, explaining how you are a member of that community and what that means or it can be more analytical-- defining the community through observation and research.In either case, the expectation for this assignment is that you will find a way to make your community come alive for you audiunce.
For out purposes, a community is any group that you can define as distict from other groups. For example, "Americans" as a community are different than "Canadians" and, you might argue, "Texans" are distict from "Americans". Community is intentionally broad here and so your community might include millions or it might include less than a dozen.
Remember the goal here is to interest an audience and the best way to do that is to choose a subject that interests you, so your fraternity or sorority might be a community you are a member of and that you can easily define,but it might not be one that takes a lot of time to explore.On the other hand, you might be a member of a community you don't understand and that's the sort of tension that can lead to a really strong essay.
There a lot of different ways to define a Community. This is certainly an assignment that could lend itself to research if you're interested in doing that. Similarly, you might interview other members of the community to get additional perspectives or even do some observation. This assignment has a lot of room for whatever techniques interest you. I can see some essays coming back as highly narrative and some looking more like journalism. I actually didn't choose ta community yet if you get an interesting community in mind that you think that it is more interesting please let me know before you begin writing.I need you Please to be concerned about the structure of this essay and always remember that it is an informative essay not a narrative one. Also Please I need to know what community you choosed in a few hours by email. A community could be a geographic communities like a neighbourhood,suburb,village,town or city,region or nation also there are communities of culture like an ethnic group, a religious or a global community or even a multicultral .
I actually would rather to talk about "Muslims Community" talk about the mistaken view and the stereotypes also the surprising view about it. Please let me know which Community you choosed as soon as possible by email .

The topic of this research paper is some innovation in history that has had lasting change or impact.
The topic chosen is YouTube - and how it has created new global communities around the world. Not from the perspective of new technologies, because the technologies already existed - the networks, the communications, etc. Rather, by creating a common addressable place where everyone in the world who has access to a computer can access, was a simple idea, but one that has had revolutionary impact in a number of different ways - connecting people - making people film directors - publishers - etc.



The research paper should be 2500 words excluding the annotated bibliography which should be divided into primary and secondary resource sections and ideally have at least 5 primary and secondary sources. As YouTube is so new, it will not be possible to have 5 primary sources. There should be 5 secondary sources.

One of the most important sources is the Kansas State University Anthropolgy class study on Digital Enthnography = under Dr. Michael Wesch. Each student focused on a different aspect of the impact of YouTube and presented their findings. Dr. Wesch also gave an talk at the Library of Congress on the topic that is an interesting start point on the overal subject of this research.


The BRIEF:
"Innovation suggests creative new approaches to any facet of life. Students might explore innovation in artistic or musical forms, for example, by looking at the rise of jazz. The important aspect of any National History Day research project is to situate the topic in the historical context. What was happening in the society that supported the rise of jazz at this particular point in time? Another way to extend the topic would be to follow the impact of jazz on society through time, e.g., on the African American community or subsequent music forms. "
Changes in political, social or religious institutions or arrangements might also be considered innovations, as new ways to respond to problems facing society. For example, the establishment of the United States of America, the Cultural Revolution in China, the development of
settlement houses in America and Europe, or the Protestant Reformation could all be topics for NHD this year. As always, the theme is broad enough to include topics from any period of history and from any part of the world. Whatever topics they choose, however, students must remember to address the theme and place their projects in history."

Possible Project Ideas
October 29, 2009

Idea #1 The selling and spreading of political movements on YouTube. In years gone by, people have had to spread their ideas through mediums of speeches, radio, monuments, even paintings. In most recent decades, political campaigning was mostly through television. In the most recent election in America, the internet and YouTube in particular played a major role and many people were surprised. Throughout the world, YouTube is the major medium now for all kinds of political and religious movements to spread their messages. Instead of hearing the message interpreted or presented by others, you hear the message on YouTube unedited. There are many examples and much commentary about the millions of people persuaded now through YouTube instantly about political views.

Idea #2 YouTube: A new world communities. Through all the great bandwidth, networks and servers around the world, YouTube has turned into a huge global forum where anyone with internet access can communicate with anyone else face to face regardless of distance. Members communicate regularly from every part of the globe and are celebrating together, playing music, laughing, learning, building causes across many boundaries. With the innovation of YouTube, the course of history has been changed. People are connected by this new form of communication in new movements who never before would have met or united. It is eradicating international boundaries.

Idea #3 The story of the phenomenal invention of YouTube. YouTube is only four years old and it is a simple story of the ideas of three guys who worked at PayPal had an idea. But it is an important history to understand because it happened so quickly and it involved $165 billion dollars as it was sold to Google and so many millions of people around the world. It changed the way people communicate. It is the story of a new business model that changed who is behind the camera and who is front of the camera and it created a new economy at the same time that did not exist before making $15 million dollars a month in advertising.

Idea #4 Anonymous People: how YouTube enables the world to speak powerfully and anonymously. Through YouTube, people now have the ability to publish any kind of artwork, film, political statements, literature, pictures anonymously. People can use their own names or false names. They can be who they are or they can be someone entirely different. No one will know. People can reach the audience of the whole of the world in an instant. In history, this capability has not existed before.

Idea #5 - YouTubes Transformation of the Film Industry. Prior to YouTube people could watch television, go to the cinema, or to some extent watch film on the internet. With YouTube, you can watch any movies, TV program, documentaries, sports event, someones home movie made in Timbuktu at any time you wish. In addition, you can join and converse with communities of people who are interested in the same category material including the film maker. The price is pretty record breaking in history as well: its free to anyone with access to the internet. This also means that a person in any part of the world could obtain an education on-line.



Final Topic Choice
Wednesday September 9, 2009

The short list of possible topics I chose for the project on Innovation in History were Ebay, iTunes or MP3s players, Fast Food and YouTube. I think that each of these inventions has had an impact on history. In looking closely at iTunes, the references about this amazing musical invention was more about an evolution of many different types of technology that suddenly became the MP3 player. Apples creation of the iTunes was ingenious, but difficult to pinpoint on its own as an invention without giving credit to a lot of the MP3 components that led up to it at the same time. Also, there is not much history written about the social or cultural impact of this invention. Because there will be more technology to follow, what its legacy will be is not so clear. The creation of EBay was one persons idea. In reading more about this, it was more one persons idea developed into a something like an on-line garage sale market place that became successful. It is not clear how much innovation was involved, how much it changed history or how many reference sources could be used to make up a strong research project.

The invention of fast food was a major innovation in food in the history of time created in America that found its way around the world. It definitely has had major impact on the culture of the way people eat, peoples health, diet, and the whole food industry. There are many reference materials available about this topic that would be sufficient to build a research project around. It is a topic that makes one stop to think about how we got to where we are. We hardly recognize where our food comes from anymore because it is so unnatural. The price of a fast food meal full of unhealthy fat and hundreds of calories and sugar can be dollars less than the cost of something healthy which does not seem right. How did we get here? In the end I did not choose this topic not because it is not interesting to me, but because I work for a fast food place and a lot of what is said about the invention of fast food is negative and I dont want to be negative about a company that employs me.

The topic I chose is YouTube. There are not many references for this topic and it will not be an easy topic to research ut I think it is actually one of the most important innovations we have had in the world for some time. YouTube is only a few years old but it has already over 100 million video clips viewed and 65,000 new videos are uploaded on YouTube every 24 hours by people all over the world. YouTube has created instant groups of people around the world sharing ideas, political views and rallying people around common causes. Some of the things that people rally around are as simple as a 60 second clip of humor. A lot of film is about music. Never before in history has common man been able to share this medium instantly, unedited and uncensored with free access to all. There has been a lot of political reaction to this invention as well. It has been blocked by countries such as China, Morocco and Thailand who are concerned about some of its content. I believe it is a revolutionary step in human communication that is a very good topic for Innovation in History.



You Tube: The Creation of a New World Community
Process Paper
Why I chose this topic:
Considering the time I spend on YouTube weekly watching movies, music, and learning horse training techniques, I already had an interest in this innovation and was keen to learn more. This topic is also a very relevant topic to my generation as the highest percentage of YouTube users are under 28 years old. As YouTube is only a few years old, I liked the idea that I would probably not have to go to the library and pour over lots of old books to do the research required for the project.
How I conducted my research:
I initially thought that YouTube would be a fairly easy topic because I am a first hand regular user and I thought I knew something about it. I found out quite quickly that it was more difficult that I imagined. First, there are only a few primary sources - the three founders of YouTube, primarily. Therefore, almost all sources are secondary. I found myself doing considerable web searching through irrelevant material. There are only a handful of books published with reference to the innovation of YouTube. Most of the information is in web media such as newsletters, articles, and documentary film. I saved as favorites all of these sites, printed the most important and went back and watched the most important films several times to do my research.
How I created and developed my exhibit:
For my exhibit I decided to write a paper as the explanation of how YouTube is an innovation of historical significance and something that requires thoughtful explanation. Photographs, diagrams, graphics and other means do not seem appropriate for me to be able to explain what I have learned about the ways YouTube has affected our history. I have been keeping index cards of the main points found in videos and a file of important points from published articles. Every time I use YouTube I am thinking about and looking at how it has changed history and making notes for my research paper on index cards. All of these put together will form my final project paper.
How my project relates to the theme.
My project relates to the NHD theme in its creation of global communities that have never before existed and otherwise would not exist without its invention. These communities might be made up of fifty-five people who happen to share the same interest living in far flung corners of the world. These communities might also be made up of millions of people who share a laugh at the same 2 minute home movie clip. This innovation also revolutionized the industries of publishing and film production. In an instant, YouTube made people everywhere film producers and published authors with a worldwide audience. YouTube also created a new timeline in history by creating instantaneous publishing of material and erasing time scheduling by enabling people to watch what they want, when they want 24x7, anywhere in the world. (494 Words)


Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Steve, Chad and Jawed, The Real History of YouTube in 3 Minutes Available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PazFKj_aIpA&NR=1. November 22,
2009.
The three creators of YouTube give a brief history of their broadcast yourself invention in a garage in this film. They describe the timeline of their invention, each of their roles in the process, how they overcame stumbling blocks when no one visited their site, and their growth from streaming 3 million to 100 million videos per day. It ends with the sale of YouTube to Google for $1.6 billion and 65% of all traffic for video sites and explaining that YouTube is that but so much more. These are critical points of view to understand for this paper.

Secondary Sources
Barack, Lauren. "Library of Congress Shares Nation's Treasures on You Tube." Library. Print.

Lauren Barack is a freelance journalist living in Manhattan. Her work has appeared in Parenting magazine, Newsweek, the St. Petersburg Times, The Independent (London) and Variety, among other publications. Barack turned to journalism after a stint in comedy television.

Boutin, Paul. A Video History of You Tube. Web.

Paul Boutin writes about networks for the NY Times and covers the iPhone, Apple social networks, and digital media for VentureBeat. He also contributes essays to Wired and does book reviews for the Wall Street Journal. He was a senior writer and editor for Silicon Valley gossip site Valleywag from 2006 to 2008.

Cloud, John. "The Gurus of You Tube." Time. Print.
John Cloud is a staff writer for Time magazine, where he has worked since 1997. Before coming to Time, he was a senior writer at Washington City Paper. He describes the background of the founders and creators which is an important understanding of the innovators.

Douglas, Nick. YouTubes Dark Side: how the video sharing site stifles
creativity Slate. Print
Nick Douglas is a technology writer and a humorist who is known for his sarcastic viewpoint in the world of tech journalism. He writes for Wired, Slate, and the Huffington Post and other on-line publications. Douglas has over 9,000 followers on Twitter which makes him one of the top 200 users on the site. He lives in New York City. Visit his website www.toomuchnick.com

Duffield, Katy S. Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, Jawed Karim: YouTube Creators
(Innovators). San Diego: KidHaven Publisher 2008
This book is written for young audiences to tell the history of the YouTube innovation. It covers the background of the founders working at PayPal and how they were just simple guys with an idea who stuck with their idea to make it work.

Haridakis, Dr.Paul. "Social media and presidential election: Scientists examine
impact of You Tube, MySpace." Web.
Dr. Paul Haridakis, professor and scholar in the impact of media on the US political landscape investigates the impact of social medias impact on the presidential election. Haridakis, focused on the role of You Tube in elections, an important perspective on the historical impact of YouTube. .

Giuffo, John. Ten Videos that made YouTube famous. Available at:
http//www.forbs.com/2007/04/30/youtube-vidoes-hits. 9/19/2009

In November 2005, when YouTube first started posting videos it was mostly a place for posting and seeing homemade video clips. As the popularity of this website grew users began to put up all kinds of postings old and new TV shows, comedies, music video, political adds, and homemade documentary. This article shows YouTubes big success and how it gives everyone in the world a chance to share there videos without control, that anyone can make a video, post it online and become an overnight success.

Green, Joshua. YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Cambridge:
Polity Publishing 2009
In this book the author discusses how YouTube is the first mass platform for user-created video and how it relates to wider transformations in culture, society and the economy. The book talks about the public debates surrounding the site, demonstrating how it is central to struggles for authority and control in the new media environment The author discusses how YouTube is being used by the media industries, by audiences and amateur producers, and by particular communities of interest, and the ways in which these uses challenge existing ideas about cultural production and consumption. It provided an important overall understanding of my topic.

Guardian column: The YouTube campaign. Available at:
http://www.buzzmachine.com/2007/01/29/guardia-column-the-youtube-
campaign/. 01/28/2007
This column is about the U.S. Presidential Candidate and how they use YouTube to campaign for the White House. It states the revolution will not be televised. It will be YouTubed, It also states that more than 30% of voters under the age of 35 will be using the internet as their mane source of political news.

Jardoe, Greg. YouTube and Video Marketing: An Hour a Day. Indianapolis: Wiley
Publishing 2009
This book is a detailed guide to help people create and implement winning video strategies on YouTube with step-by-step instructions and key steps and techniques. It is written in the hour a day format to make it simple and straightforward to learn many tips on how to make videos and avoid mistakes based on the authors four years of experience. It includes case studies which demonstrate how to analyze marketing results and also has a long list of very current additional resources which were helpful is sorting through and finding relevant sources. .
Levy, Frederick. 15 Minutes of Fame: Becoming a Star in the YouTube Revolution.
New York: Penguin Group 2008
This is a book written by a Hollywood guru to advice users and video makers about how to make and share their videos about their most interesting, exciting and embarrassing moments to be watched by people from all over the world. It also explores YouTubes social and networking aspects and how people can connect with that through the films they make. It is a guide to help people get their material captured quickly on their phones and cameras and advice about what will make people want to watch their film for their moment of fame.

Miller, Michael. YouTube 4 You. Que Publishing: Washington, D.C. 2009
YouTube 4You appears to be a perfect book for a person to get very rapidly up to speed on YouTube. Like other work by this author, it is an impressive volume that is highly rated by its users.
Also, like other work done by Michael Miller, this too is an impressing work. It is very clear that the author knows what he is talking about, and he is good in making difficult things easy to understand. Chapters 1 to 11 are great introduction 4 everyone and viewers, on how to create and share videos including legal issues!
Chapters 12 to 16, which is 4 Advanced Users goes beyond introduction and helps one you join the YouTube Community, adding your Blog, and even profiting from your videos as well as how to troubleshoot. This book was excellent, brief and to the point, with pictures and examples that helped me become proficient with YouTube usage.

YouTube Report 2009. YouTube is Part of Three Key Trends September 7, 2009
Web.
YouTube for Business is a 111 page analysis of YouTube Report 2009 data to help businesses understand how YouTube can affect their businesses positively. Each week a new chapter is delivered to study the impact and opportunities that YouTube has come to offer. This section is about increasing bandwidth around the world, user generated content, and social networking sites and gave me an important insight into how the communication network side of YouTube was enabled.

Pondera, Patrick. The YouTube Reader. Oslo: National Library of Sweden 2009
This book describes YouTube as epitomizing the possibilities of digital culture. With more than 70, 000,000 unique users a month and approximately 80,000,000 videos online, YouTube have the richest repository of popular culture in modern time. As the fastest growing site in the history of the Web, it describes YouTubes new opportunities for amateur video, political campaigning, entertainment formats, and viral marketing and clip culture that have far outpaced both cinema and television. The YouTube Reader is one of the first full-length books to explore YouTube as an industry, archive, and cultural form.

Savoie, Hillary. John McCain gets BarackRolld: Authorship, Culture, and Community on YouTube. Available at http://youtubeandthe2008election.jitp2.net/paper/hsavoie. 4/17/09
This cultural study by a doctoral student at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute analyzes the YouTube video John McCain gets BarackRolld as an example of a new media of individual expression that can be used to support and create community action among large groups of people an important understanding of the new global communities created by YouTube. .

Susan Boyle phenomena: redefining beauty, grace, and success? By Ben Quinn.
Perf. Susan Boyle. Video clip.
The video clip of Boyle winning over skeptical judges and a cynical crowd with a rendition of I Dreamed a Dream from the musical Les Miserables has been viewed more than 40 million times. It is an important example of how quickly fame can be brought globally and overnight with this new innovation.

Wesch, Michael Dr. Digital Ethnography at Kansas State University. Available
at: http://mediatedcultures.net. 3/9/2007
The YouTube project at Kansas State University was a class project for the Spring 2007 semester of a class called Anthropology 522: Digital Ethnography. Each student in the class was responsible for creating their own 3 to 5 minute video of an agreed topic about the YouTube community. This project is critical to my research for this project as it has become the most famous and important study of YouTube in existence today.

Woog, Adam. YouTube: Great Idea Chicago: Norwood House Press 2008
The book begins with a brief history of video sharing on the Web and then goes on to discuss the three young men who came up with the idea for YouTube after working together at PayPal, and what getting the start-up off the ground entailed. Details of how the site works (and makes money) are explained as well as questions of copyright and censorship. The book was an important read because sets out ways YouTube has changed society, including its effect on the 2008 election.

YouTube Report 2009. YouTube is Part of Three Key Trends September 7, 2009
Web.
YouTube for Business is a 111 page analysis of YouTube Report 2009 data to help businesses understand how YouTube can affect their businesses positively. Each week a new chapter is delivered to study the impact and opportunities that YouTube has come to offer. This section is about increasing bandwidth around the world, user generated content, and social networking sites and gave me an important insight into how the communication network side of YouTube was enabled.

Task: I would like you to answer these questions with 50 words each and I want Tomar to complete this order

1. Has Australia acted in its national interest in dealing with East Timor over oil and gas resources in the Timor Sea?


2. Is it fair that the Kyoto Protocol does not include developing countries in its first stage of cutting greenhouse gas emissions? Why (not)?


3. Give a personal witness account of Australias environment (air, land, sea, or climate) what has changed? For better or worse? I'd like to hear your story.



4. Is human security a goal behind Australias decision to go to war in Iraq? To what extent has Australia and the Coalition of the Willing achieved that goal?


5 . Did the Howard government (1996-2007) get it right on Australias policy on refugees and asylum seekers?

6 . Recently, there has been an increase in the arrival of boat people in Australian waters. Is the Rudd governments policy change on refugees (from the Howard era) responsible for the increase?


7. 'Do we give too much attention and resources to terrorism threats when other areas pose a greater threat to our society (such as some diseases) but we do not appropriate as many resources to them?'

8. The definition of a terrorist is contentious. Not only Israel, but America consider Hezbollah as a terrorist organization (I think Britain and Australia only consider the armed wing of Hezbollah as terrorists as opposed to its political wing). Hezbollah would argue that they legitimately fight against Israel's aggression in southern Lebanon. I don't want to justify either side, but does Hezbollah have a point? Are they simply fighting Israeli aggression defending southern Lebanon, and so not terrorists?

9. Do you think that a more concentrated effort on the perceived root causes of terrorism, such as poverty, financial support for groups, etc, would be more effective than either the direct or hearts and minds approaches?

10. I am just wondering how many people think that the 'war on terror' and other anti-terrorist activities actually encourages a greater threat by deepening anti-US/Western sentiment?

What sort of impact do you think it will have in the long run?



11. There seems to be an awful lot of talk about "hate" being the fundamental driving force behind today's level of insurgencies and terrorism. Hate for another culture, politics, religion or imposed ideology or as Bush banged on and on about, hate of western systems/values/freedoms.

Do you think that this simple (sometimes arrogant) analysis really is at the heart and the motivational force behind terrorism? And, if so, does it not make the process of negotiation all the more vital to weaken their resolve?

Im thinking about how long it took the British Government and IRA to come to the negotiating table or the international community to bring Israel and Palestine into a peace process. Why did it take so long and so much terror and destruction before committing to a process of negotiations? Would the global community ever consider negotiating with al-Qaeda?

Include the following:
-history of the issue
-moral/legal considerations
-impact on the global community
-impact on US foreign policy
-impact on you as a member of society
-solutions to the issue from a criminal justice standpoint

please use APA cited.
answer both questions please.

1. Explain why and how family studies and services fits within the Family and Consumer Sciences profession and how your background in Family and Consumer Sciences prepared you for a career as a family services agent. Discuss the mission of the Family and Consumer Sciences profession and its relationship to the work of a family services agent. (notes are below to help)

2. Discuss the Code of Ethics of the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences and the ethics statement of the National Council on Family Relations . Compare and contrast the two ethics statements. Give example of how the codes would guide your professional behavior in your professional practice


notes for number 1 question.
Our Mission:
To enhance the quality of life for individuals, families, and communities through education, research, creative endeavors, and public service.
Our Vision:
The department of Family & Consumer Sciences is inspired by the belief that a supportive, challenging learning environment is a foundation for the personal, intellectual and professional development of our students, faculty and staff.
Our Purpose:
Family & Consumer Sciences (FCS) encompasses the study of relationships among people and their personal environments, focusing on the impact of physical, biological, and social environments on human behavior and development.
We prepare students to become informed citizens and professionals through the study of the following programs.

The mission of Family and Consumer Sciences is to prepare students to engage the culture and offer solutions to problems faced by individuals, families and communities that involve food, clothing, shelter, and family relationships.

The mission of the School of Family and Consumer Sciences is to improve the quality of life for individuals and families within the global community through education and supported by research and service. Focus areas include family interaction, living environments, human growth and development, foods and nutrition, human and material resource management, and consumer studies.

Family and Consumer Sciences prepares students to improve the global society through its life span perspective and with an applied integrative focus on individual and family development, nutrition and health, consumer studies, merchandising, apparel and textile design and hospitality management.

PLEASE DO NOT PLAGIARIZE THIS PAPER. Thank you

How can technology be used to communicate in a classroom setting? Consider communication and collaboration with students, parents, the community, and the global community.
i) Develop a 500-750 word essay for a communications plan for your first year of teaching, detailing how you will communicate with the groups mentioned above.
ii) Items you may consider include:
(1) A class Web site
(2) E-mail
(3) VOIP
(4) Student Web sites
(5) Partnerships with other schools
(6) E-pals
(7) Others
iii) How will you address Internet security and safety in this plan?

Hello, my name is Ji-Hoon Hong and I ordered my personal paper several days ago and you sent me an e-mail that with my request, I need to reorder my personal statement with ordering under "custom research order form." (And I also paid $26.99 last time.)

Anyway, I will submit my information again this time.

Following is my personal resume and I think it will be pretty helpful to write my personal statement.

Ji-Hoon Hong

School of Public Policy
24255 Pacific Coast Highway,
Malibu, California 90263-7490
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATION

2002-2004
PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY Malibu, CA
Master of Public Policy
Expected Graduation Date: Aug 2004.
Concentration: Dual specialization in International Relations & Economics

1998-2000
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Los Angeles, CA
Bachelor of Arts in International Relations May 2000.
Concentration: Asian Politics.
Minor: East Asian Languages & Cultures

1995~1998
SANTA MONICA COLLEGE Santa Monica, CA
Associate of Arts in Liberal Arts June 1998
With Dean??s Honor

WORK EXPERIENCE

May 2003?? July 2003
MBN-- Maeil Business TV News Seoul, Korea
Newsroom / Summer Internship
•Assisted other reporters to create reports.
•Assisted other reporters to conduct interviews.
•Read number of daily economic newspapers and created summaries.
•Analyzed the U.S stock market and created daily reports.
•Joined special research team and conducted a research titled, ??SARS- Influence on the Asian Economy.??

May 2000 ?? August 2001
HIMC--Hyundai Investment Trust Management CO.,LTD. Seoul, Korea
Product Development Team
•Assisted other staffs?? clerical works.
•Analyzed other companies?? fund products and created reports.
•Created the prospectus?? profiles for fund products.
•Analyzed Asian Stock Market and created monthly financial information packets.

January 2000 ?? May 2000
University of Southern California Korean Literature in English Translation Los Angeles, CA
Teaching Assistant
•Graded students?? assignments.
•Assisted professor with class assignments.
•Created lesson plans for Class
•Assisted students to complete their class works.

November 1994 ?? July 1995
Seoul Language Institution. Seoul, Korea
Teaching Assistant / Supervisor
•Assisted instructors with students.
•Supervised twenty students and created lectures for TOEFL classes.
•Organized lessons for instructors.
•Assisted students to complete their class works.

SKILS & EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

SKILLS
•Fluent in two languages: English and Korean
•Intermediate fluency in Japanese
•Ability to read and write Chinese.
•PC??s and Macintosh, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Internet, E-mail.

EXTRACIRRICULAR ACTIVITIES
•Member of HFHK (Habitat For Humanity Korea)
•Member of TIRP (Teaching International Relationship Program)--University of Southern California
•Member of KBSO (Korean Business Students Organization)--University of Southern California (1998??2000)
•Director of KISA (Korean International Students Association)--University of Southern California (1998~1999)
•Member of Honor Society, Alpha Mu Gamma--Santa Monica College (in Japanese)


In addition to my resume, I also have a personal statement that I used for law school admission for 4 years ago.

Here is my personal statement:

H.L.Hunt once said, ??Decide what you want, decide what you are willing to exchange for it. Establish your priorities and go to work.?? It was these same words that led me to the United States. I immigrated to the United
States when I was seventeen from Seoul, Korea with a keen interest in bettering myself, and in an effort to observe, study and learn the tenets that govern US society and the global economy. I came to America because I wanted exposure to a new society, I was eager to develop an understanding of the intricacies, which dictate Western society, and knew that the only way to do so was to immerse myself in that culture. In doing so, I opened up the gateways to a long and enlightening educational career path, of which Law
School is the next successive step.
The transition from Korean society to American was not an easy one. When living in Korea, I never had to explain my culture, tradition, my values or myself. However in America I felt a constant need to explain myself to my
American peers. I had the good fortune to be raised in a prominent family of medical professionals in Korea. Through our social status I enjoyed a very comfortable lifestyle, one that afforded me an opportunity to
further my studies in the United States. I feel a sense of obligation and desire to reciprocate that opportunity to the benefit of the Korean community.
In a manner of speaking, I want to change the world, my world, and I feel that I have the necessary motivation to do so successfully, now I just have to obtain the educational background that will facilitate the implementation of my plan. Throughout my undergraduate education at the University of Southern California, I was an active participant in Habitat for Humanity
(HFH), a global organization that sends volunteers to impoverished global communities to build homes. I participated in Habitat for Humanity Korea. My volunteer post was a truly humbling experience for me, as it
immersed me in the reality of other people??s lives. There were no frivolous comforts; life for the beneficiaries of HFH was simply about survival. This
experience truly influenced my decision to concentrate my studies on International Relations and to strive to achieve the power to yield positive change in Korean Society. By studying Law in the United States I hope to become
an active participant in the dialogue of international
politics and relations on the human relief sector, and to be an instrumental contributor to the edification of Korea as a nation.
The Law represents so much more than just a social construction born out of necessity to me, it is a solution to injustice. I know that being able to study the Law in the United States, I would learn so much more about what I
feel must be learned first hand about freedom and democracy in order for me to successfully transplant these ideas on an international continuum.
I am well aware of the difficult nature of the task I have set for myself, but I feel myself to be capable of success in this arena. My upbringing has facilitated my fluency in four languages: Korean, English, Chinese, and Japanese. I am very able to assimilate quickly into new
cultures and ways of life. I feel that these attributes will help me greatly in adapting to the life of a Law student, and later on as an attorney practicing International Law, and ultimately in realizing my final goal of representing Korea as a United Nations attorney. I am eagerly awaiting the opportunity to expand my knowledge of the Law so that I can put that same knowledge into action and begin to effect universal positive change.

Above essay was written by myself for four years ago and since that period of time, I decided to study master program in public policy rather than just go straight to law school and study law. The field that I studied for last 2years, the Public Policy Analysis is very closely related with law and I had taken number of classes at Pepperdine Univ, which were directly related with law study.

One class that i had taken at the school was titled "Legal Frame Work," and while I was taking this class I read great number of case studies and could get brief understand what the law is. In addition to this class, I also took a class titled "Roots of American Order," and during the time when I took that class, Professor had not only asked the class to read whole Federalists Papers but also ask to memorize the whole U.S. Constitution.

With 2 year academic experiences in Pepperdine University, I feel much more confident about myself than 4years ago, when I first applied for the law schools.

the impact that terrorism has had on the global community since September 11, 2001. address the intent of terrorists, their methods, the political objectives, and the global response. Also, please include a treatment and analysis of how terrorism has affected international cooperation and other relations.

the U.S. has been spared a direct WMD attack (biological, chemical, nuclear) by an outside power. This does not mean in may not occur in the future. In this forum, I am interested in what you think the future holds for the U.S. and the global community. Please analyze any of the following issues below.

What is the likelihood that a WMD attack will occur in the future? Who will perpetrate this attack? Is the global community prepared for a WMD attack?
There are faxes for this order.

Lab Research Report 1: Procedures in the Physical Sciences
Due Week 3 and worth 150 points

Throughout history, research in the physical sciences has often been limited by our abilitiesof safely observing and studying the very phenomenon in question. As we make technological progress, we have increasingly more tools to expand our observational capabilities.

Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

Part 1: Procedures in the Physical Sciences: Challenges in Measurements

?Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges.
2.Choose two (2) of the most historically influential tools or techniques in the physical sciences. Explain how these techniques or tools work, and how they helped to advance our understanding of the physical sciences.
Part 2: Procedures in the Physical Sciences: A Survey of Safety

3.Choose one (1) hazard associated with research in the physical sciences. Discuss how protective gear or equipment might be used to mitigate the hazard, as well as its efficacy.
4.Describe the ways in which advancements in the physical sciences might impact the safety of the global community. Assess any special considerations for regulating this research.
Part 3: Documentation

5.Use at least four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. The body of the paper must have in-text citations that correspond to the references. Integrate all sources into your paper using proper techniques of quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing, along with proper use of in-text citations to credit your sources.
Your report must follow these formatting requirements:

?Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
?Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student?s name, the professor?s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

?Apply concepts in physical sciences to evaluate current trends and issues in the modern world.
?Describe the characteristic values and procedures of the physical sciences.
?Use technology and information resources to research issues in physical sciences.
?Write clearly and concisely about physical sciences using proper writing mechanics

Lab Research Report: Procedures in the Physical Sciences

Throughout history, research in the physical sciences has often been limited by our abilities of safely observing and studying the very phenomenon in question. As we make technological progress, we have increasingly more tools to expand our observational capabilities.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
Part 1: Procedures in the Physical Sciences: Challenges in Measurements
1. Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges.
2. Choose two (2) of the most historically influential tools or techniques in the physical sciences. Explain how these techniques or tools work, and how they helped to advance our understanding of the physical sciences.
Part 2: Procedures in the Physical Sciences: A Survey of Safety
3. Choose one (1) hazard associated with research in the physical sciences. Discuss how protective gear or equipment might be used to mitigate the hazard, as well as its efficacy.
4. Describe the ways in which advancements in the physical sciences might impact the safety of the global community. Assess any special considerations for regulating this research.
Part 3: Documentation
5. Use at least four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. The body of the paper must have in-text citations that correspond to the references.

Your report must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

Assignment 1
In a 3 page paper, select a developing global community( South Africa) and describe the role of the nurse in improving/facilitating health care services to this vulnerable diverse population.This is a 3-page scholarly paper.
( For references , I want peer review articles, and these articles need to be written in the last 5 years)

Literature review

Hi there

I would like you to rewrite this chapter, what I have written don?t make much sense; therefore a thorough look in the chapter is necessary. I will enclose also the dissertation proposal and the methodology chapter, which will give you a better picture of the dissertation. Please change anything that you think is necessary.
The writing has to be very academic and coherent .
Harvard referencing style is necessary
The literature review should develop general understanding of subject area.
Define:
 Tourism development
 Sustainable tourism
 Sustainable development sustainability
 Ecological political approach
 Economic sustainability
 Eco-tourism
 Eco-tourism hotel, technical advisory service, biodiversity, conservation
 The POTENCIAL IMPACT OF NA ECO-HOTEL ON PROTECTED AREAS


 Please ensure you define each term in a logical manner.
 To what extent does relevance of each agree or disagree the aims and objectives of research
 It is necessary to rationalise the approach to discussion of ecotourism in the literature review.
 Please include tables graphs when necessary



DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
The social cultural impact of establishing an eco-tourism enterprise in Joao Pessoa- Brazil
Focus
1. An analysis of eco-tourism development
2. An assessment of the opportunities - regional, domestic, international
3. An evaluation of the projects feasibility
4. An examination of the social-cultural impact of the eco-tourism
5. Conclusion
Context
Brazil has a sanctuary of the finest natural resources in the world ? fauna & flora?, therefore tourism is in ascendence and demands for mid class hotels are on increase. The development of eco-tourism in specific areas is anticipated due to partnership with local banking intuitions; local government interest and regulations; and a general growth of awareness of the tension between the tourist dollar, the environment and local cultures.
Research Methods
Primary research ( interviews and questionnaires) to analyse the feasibility of the project. Secondary research - internet, journals, books.
Contact local government and bank institutions to find out the incentives for new businesses. Link to others countries which have developed eco-tourism successfully. Search for UK an Brazilian tour operators to evaluate the tourism demands in Brazil.
Potential problems : difficulty to interview professionals in the hospitality and tourism industry. Raise interest on the local government to back the project. Legislation and regulations connected to the development and sustainability of the site.

References

Brazilian Tourism Board
Empirical visit to the area 1998, 2000, 2002.
Books, journals, web sites
Contact hotel consultants to evaluate the projectxplain what tourism development program ( prodetur/ NE II) is about



5.0 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Description of the methodology

In this chapter, the barriers to entry to a niche market (i.e., ecotourism in Brazil) were analyzed, in order to investigate the current trends and accessibility of a segment or a niche market within the hospitality industry. This was done by exploring the needs of the service, and the efficiency in the industry at large, and also by evaluating the possibilities of developing an eco-tourism hotel in Brazil.
Primary data to support these aims was collected through interviews and questionnaires. An interview is a face-to-face situation where the interviewer asks
questions and the interviewee responds. According to Bell (1999), observing the way people respond to a question and examining their facial expressions, their patterns of hesitation and their gesticulations may provide the interviewer with different answers to those that would be gained through solely written responses.

5.2 Interviews

The interviews were undertaken directly and indirectly: in the direct interviews, the interviews were conducted by myself in Brazil, over the period July to August 2002; in the indirect interviews, a second or third person under my direction conducted the interviews on my behalf. The people interviewed included the following: Maria Julia de Jesus, the Owner and General Manager of Piccollo Aubergo, an Eco-tourism Hotel in Maresias, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Jose Emmanuel Franca Falcao, a Post Graduate in Hotel Management, who is responsible for five hotels in Brazil; Gemauro Santos, a University Lecturer in Hotel and Management at Sao Paulo University; Sergio Tavares, Professor of??; Mr. Caio de Carvalho, the Minister for Tourism and Sports (who was interviewed on 13th November 2002 at the London Excel World Travel Market); Luis Trigo, the Course Co-ordinator (Tourism) at SENAC, and Mariangela Storani, the Owner of Eco-trekking at Vinhedo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
The results from these interviews gave me a more realistic feeling for my investigations, and directed my investigations, such that I was able to draw more precise conclusion from the research than if I had not undertaken the interviews.

5.3 Questionnaires
Using questionnaires enables the analysis of the data gathered by both quantitative and qualitative methods. The use of questionnaires is a faster alternative to interviews, and often provides more exact answers to the questions given. Care, however, needs to be taken in the design of the questionnaires, which should be unbiased, not sexist, and should not discriminate against race, religion, those with disabilities, etc.
I used two questionnaires. The first was designed to investigate travel agencies in Brazil: 45 agencies were approached, and 30 responded. The second questionnaire was designed especially for travelers, in order to determine if leisure travelers knew of the existence of an eco-friendly segment in Brazil, and if not, to determine if there was sufficient interest for a new niche to be created. The questionnaire was also intended to determine the level of interest from potential future travelers to stay in an eco-environment establishment. The different needs of leisure and corporate travelers, when choosing a hotel were also intended to be established through the questionnaire. 80 travelers responded to this questionnaire.
The data collected would give more realistic quantitative data to establish
whether there was a current trend towards implementing an eco-tourism enterprise in
the northeast of Brazil. Therefore, this study would highlight whether a niche market could develop in this part of Brazil, or if ? intrinsically - Brazilian people would see eco-tourism differently from other countries, due to the fact that the country is endowed with a vast concentration of natural resources.
Similarly, secondary data was processed via academic literature review, journals, magazines, websites, which related to the subject. The results of the investigations are given after the Introduction in the chapter one, and some of the resources used in this literature review are given in the Bibliography.
I have visited Brazil many times, over a number of years, and over this time, I have been able to collect empirical evidence concerning the development of eco-tourism, and moreover, to study the socio-cultural aspects of Brazilians. This evidence could consolidate my findings detailed in the current thesis, added to the fact that the analysis of the questionnaires and interviews presented here is intended to show the current trend in tourism, to provide the reader with information which might prove that eco-tourism in Brazil is in the early stages in the life cycle curve.
5.4 Preliminary Findings of the Literature Review

Due to the fast development of eco-tourism and the risks to its sustainability, a wider view of the subject was prudent. Analysis of statistics, literature and websites, were therefore undertaken, to provide a more in-depth view of the limitations that sustainable tourism would offer. Moreover, the work of pressure groups like Greenpeace, Unep, Unesco and others, offers a wide range of supportive data, on socio-cultural and socio-political aspects of the preservation of the world?s (and Brazil?s) natural resources.
Through the background research on sustainable tourism, it was found that more people now understand the need for the development of sustainability, from community-level upwards. Due to the ever-increasing levels of destruction of the planet Earth, leaders from all over the world met at the Rio Summit (in 1992) to examine the causes and effects of the degradation, and to make amendments in the legislation in order to abate this destruction. It was, however, also identified that sustaining development through eco-tourism in small communities is debatable, and adds a great many more risks to the potential for degradation that is already present: a great deal of damage can be done to the environment and to the communities if an appropriate action plan is not efficiently followed. Moreover, there are so many interpretations of what ?eco-tourism? really is,
that a substantial analysis of the subject is extremely important, in order to use the opportunities to develop sustainability and to protect biodiversity and the ecosystem in a positive manner.

In Brazil, figures collected from the Institute of Geography and Statistics
(IBGE) were extremely important in giving background information about the geo-political and economic structures of Brazil; the Brazilian Association of Hotels Industry (ABIH) similarly so, for information on the Brazilian tourism trade.
Through visits to local and regional hotel businesses in Brazil, from the south to
north of the country, and through interviews with hotel proprietors, and general managers, I have tried to create and analyze a profile for each individual establishment, which would give me the essential knowledge about how such businesses are run in Brazil. The analysis of the profiles of these businesses is intended to identify specific and realistic supply and demand needs for a new organic eco-tourism enterprise to be developed in a particular region in Brazil. The findings would show the feasibility of Brazil to be the host of one or more eco-tourism enterprises, which would be self-sufficient and sustainable.
Furthermore, the questionnaires and interviews were directed to corporate businesses travelers, who use the hospitality industry as a channel to develop their businesses, by promoting events and conferences. The aim of giving these questionnaires to corporate travelers was to give further data about their expectations and needs when hiring a hotel to hold their seminars. Moreover, these questionnaires were intended to give a more accurate picture of how a new eco-tourism enterprise could exceed its corporate needs and expectations, such that a new niche could be identified.

It is evident that corporate traveling is a segment of the hospitality industry with a high financial potential and one that can also sustain growth, due to the intrinsic need to meet their customers? or employees? business demands. Consequently, encouraging corporate businesses to participate in the development of eco-tourism hotels would, in my view, give organizations a new dimension through which to help the environment and to follow the necessary codes of ethics. In addition, incorporating the needs of corporate travelers would allow a better understanding of what can be done to stimulate corporate travelers to be interested in supporting an eco-friendly environment.

Surprisingly, even with the September 11th attacks of 2001, tourism in Brazil is still increasing, with a yearly growth of 7% (EMBRATUR). Therefore, the results from the suggested interviews and questionnaires would confirm whether there will be a sustained increase in sthe current trends of corporate and leisure travelers looking for a more eco-friendly environment in Brazil.

LITERATURE REVIEW

7.1 Introduction

This chapter provides an understanding of the literature which has been published in the area of studies of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism. Firstly, I will be giving definitions of what is Sustainable Tourism. Secondly, a brief review of economic impact in tourism development. Finally, a description and definition of Eco-tourism and what studies have been published on the subject matter.



Tourism is an activity which was developed from the needs of individuals from discovery and trade to adventure and relaxation. According to Rejowski (1998), the first demonstration of tourism is dated from 1870; however the studies were linked directly with economy and geography. Nowadays tourism is a global interactivity; it has gained a diversity of roots and branches, adapting to needs of people .



A brief and simplistic chronological description of the tourism development:

i) Adventurers set to discover other lands (eg Captain Cook)

ii) Travellers for scientific research (eg Darwin)

iii) Business travellers (trade)

iv) Visiting friends and family (social),

v) Leisure travellers (relaxation)

vi) Eco-Travellers (learners).



The development of tourism has influenced people to create thousands of organisations national and international, governmental or non governmental. Thus evolved the creation of million of jobs worldwide, in what is today is one of the fastest growing world industries.

Tourism has led people to accept different attitudes and admire eclectic cultures. In addition, to be able to understand these cultures, society at large had to adapt to the pluralism of cultures by learning languages, gastronomy, music, religion and an infinity of elements.

Accordingly to Kaluf (2001), the development of tourism has been presented all over the world, it has been sustaining growth of 20% in last five years, 5% in mass tourism and incredibly 15% in eco-tourism. With an increase in the world population and high demands of tourism, either mass or eco-tourism, the only question to be answered is: Can the planet sustain such growth? Let?s see what the experts have to say about the development of sustainable tourism.


7.2 Sustainable Tourism Development

Tourism is regarded as one of the most important sectors to enhance economic growth in developing countries. Therefore governments and organisations invest in tourism projects. At the same time the need for investments in sustainable development increases: natural, socio-cultural and economic resources should be secured for future generations. Sustainable tourism development aims at enhancing the contribution of tourism to sustainable development, thereby creating sustainable tourism.

Efforts to create sustainable tourism should focus on both large scale development and small scale projects: the sustainability of tourism depends on the major players in tourism such as airlines, international tour operators and national governments, but cannot do without the participation and support of local communities.

Both sustainable development and tourism development are complex processes, with many interests and parties involved. To deal with these complexities, planning methods have been designed. In these methods quite often the interests of local communities are not taken into account.

According to a definition put forward by the World Bank, sustainable development can be characterised by three principles:

* The rate at which renewable resources are used must not exceed the rate at which they are regenerated.
* The rate at which non-renewable resources are used must not exceed the rate at which renewable substitutes are developed.
* The rate of emissions of polluting agents must be in accordance with the environmental capacity to assimilate them.


Martins (2002) mentions that there are different points of view of the meaning of sustainable development and sustainability. People look at it economically and politically, it all depends on the interests behind each organisation. He argues that each point of view should be analysed in the economic and the natural resources aspects of tourism. He maintains that sustainability carries an ethical concept, which relates to the economic system, and has to be taken into consideration: the limited natural resources, population growth, change of trends, natural disasters, these elements influence the way tourism develops and how it can sustains its capabilities and communities.

 DO NOT USE MATERIAL AS OLD AS 1987 IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW THE TEXT BELLOW HAS TO BE REWRITTEN

Inspired by the way the expression ?sustainable development? has been used in the literature at large, the 1987 Brundtland Commission Report (Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian Prime Minister) define says simply that: the term sustainable development, is: ?meeting the needs of the current generations without compromising the ability or opportunity for future generations to meet their needs?. Martins (2002) and Lemos (1999). The Brundtland Commission Report presented some public political suggestions, which could promote a sustainable development. Therefore, the following measures are suggested to be adopted:

i) limited population growth;

ii) long term assurance of food supply;

iii) the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems;

iv) decrease of energy consumption, and development of renewable technological sources of energy;

v) to supply the basic human needs;

vi) the increase of industrial production in less developed t countries, by using eco-friendly technology;

vii) control the fast urbanisation of population; and,

viii) better integration between city and the country.

Therefore, according to the Brundtland report, it is fair to say that every country should adopt an ecological political approach which will benefit the global population and protect nature. Dickstein et al (2001:2) affirm that most definitions of sustainable development include the Brundtland Commission''s report, and furthermore, sustaining ecological systems requires sustaining human systems; the two go hand in hand.


Another vision which equates to Martin?s views is by Cater & Lowman (1994) who argue that sustainable development depends on diversity of interests: what seems to be sustainable from one point of view can be opposite from another. All depends on political and business interests and how they follow ethics and show respect to people, the environment and indigenous communities. There are many interpretations of sustainable development, it all depends the economic environment and its capability to sustain economic growth by exploring the natural resources carefully.



On the other hand, opposing some points in the Brundtland Commission Report, Gomes (1995) argues that contain utopia suggestions that sustainable development requires. He points out that, when it is suggested that society should fulfil human needs, therefore, it is necessary to increase production potential in order to guarantee that all human beings have equal opportunities to use the environment. Taking Brazil as an example, where 54 million people are considered poor and 51% of the poverty lies in the Northeast of the country (IBGE 2002), where those people make their living from the use of natural resources which is the only means of living, one can agree with the author above mentioned, that is utopia.


Creating sustainable economic development. According to Dickstein et al. (2001) looking into systematic points of intervention can influence sustainability along a production continuum or life cycle. The table below shows factors which influence production. Ideally, sustainability is achievable by focusing at the early stage of production processes, in order to create viable businesses, adding value to communities, protecting the environment. Each point along the continuum has distributional impacts for people and communities. However, this continuum can be harmed if new policies from federal, state, regional take place.*




7.3 Economic Sustainability

Sustainable tourism is measured by the principle of a qualitative economic growth. In the short and long run, this principle contributes to diversified incomes - taking into account the ecological and social costs and benefits of growth. Tourism can contribute to the welfare of destination regions by protecting local sources of income and improvements of local living conditions. Additionally, tourism can contribute to facilitating disadvantages or even to equalling structural disparities of remote areas. Tourism needs to be integrated in the local economical structures in order to maximise its contribution to the regional value added. The use of social values and the formulation of appropriate regulations and legislation should be the key to all tourism destinations, to avoid deterioration of the environment.


Martins (2002) points out that a sustainable economy is one where the natural resources should be maintained for generations to come, again emphasised in the Brundtland Commission Report. Therefore, the capability of diversification of sustainable environment resources should minimise waste and maximise the natural resources to be regenerated. Therefore, stimulate input as much as the output.


Cuera (2001) mentions that it is fundamental not only to incorporate in sustainable environment planning and economic factors, but also social and environment changes. In addition, the consequences of these actions in the long term should be considered, equally short term results.


In spite of the different thoughts and theories of economists and environmentalists, the key to the development of sustainable tourism is in the hands governments and large corporations who should consider nature before profits. However, individuals can pressurise these institutions to act for a cleaner environment.

If we do not drastically slow the growth of the human population, then no amount of regulation and energy-efficient technology (short of resorting to a Neolithic lifestyle) will help us. According to the US Census Bureau, the world''s population was 6,157,756,751 this year, with an increase of more than 76 million people since last year?s figure. That takes account of deaths. And we are only going to get exponentially bigger.

Craig Stern
Copyright 2001 by the Daily Trojan. All rights reserved.
This article was published in Vol. 142, No. 59 (Monday, April 16, 2001), beginning on page 6 and ending on page 13.

7.4 Eco-tourism

There are many definitions of eco-tourism. According to Rolim de Moura (2001) eco-tourism is: ?a segment of tourism activity which utilises in sustainable form, the natural and cultural heritage, and envisages the formation of a collective environmentalist consciousness which by conceptualising the meaning of environment, promotes the welfare of the global communities?. Another vision of eco-tourism is: ? Eco-tourism aims to provide tourists with opportunities to experience the attractions of global resources and local people, whole maintaining their social and economic stability and conserving their resources? (MK).

In western society, travel to experience wild nature is an old and well-accepted phenomenon. Starting in 1872 in the United States with Yellowstone Park, in 1879 in Australia with Royal Park and in 1885 in Canada with Banff Park and Niagara Falls, governments set aside natural areas for protection and recreation in the form of national parks. Eagles (1997:4). I was convinced that eco-tourism dated further back and that has been confirmed by Cater & Lowman (1994) when they mentioned that Charles Darwin as being one of the first eco-tourists in world.

7,5 Management Issues in Eco-tourism

Issue
1. Tourist Travel Motives and Marketing
2. Management of Environmental Quality
3. Limits of Acceptable Change
4. Management of Tourist Use
5. Allocation of Access
6. Market Specialisation
7. Management of Recreation Conflict
8. Enforcement and Monitoring
9. Consumer Assurance of Quality
10. Facility Design
11. Community Development
12. Financial Viability
13. Public and Private Sector Co-operation

Write a 2-page paper. Use the article below to help aid in answering the discussion question/writing the paper. You must quote from the readings in order to substantiate your points. State the question first. Use APA format. Do Not Use Outside Sources!

Describe and explain in how far distance learning and net-based learning are likely to change learning at universities drastically.
Example 1
Distance education "represents changes in the way we conceptualize education and the ways we organize the resources of people and capital that are dedicated to the enterprise of education." (Kearsley and Moore, 1996). Changes brought about by both distance learning and net-based learning are likely to have an impact on the way universities develop courses, the way instructors teach and the way students learn.
Forms of distance education such as correspondence education have already impacted the ways distance educators think about education and the ways distance students learn. Because student and teacher were not in the same location, course developers were forced to make pedagogical considerations about course materials, including dialogue (that normally took place in the classroom), and student learning. The result were preplanned, carefully constructed courses available to anyone, anywhere, at anytime. The courses included self-teaching material (much of which established a one way conversation with the student), dialogue with the instructor (mail, phone, fax) and autonomy on the part of the learner. Autonomy required students to take over many of the teaching tasks and to become more aware of their learning and what conditions needed to exist in order for learning to occur. The traditional skills of speaking and listening are replaced with reading and writing (Peters, 19981).
As distance education continues to gain a larger share of the education market, universities will begin to more closely consider why distance education is successful. Recognition of distance education and its pedagogical impacts on education will become even more apparent with the emergence of net-based learning. Technological innovations combined with changing societal needs, have heightened the awareness of how distance education and net-based education will impact university learning. "New technologies widen the spectrum of forms of learning and teaching in distance education to an extent that until recently has been difficult to conceive" (Peters, 19982). Multimedia learning will become the norm (Peters, 1999) and members of society that are most interested in higher education will require educational programs that are convenient, service oriented, high in quality and affordable (Levine, 2000). This change in student needs will impact course design in traditional university classrooms.
The introduction of net-based learning into the distance education arena will have a significant impact on universities. "The digital revolution is not only changing distance education, it is changing our whole lives" (Peters, 19982). The impact of the digital revolution is so great that it will force universities to develop new forms of teaching and learning. Course development is likely to reap the benefits of net-based learning. The inclusion of a variety of multimedia in net-based learning, the use of hypertext, and the access to a wealth of related information are creating non-linear and multidimensional learning environments. Because net-based learning is available to a larger target audience, more and more students will adapt to, and require this different learning environment. As a result, we will begin to see more innovative and modernized approaches to education (a much needed reform in education).
Changing learning environments will have its greatest impact on the ways in which university learning occurs. These learning environments, like much of distance education, provide students with increased autonomy. Similar to correspondence education, students will need to understand how they learn and develop new skills. To be successful, such skills as browsing, exploring, searching, connecting will need to be mastered. These skills are utilized while students exercise cognitive flexibility and select their learning path (Peters, 1999). Rather than face to face conversations with classmates and professors, students will communicate via e-mail, computer conferences, or news lists (Peters, 1999). In addition, students will have access to a global community of peers and experts; thus creating a knowledge building community (Peters, 1999).
Although distance education and net-based learning will significantly impact university learning, the traditional university will not be lost because it provides experiences that are unavailable to the distance learning student. As a result, "the university of the future will be a mixed mode university and distance education will be a prominent if not the fundamental element in it" (Peters, 19981).
Example 2
I have spent a great deal of time the last few weeks evaluating the university as an institution. Otto Peters has challenged my understanding of the components that construct the traditional university. This essay will consider the changes the digital age will force the university to make. For the purpose of this study, I have divided the university into four functioning groups--teaching, learning, administrating, and socializing groups.
For the teaching group, the traditional method of oral review of assigned textual material will no longer be the standard of instruction. Some instructors have transferred this method to distance and net-based learning, but Peters argues this is not pedagogically sound since it does not utilize the capacities of the technology or meet student needs. Teachers will be forced to acquire new technological and pedagogical skills to assist with course design and the non-linear learning atmosphere of the new learning environment. Net-based instruction especially will allow for students to learn without linear restrictions commonly imposed in traditional educational practices.
For the learning group, the digital advancements will be drastic as well. I believe this group is probably the most prepared for this due to the high use of digital and electronic devices by recent generations. Students will be allowed to explore non-linear paths in study. Where traditional students were expected to memorize, reproduce, and attempt to retain information, this learning group will be concerned with different skills. Learners will need skills in accessing, assimilating, and electronically storing information for future reference.
The administrating group will also experience dramatic changes. These individuals will also have to master technological skills to keep up-to-date in the digital age. No more carbon packs and pencils in these supply closets! The time-honored policies are also being replaced. Prerequisites are now administrative suggestions for success and work does not allow for daytime hours and summers off. The restriction of education for the elite is out the window as well due to accessibility. Administrating is now student driven. Administrators, not students, do the legwork around campus to make sure everything is in order. Work hours are determined by student need and in a global university that can mean 24/7 demands. The majority of student contact is not face-to-face or by appointment. Administrators are also having to compete for local, national, and international students to secure funds to not only maintain the institutions, but to provide resources to deliver through the costly distance education formats.
The socializing group has also dramatically changed in the digital era. This group may see the most impact and remains one of the greatest arguments for the need for traditional university settings. Socialization is not as common in the new delivery formats as in the student union. Although teachers and administrators can continue to interact with little adaptation, interactions among students and students with faculty may not be as developed as one woul believe they could be. Society often associates the traditional university with organizational memberships such as honor societies and fraternities. Distance learning formats do have a greater restriction in this area, but net-based learning can be designed to include these elements. Students can benefit from global exposure to students by joining the newsgroup honor society. Not only can institutional groups meet, but computer conventions can be held given the amazing links available.
Without a doubt, the university will continue to change in this information age. I do not believe they will disappear altogether due to research functions and the wealth of instructional experience of faculty. They will have to evolve to stay in competition for the students dollar none the less. All groups within the institution will feel the impact, but I believe this is just another progression of educational thought and practice. The digital age will not devour the traditional university, but it may just mark the deconstruction of the ivory towers of higher education.


Example 3
The University Revolution
The year is 2010. In the last ten years, distance education, Internet advances, and technical innovations have revolutionized university education. Students, teachers, and administration, and society have started to adjust to the changes. In general, the struggles and discussions during the revolution have focused on the balance between structure and autonomy as identified by Michael Moore and described by Otto Peters (1998, chap.3).
The majority of students welcomed the increased autonomy. By developing their own learning structure, while continuing to accept the need for basic structured instruction as a foundation, they have achieved self-direction in setting goals. Due to increased opportunities and resources for autonomous research, students now explore topics of individual interest. As a result, more students are exhibiting increased intellectual creativity and experiencing the joy of learning. While still in secondary school, students access on-line university level preparatory and remedial programs in anticipation of the demands of the current expanded learning spaces, as described a decade ago by Peters (1999, pp. 1-18). Students straight out of US high schools, despite previous doubts, have shown that they, like their European counterparts, have the necessary maturity and discipline to handle the demands of self-directed learning.
No longer seen as "the" expert but as part of a "team of experts", teachers have moved from being sole practitioners to team members. Due to the increased student autonomy, the teaching role has shifted from being a leader to coach. Greater skills and creativity have resulted. The structure and presentation of required, basic course material are more goal-oriented and motivating. In the 20th Century the pressure on university professors was "publish or perish"; now, it is "innovate or perish". Previous evaluation methods that measured all students against the same pre-determined expectations no longer suffice. Evaluation methods now include the students measurement and documentation of their own learning progress. Study groups, a long-standing tool of distance education, are increasingly popular as a means of teacher communication and mentoring.
University administrators have had to decide between becoming more competitive or cooperative with fellow universities. Many universities have developed mixed mode systems combining classroom with web-based instruction while others have adopted an entirely on-line format. No longer limited by geography, students have greater choices in choosing a university of desired caliber and universities are no longer able to depend on a captive source of students based on proximity. In response, many universities have improved the quality of and choice of courses. Universities are increasingly entering into joint ventures in order to provide web-based courses and share faculty. Due to the increase in qualified students seeking course access, universities are currently examining the issue of open or expanded enrollment. Prestigious universities have begun examining ways of responding to the increased admission demand while controlling supply in order to ensure continued quality and to preserve the "elitist" status of their degrees.
Worldwide, societies are just beginning to develop strategies for employing the increased number of highly educated students. Women in culturally restrictive societies, people with disabilities, students with financial or geographic barriers are now attending university and seeking fulfilling employment. At the same time, political and religious leaders continue to debate whether it is desirable to control the extent of knowledge exploration by students.
Progress has been made since the 1990's however the revolution continues. Different concepts have been tried with many being discarded such as attempts at adapting expository teaching directly into on-line instruction (Peters, 1999, pp. 2-3). Mistakes have been made including early efforts that resulted in the further isolation of the handicapped from mainstream society. After an intense decade of exploration, all participants in the revolution admit that the interim outcomes of the university revolution differ from the initial intent and the ultimate outcomes are still unknown. The remaining challenges include controlling the financial impact of the new university system, responding more effectively to the needs of future employers, maintaining quality, and preventing the loss of innovation.

Example 4
It is the year 2010 and it is not a good year for the traditional university academic. He/she has been relegated to a role that many find quite deflating considering the central role had they played with respect to teaching and students learning up through the turn of the millennium. It was of course the evolving of the Information Age to the Age of Autonomy that provided these major changes in the structure of learning and teaching and the pedagogical changes behind them.
It is worth taking a look at some of the major changes that have transpired in the learning environments of both traditional universities and that of distance education since the year 2000. Back then most traditional academics felt that the growing benefits of the digital learning environment were, at best a convenience for extending the traditional expository classroom presentation and learner receptivity, often by the use of videoconferencing. Even the field of distance education, which has more often focused on learner autonomy, failed in many instances to see the revolution in learning already in process.
The spur for many of the changes that took place was the economic response to increasing demands of the adult learners who were returning to school to increase their job marketability in a highly volatile job market and as a response to the growing opportunities provided by the availability of web based learning, certification and academic degrees. As the demand grew, so did the race for a share of this growing and pot6entially lucrative market, pitting many traditional universities against established distance education institutions. Many of the earlier attempts to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the new digital learning environment did not come up to their developers expectation because of a misplaced focus on the technology itself rather than a pedagogical focus.
It was the adult learners themselves who provided the push to develop a more effective pedagogy, to meettheir needs and the opportunities presented by the newly developing digital learning environment. They had no patience with traditional expository teaching and the passive learning expected by the offerings of traditional universities. Instead, they were drawn to distance education institutions who were already oriented to the concept of student autonomy and prepared to offer more choice to the new learner of what, how and in what sequence he or she wished to study.
Despite a great deal of resisance to change from many of their traditionally oriented faculty, more and more universities began to learn from their enrollment loss of adult students, and began to develop more autonomously effective learning structures. Then a new alloy was created that rivaled the speed and bandwidth of fiber optics but was as easy and as cheap as the twisted pair telephone lines to install. Overnight, smaller companies, subsidized by a government suddenly eager to claim a role in this new technological revolution, had covered the US, including every home, school and library. Suddenly instant communication and access to the treasures of the web, anywhere in the world, was available to everyone in the US. And in the process, the world, at least the academic world, was turned upside down.
The new technology opened the door to instant access and communication by the distant learner as well as more advanced multimedia educational presentations. It was no longer necessary, or desirable, to use the linear approach of presenting knowledge of the traditional course presentation. The learner no longer had to rely on a teacher for access to knowledge, but had instant access to the acquired stock of knowledge of a particular discipline, in the form of text, audio, and "moving pictures." Research could be done instantly from databases all over the world. (Peters, 150.)
In the traditional college, many of the younger students who had grown up developing skills in autonomous learning by browsing and exploring the hypertext and hypermedia linking of information on the web, researching new interests, and joining worldwide communities of common interests, were also ready for, and demanding, their choice of learning material and individualized learning sequences in the digital learning environment they were already familiar with and skilled in using. Teachers in the old, traditional sense, all but disappeared or were forced to take on new roles as tutors and researchers who provided select seminars and face-to-face tutoring for those who still desired it.
Traditional campuses no longer served a viable purpose, and became a thing of the past. Instead, special centers were formed for research as well as tutoring and seminars for those who chose to use them. Distance education institutions and former universities began to merge their resources to minimize costs, bring together experts in each field, and create expert systems of specialized databases for teaching and research (Peters, 150.)

request for awest!

Point of in interest: Thesis

Question:

Come May 2008, I need to have a "Literature Review" research project completed and ready to defend. I would like essaytown to create this project for me, as I am finding my time to be limited and might not allow this to be done on time.

Level: Master
Type: Thesis (complete)
Subject: Leadership
Topic: The Ineffectiveness of Leadership during Business Transformation



Requirements: The research project will target "the decay of leadership in the 21st Century." The research problem will include an examination of "the ineffectiveness of leadership during business transformation."

The focus of the project's research should look at trends, situations, moral dilemmas, character traits, behavioral patterns, leadership styles, theories, practices and things leaders did in the past versus what they do today that works or doesn't work.

The examination of this the ineffectiveness of leadership should be based on a hybrid analysis, using qualitative and quantitative samplings.

Seeing that company that I work for is in the midst of a transformation of their largest divisions IT department, I would be interested in which companies have went through transformation of their IT or related functions and experience leadership problems.

The overall research project will be a Master Thesis presented as a Literature Review.

I hope this is enough introductory information to provide me feedback on my question. In the following pages, you will find:

- The initial prospectus
- Preliminary work on this project done by me (chapters outlined)






















ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION
RESEARCH PROSPECTUS
A LITERATURE REVIEW

EXAMINATION OF INEFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP DURING IT DIVISIONAL RESTRUCTURING AND TRANSFORMATION

SUBMITTED BY SYLVESTER JOHNSON



PROBLEM STATEMENT
Harman International Industries Incorporation (HIII) has recently restructured and transformed one of its Global Information Technology (IT) divisions. The problems and concerns with leadership that have surfaced as a result of this effort, has justified the need for an independent study into transformational leadership. This study is designed to examine the causes of ineffective corporate leadership during these types of situations and analyze various themes to provide recommendations.

Harman International is a 4.3 billion dollar company. It has market presence in three different countries (North America, Europe and Asia). Harmans business model caters to three particular verticals Professional, Consumer and Harman Becker Automotive Systems (HBAS). The success of the company is due to its market dominant products speakers, amplifiers, home entertainment and navigation systems called Infotainment.

Because of its strong reliance on innovative technology as the bases for development and support of its products, the Information Technology divisions are viewed as major core competencies within its business model and strategies. Harman has multiple locations around the world that represent its collective IT divisions (Professional, Consumer and HBAS). IT management existed in two geographical locales North America and Germany.

To address the inefficiencies of its dispersed IT function and with strategic pursues to align its services, products and teams with the business and culture demands; Harman took on the task to create and present a global IT shared services image and business support model by consolidating its decentralized IT units, starting with HBAS.

In March of 2006, the decision was made to restructure and transform the HBAS IT division. In this decision, the only executive level management in North America was removed and all IT management was shifted to their VP management leadership team in Karlsbad, Germany. This would create a situation where strong transformational leadership skills would be essential, if this effort was to be successful. However, the absence of these skills in the leadership team would prove disastrous!

After 8 months into the process and multiple meetings to review, discuss and measure the effects of the restructuring and transformation, the major impact revealed was extreme ineffectiveness in leadership and management during this period.

The ineffectiveness in leadership left the former decentralize model and hoped-for consolidated IT model in despair, less efficient, less effective and tainted with a dysfunctional image in the eyes of the business. This also created a problem with perception regarding the future functionality and effectiveness of the entire IT division across Harman International.

While IT projects, services and support continues, leadership is under severe scrutiny for their lack of transformational skills in the areas of: visibility, providing followers with clear direction, communicating the essence of the vision and mission, prompt and accurate decision making regarding processes and project management, establishing creditability, buy-in, and the inability to create team synergy; resulting in employee retention issues and confidence in transformational leadership being questionable.

PURPOSE STATEMENT
The purpose of this independent study is to:

Identify specific factors that contribute to the ineffectiveness of leadership during an IT divisional restructure and transformation process.

Consider those contributing factors, analyze them and offer recommendations for correction and prevention.


LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
The literature review and analysis will be based on the transformational leadership model. The focus of our independent study will be the examination of traits and behavioral patterns (in leaders, managers and followers). Utilizing secondary research, provide insight into why IT division restructuring produces a decline in leadership effectiveness.

Some of the themes we will examine are:

Management v. Leadership the differences in perception during change
Diversity v. conversity introverted and extroverted communications
Culture boundaries leadership behavioral patterns during change
Leader-follower relationship identifying this dynamic during change


DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY AND FRAMEWORK
The data collection methodology will consist of interviews, surveys, journals, articles and OLA program literature that is specific to IT leadership and management styles. The framework will be established through different qualitative matrixes to illustrate patterns pertaining to potential cultural, environmental conditions, situations and economic variances.

Quantitative analysis will be used to present any imperial or historical data that supports or disannuls the logic or trends of leadership ineffectiveness, during periods of restructuring and transformation.


TIMELINE FOR COMPLETION
Considering data availability for this independent study and the overall time to complete the project is eight months, the following timeline represents the milestones for this effort:

Problem identification and prospectus submittal 1st month
Literature review, data collection and framing 2nd 6th months
Preliminary presentation review and advisory steering 7th month
Revising and final presentation of study 8th month













EXAMINATION OF INEFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP DURING BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION




BY SYLVESTER JOHNSON

A LITERATURE REVIEW




SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION





IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS


FOR THE DEGREE OF


MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION


MARCH 6, 2008










TABLE OF CONTENTS




APPROVAL iii



ABSTRACT iv



CHAPTER

I. Description of the Problem 1


II. Literature Review 2


III. Description of the Research Method 8


IV. Summary of Results 9


V. Conclusion and Recommendations 10



BIBLIOGRAPHY 11



APPENDIES 12

APPROVAL
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I Description of the Research Problem

The purpose of this research is to determine what contributes to ineffective leadership during business transformation, site examples and offer recommendations. The research will be based on a case study regarding Harman international Industries Incorporations Harman Becker business division, with a focus on their automotive division.

Harman International is a 4.3 billion dollar company. It has market presence in three different countries (North America, Europe and Asia). Harmans business model operates three different markets Professional, Consumer and Harman Becker Automotive Systems (HBAS). The success of the company is due to its market dominant products speakers, amplifiers, home entertainment and navigation systems called Infotainment.

To address the inefficiencies of its dispersed Global IT division and strategic pursuit to align its services, products and IT teams with the business culture; In March of 2006, the decision was made to restructure and transform its Automotive IT division. However, the absence of strong transformational leadership skills produced broken continuity between IT management, leadership and teams.

The questions become, why did this happen and what could have been done to prevent it? In our review of researched literature, we will examine and site causes, effectives and recommend solutions to these occurrences.


CHAPTER II Literature Review
What are the problems that contribute to Leaderships ineffectiveness during periods of business transformation? One of the problems weve began to see is an increase and frightening level of decay and propensity of erratic leadership behavior. This decay is like weve never seen before in the 20th Century.

Over last 20 years or so, the holistic image of leadership has been severely tarnished and broken in values integrity, truthfulness, compassion, focus and vision. There are many ideas as to what leadership is or should be. But these have been considered only theories. When the current state of this global economy where markets and businesses now operate in international territories. Where the leaders of major companies are sited for unreeled behavior is view closely, it speaks to this very fact that leadership has become transparent and not apparent!

In the past, weve had leaders that paved the way to what a modeled leader should represent such as: Jesus Christ, Moses, Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, Colin L. Powell, John F. Kennedy and many more and the character and behavioral traits they should possess. But over time, the rod of these standards, ethics and the moral principles to sustain this movement has struggled, and brought peerless times to those that look for hope and improvement, through leadership. In an article called: Can America deal with the 21st century: "Strong and imaginative leadership, coherent policies, and responsible politics and government will sustain our great nation. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education); March, 2006 by Chuck Hagel;(1) it states: MORE THAN 230 years ago, a group of exceptional individuals set upon a perilous and uncertain course in a land that would become the United States of America. They had a purpose to their lives and a vision of liberty with a life free from tyranny, where industry, not privilege, would determine one's future. These free-thinking people were imbued by a sense of fair play, and religious and social tolerance. They possessed a spirit that history never before had seen. They went about building a new land of hope and opportunity.
Yet, the Founding Fathers were not perfect. Slavery and the treatment of Native Americans were two blights oil this new land and this legacy remains with us today. Imperfect as they were, however, the Founders built for this nation the sturdy foundation for a democratic and vibrant society that has prospered since its creation.
Now, as then, we live at a time of historic transformation. The world is confronted with a universe of challenges, threats, and opportunities unlike any that we ever have known. In a 21st century global community, all leaders of all institutions are faced with more uncontrollables than at any time in history in their efforts to govern and lead. This will require a 21st century frame of reference. The margins of error for miscalculation are razor-thin. The 24-hour news cycle that dominates our lives--coupled with the rate and intensity of change--complicates leadership, governance, and society. There is greater diffusion of economic power and global access to information--meaning newfound global economic power--than in the past.
These trends and issues can be contributed to leadership, their incompetence and behavioral traits that have become ineffective as well as inefficient during time of change, transition and transformation.



Believe it or not, change is inevitable! But before change can be made, decisions the right decision must be made. History seems to have a way of repeating itself. Whether good or bad, it will set the stage for the future and the events that shape it. These changes come at the hand of leadership and can influence people, demographics, geographical areas, families, businesses and world! Whether the decisions are right or wrong, the effects will impact those that depend on them.

Considering most decisions are made by leadership that causes tasks contributing to change, transitioning and transformation to be executed; whats the problem? Answer: decision making! According to Justin Menkes in his book called: What Great Leaders Have Executive Intelligence; decision making is the main problem we face with leadership today. We need to understand when leadership is transparent and not apparent, they are not supporting the decisions that are made and taking the responsibilities for their actions and the results. Justin Menkes (in chapter one, speaks about Making the invisible visible) states: In todays workplace an individual cannot become a star executive without processing a unique type of business smarts that we call Executive Intelligence. Historically, business smarts has been a bit like a word indecency. (2) As stated earlier, this decision making epidemic is proliferating across all borders of the world and we see it in the news, internet and in major companies (such as Harman International) more prevalent than ever, on a daily bases.



Since the problems surrounding ineffective leadership during business transformation occur at the executive level, we have identified a point of origin, but not the root cause. Justin continues to elaborate and share insight regarding discovery of root cause: To create a useful understanding of the concept of business smarts, we need to pull back the curtain and show how the magic trick is done. Whats more, we need a consistent and reliable way to recognize and measure this kind of intelligence if we are to develop it in ourselves and also ensure that decision-making responsibilities are assigned to those best qualified to handle them.(3) Cleary we can see that intelligence is key to the success of any decision having a positive impact. But not everyone posses it nor have the ability to recognize those that do!

Justin defines Executive Intelligence and indicates the application in which its measured: So how do we define Executive Intelligence? In its simplest form, it is a distinct set of aptitudes that an individual must be able to demonstrate in three central contexts of work: the accomplishment of tasks, working with and through other people, and judging one-self and adapting ones behavior accordingly. Decision making is a skill. Whether innate or learned, its relevant! This skill is depended upon ones ability to think critically and clearly. One of the greatest tools we have available to us is our brain. Using this tool allows us to tap into the Executive Intelligence needed to make the right decision in a timelyfashion, based on the situation.



The problem leadership has with decision making is due to the overwhelming pace of business transformation and transactional needs. And critical thinking has become a dying art in executive decision making.

Our challenge is to ask the hard questions and get the right answers:
1. How do we get this ability back in to the forefront and thought process of leaderships critical thinking process, as a number one item before decisions are made execution occurs?
2. How do we improve the behavior and sustain the integrity in leadership that people rely on and have come to trust in?

The King James Version (KJV) of the Bible (Psalms 37:37) states: Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: for the end of that man is peace. (4) We must strive to identify those that have strong decision making abilities, and once found, hold on to them! These are the problems and challenges we face now and will continue to face throughout the 21st century and those that are to come, if we dont began identifying and fixing them, now!
This is a critical time for responsible governance, necessitating hard choices and difficult decisions. This requires courageous, informed, and wise leadership.

Maintaining the U.S.'s competitive position in the global economy demands that we begin to inventory and address the first-order challenges in our country such as trade, energy, deficit spending, entitlement programs, infrastructure, education, immigration, and foreign policy. We only are beginning to understand the scope and complexity of the threats from terrorism and Islamic extremism, pandemic health outbreaks, endemic poverty, environmental crises, and cycles of despair. Allies and international institutions will be essential to our successful engagement of these threats.

Today, we see some parallels to the period following World War II. The world was--and is--in the midst of adjusting to new challenges. After the war, the U.S. and its Gillies created organizations of global benefit and common purpose such as the United Nations; General Agreement on Tariffs, Trade, NATO and World Bank. These institutions and alliances are as vital today as when they were formed. However, they need constant adjustment and calibration to stay relevant to the contemporary world. What remains unchanged is the critical importance of institutions, alliances, and relationships to achieve global security, stability, and prosperity.

America needs to prepare itself for a period of global uncertainty and complexity. We are witnessing this reality being played out with the great upheavals of corporate giants like General Motors, Delphi Corporation, the major airlines, and others. Technology, productivity, and markets will continue to drive global economic dislocation. No nation will be spared from this phenomenon. (5)



CHAPTER III Description of the Research Method


CHAPTER IV Summary of Results

CHAPTER V Conclusion and Recommendations


BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

TO PROMOTE LEARNING IN THE JESUIT CATHOLIC TRADITION SO THAT STUDENTS ACQUIRE THE KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, VALUES AND SENSITIVITIES THEY NEED TO SUCCEED AS PERSONS, PROFESSIONALS AND ARCHITECTS OF A MORE HUMANE AND JUST WORLD
PLEASE COMPOSE A ONE TO TWO PAGE ESSAY ABOUT YOURSELF THAT TELLS US HOW YOU WILL HELP THE UNIVERSITY TO CARRY OUT ITS MISSION.
-I am a challengeable person, so that I can challenge in many different parts of school, such as creative ways of ....
- Communication skill, active personality
- Patient .If I start one thing until I finish that work, I can??t start another thing.
- Take care of other??s business (fit in social justice school concept) I like to help people who have difficulties with their life.
- Cultural diverse experience global state of mind. As I am a international student who stayed in U.S for 4years. I also experienced different cultural diversity while I was staying u.s I realize that cultural diverse experience is another lesson to be success in the community. This characteristic offers a unique learning experience. I can also join in Different cultural organizations
- There are many colleges which provide high qualities of education, but I believe that the aaa university is the only school which challenges students to develop their talents, to serve others, promote justice, and change the world by learning different cultural values.
- Catholic female high school
- after my experience of helping homeless in Tenderloin, .Social justice is another important my goal of life. So, I can help the school??s social justice concept in several different ways.

Aaa school concept
-An academic community rooted in the Jesuit catholic tradition
-An educational philosophy that promotes social justice and service to others
-Rigorous scholarship combined with a commitment to the global community and a challenge to pursue your passion
- Cultural diversity there are many cultural organization

How would you relate the contributions of the global community to America's current education system? Draw examples from your own teaching experience.
Customer is requesting that (FreeLanceWriter) completes this order.

Create a link between the reading( with the global issues that is presented in the reading) with a recent(during the past 2months) news that is somewhat relatable to art.

The format of the paper :

Global Issues in Design and Visuality in the 21st Century
Assignment
Surf the global flow of information for news. Consider what?s happening (or not happening) that
plays out across some, or a full range of scales ? personal, local, urban, regional, national, or
transnational, and that can be seen through the lens of design(art)
You will consider the various news sources that are the primary (or perhaps secondary)
platforms for the circulation of ideas and information today?twitter, Facebook, blogs,
newspapers, journals, magazines, etc., and locate an issue, event, story, product, design,
exhibition, etc. that resonates with the issues we are discussing in class. Record that event in
the following template:
Headline:
Date:
Source:
Abstract (no more than 150 words):
Link:
Global Issue:
How does it relate to design?
Does it relate to other disciplines?
Choosing a source:
Print and digital discourses profoundly affect the global community and international perceptions
on a variety of topics and opinions. Carefully consider viable sources that best serve the
discussion in your recitation groups.

Hi. I have 3 topics to be discussed. I need 3 discussions for each topic, a total of 9 discussions, please be specific when writig each topic and the discussion related to it.
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Topic 1: The Many Faces of Communism (3 discussions)
Too often human beings want to classify or categorize items and information in order to make it more manageable and easier to hand and to understand. We want and need items and ideas to be defined so that we can communicate our ideas clearly to one another. Unfortunately, all definitions do not necessarily represent the same idea to all people. If a group of four people describe a rose bud, each person in the group will envision a different type of rosebud based or his or her own experience. The same is true of concepts and ideologies. We may be able to define a concept; however, everyone - even though they agree with the definition may envision or "see" it from a different perspective.



During the Cold War period the word Communism brought fear to society. However, during that time there were several different forms of Communism practiced in different countries - Russia, China, Cuba, and Yugoslavia. This threaded discussion will focus on the various types of Communism as practiced in these different countries.



1) What was the main conflict between Western democracy and Communism? 2) Was the "pure form" of Communism as created by Marx and Engels practiced? If yes, where? If not, why? 3) What were the similarities and the differences in the various forms of Communism? 4) What was the role of the leader in the form of Communism practiced within his country. 5) Why did most Communist governments fall? 6) What Communist governments are still active and explain the internal and external situations of each country.


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Topic 2:Communism versus Terrorism ( 3 discussions)
During the Cold War, there were several regional wars backed by the two super powers - the U. S. and the U. S. S. R. The Korean War and the Vietnam War were devastating in both the loss of life and the destruction of property and resources. However, these were controlled conflict - so to speak - and each side knew his enemy.



After the demise of the Soviet Union, the ethnic groups that had been under Soviet control were freed and wanted to claim their place in the global society. Unfortunately, many of the hopes and dreams of some ethic groups came into direct conflict not only with their neighbors but also with the global community.



Since 1980s, the world has witnessed and has ultimately become involved with a new term - a new "ISM" that promotes fear worldwide - terrorism. In this threaded discussion students are to discuss the perspective of the War on Terrorism as declared by the United States and in the excerpt of Akram Fouad Khater provided in this week's lecture. Students should use the following points to begin or include in the discussion. 1) What is author's main point in this short piece? 2) What is/are his main complaint(s) against the U. S.? 3) What is the tone of the excerpt? 4) What does the author imply regarding the future relations with the Middle East and the Arab population? 5) What are the factors behind the surge of fundamentalism in Muslim countries? 6) As a citizen living in a free democratic state - what is your reaction to this piece? As a student of history, what is your reaction to this piece? In hindsight which may prove to be the worst enemy (in your opinion) - Communism or Terrorism? Why?


BELOW IS THE LECTURE TO ANSWER THE ABOVE QUESTIONS:

The Middle East and The War on Terror - The War of the 21st Century

The following is an excerpt from The Modern Middle East (2004). by Akram Fouad Khater

The assumption that the American dream must be a universal dream disregards the fact that some peoples, groups, and individuals see only the nightmarish side of that dream and associate it with aggression, injustice, and hypocrisy. Freedom cannot be a supreme value when it applies to oneself but not to others, or is decoupled from the values of equality and justice - which mandate that all peoples be viewed as being worthy of life, liberty, independent and the right to self-determination. The scientific reasoning America cherishes - and whose technological output has oppressed peoples worldwide - is also totally at odds with its division of the world into good and evil. Without attempting to define either, it appropriated good for itself and proceeded to address the worked with the arrogant and reductionist logic of :with us or against us."

A sole superpower cannot be a great power without a moral message, both to earn the respect of other peoples by showing them respect, and to enable it to play a credible role as a fair arbiter in world affairs. America failed to make the transition to that role, but emerged from the Cold War still captive to its prejudice - the Arab-Israeli conflict being a case in pont - to take on minor regional players that do not even begin to constitute a match for the military might it developed to confront a rival superpower.

American's new wars are not defensive. No other country could or would dare to threaten it. They are to protect its interests. But treating oneself and one's interest as the same ting is wrong even from a pragmatic standpoint. A threat to some one's interest is not a threat to oneself. But that is the rationale for attacking Iraq, despite the lack of evidence that Baghdad has anything to do with September 11.

America has not managed to understand the phenomenon of Islamic terrorism. To link Islam, or even an Islamic group, to terrorism is to misconceive both. The linkage should be between a certain understanding of Islam and the behavior it inspires, which may or may not be terrorism. It is not terrorism for an Islamic group to resist an occupier, or a people to resist their occupiers or oppressors. The values of freedom and independence cannot be selectively applied or monopolized by a single people, country, or religion.

When the phenomenon of terrorism stemming from a religious ideological world view is looked at from a cultural and political perspective, it can be understood for what it is: an expected consequence of peoples being sentenced to injustice, humiliation, despair, and despondency, as perceived consequences of the direct or proxy application of the superpower's might. Such an understanding leads to the conclusion that the phenomenon needs to be tackled by a combination of political and cultural means, in addition to any security measures.

But merely using military muscle against the kind of religious-inspired terrorism that prompts groups of young men to kill themselves to wreak vengeance against America, will not eradicate the phenomenon. It will ultimately strengthen it, forcing it to retreat and conceal itself at first, before it is reconstituted in new guises and re-emerges in even more resentful and ruthless forms.


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TOPIC 3:The Making of a Generation ( 3 discussions)
In "The Making of a Generation" Arthur Levine states that every college generation is defined by the social events of its age. The momentous occurrences of an era - from war and economics to politics and inventions - give meaning to lives of those individuals who live through them. They also serve to knit those individuals together by creating a collective memory and a common historic or generational identity. For the children who came of age in the decade after World War I, the defining event may have been the Great Depression. The bombing of Pearl Harbor, World War II or perhaps the death of Franklin Roosevelt might have determined the generational identify for the generation coming of age in the 1940s. The key event for the generation after World War II was most likely the assassination of John F. Kennedy.



In this last threaded discussion, what, in your opinion, will be the defining societal event for your generation? This does not need to be a long, involved discussion; however, after you identify the event or events, explain why you believe this to be a defining event and how will it impact your life (personally). How will this event define your generation and your future?

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