What are the problems with food production and distribution in the world today? What problems are specific to subsistence and commercial agriculturalists? What can be done to alleviate these issues, ensure food safety, and distribute food equally around the world?

Paper must include citations from the following readings in this form.... example (Author and year of publication,page#)

- Thomas R. DeGregori The Environment, Natural Resources and Modern Technology, Iowa State Press paperback.
- Thomas R. DeGregori Origins of the Organic Agriculture Debate, Iowa State Press.

You can write the paper on any specific topic about Globalization of Agriculture, Food Production and Resources that will allow you to use the reading material. However do not write the paper on country or area of the world. The paper must include substantive references to the assigned materials. All material presented must have a source. That includes words cited in the required reading material must also be cited in your work. You can include any number of quotations and/or parenthetical citations. Atleast one citation per paragraph will be sufficent.

A plan to assist a developing country with its food and water supply. Choose a developing country, such as Cambodia, Haiti, Maldives or Rwanda. The plan should list and weigh the pros and cons of at least 3 alternative methods for maximizing food production, and decide on the one you think would be most successful, and explain your reasons for choosing it. Identify at least 2 ways this country is misusing its water supply, and propose ways for its people to better use the water available to them. Organize the plan to be submitted to the current government of the developing country.

Need 600 word essay on the ethics of food production. Suggested categories were:

bioengineered crops
organic foods
cattle supplements

Text book we use is "Writing Arguments"

Outline of Research Proposal: Vertical Farming-Opportunities and Challenges for Singapore

Abstract
There has been much talk surrounding the environmental issues of food production, with many now suggesting the city is the ideal place for growing food to cater for our rapidly expanding urban populations. In Singapore small-scale examples of this are emerging, such as Changi General Hospital and the Tanjong Pagar apartment complex. This dissertation will examine the Vertical Farming movement, and look at the opportunities and challenges for implementing such strategies in Singapore.
The essay must include sustainable building designs related to architecture and not agriculture.
if possible case studies and interviews would be useful.

TOPIC
Should the promotion and use of locally-grown, non-genetically modified, organic produce, if cost effective, be a mandatory ethical responsibility of all participates within the culinary art field? Some points to include are cost effectiveness, cold weather climates that only get fresh vegetables part of the year, and the complexity of the food production system

PLEASE INCLUDE:
compare and contrast differing arguments on the topic, demonstrate your mastery of your research sources (paraphrasing, quoting and citing them).. Here you are encouraged to state your preferred viewpoint [i.e Consequentialist (Utilitarian) Ethicist, Nonconsequentialist (Rational) Ethicist, Virtue Ethicist, etc. or some combination of the different positions] and how that viewpoint will impact on your approach to the material. A conclusion that summarizes your argument and considers the wider issues at stake.

1. understand the importance of feed-back processes, and appreciate the role of
simulation models in our thinking about sustainability

2. appreciate the importance of temporal and spatial scales when assessing
sustainability

3. be aware of the shortcomings in our understanding/acceptance of the processes
that lead to sustainability.

Relating to the above 3 criteria please write a short, university grade, essay on the topic as described below. My stance on the topic is that export should continue as food is needed to support the worlds growing population and also supports local economy and farming communities. I have started on the intro which I will upload . Please also look at the other uploaded resources as these might help, more papers are available on SCIRUS

Assignment Details

Australia is a major exporter of food into the global market. I would like you to assess the sustainability of this practice, and decide whether you if in political power would continue with such a practice or impose legislation that prevented such a practice.

Remember that this course is about sustainability, so discussion should focus on the understanding or lack of it of the foreseen and unforseen impacts [positive and/or negative] of this practice. If you argue to stop such a practice, then discuss how that will improve upon sustainability, and if you argue to continue such a practice discuss how to enhance the sustainability of food production. Your assignment should include references to at least three refereed publications, two reports/books and some www references. Failure to include these will result in loss of up to 10% of your potential mark.

In addition here is some points that may be useful-
- Manmade vs natural systems
- agroecosystems
- Monoculture vs Polyculture
- nutrient cycling systems and carbon balance
- 3 aspects of sustainability, ecological, economic and ethical/social and their indicators
- inputs and outputs
- interrelationships of systems
- soft and hard systems
- positive and negative feedback loops
- sustainability scales such as spatial and temporal scales
- components of agro-sustainability
* Production = total biomass (harvest production)
* Efficiency = ratio of conversion
* Stability = Fluctuations around a trend
* Resilience = time to bounce back and level of ecological restoration to natural system levels
- examples of other methods that may be more sustainable i.e silvopasturalism and agroforestry new technology and education and increased research and development
- compromise between systems is the key

Hopefully some of this helps, thankyou and please try to make it analytical as it is a final year university subject based on systematic sustainability!

In an essay, explore how the fast food industry has changed the environment and the health of American society?you may focus on children and/or adults, and/or explore how the nature of food borne illnesses has changed with the transformations in food production. Do you think it is ethical for the fast food industry to make a profit at the expense of consumer health?

YOU DECIDE

Scenario
Smackey Dog Foods, Inc - Scenario Summary


Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. started in the kitchen of Sarah, Kim, and Jillian?s family home in the suburbs of Chicago. The three sisters initially bought the ingredients for their natural dog food recipes from the local grocery store. They used their dogs and the neighborhood dogs as their taste testers. Their dog food products were so good, the local kennels and veterinary offices were glad to distribute the sisters' products to their customers.

Local demand increased significantly. Local pet stores and small grocery stores discovered the products and became distributors. The sisters moved the expanding business into a larger facility and hired a few more workers. While their competitors? sales were flat or declining, Smackey Dog Food, Inc.?s sales were on a vertical climb!

Sales were so good last year, that the sisters opened a boutique division named Best Boy Gourmet, specializing in freshly manufactured, one-serving packages meant for consumption no later than 3 days after production. They sell this product at 3 times the cost of their other products and by special order only through their new website. Demand is high, but waste has been an issue.

Sarah is the president and general manager of the operation. Sarah has been very proactive in growing the business. She has met with her banker to discuss expanding the facilities and equipment with another $150,000 loan. Their first loan for $150,000 was secured by the industrial size, food production equipment purchased with the loan. The banker now demands an audit of the corporate financial statements before releasing another loan to the company. Sarah has offered to place the corporate account receivables up as collateral to secure the second loan. Based on revenue projections by her sister Jillian?s sales team, Sarah believes that the company will not have trouble paying down the loan in a short period of time.

Kim manages the production operations. She oversees the inventory, production, and shipment of dog food products. The Best Boy Gourmet line has taken almost all of her attention lately. The winter holidays are approaching and sales demand based on forecasts from the sales force are higher than ever. Attaining fresh, raw ingredients is more difficult in the winter months. If any of the fresh ingredients are delayed, production comes to a standstill. There has been significant inventory waste as a result.

Kim?s assistant, Henry, monitors the production and shipment of Smackey Dog Food?s regular line of product. Henry takes pride in his work and is involved in every facet of the operation. With only one other warehouse employee to help, Henry personally is involved in preparing and approving all inventory records. Henry ensures that very little finished inventory sits in the warehouse. However, the shipping dock always seems to be full of returned dog food that should be restocked. When Kim asks him about it, Henry laughs and tells her that "first in first out" applies to dog food returns as well. Kim smiles and just accepts that answer.

Jillian is not very good at understanding accounting. The sisters placed Jillian in charge of sales. She manages a sales team of 12 salesmen in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Her fear of flying and poor driving skills limit her ability to get around to the areas outside of Chicago. As a result, she has placed a lot of faith in her sales team. The sales team complained last year that they did not like waiting for their commissions until after bookkeeping calculated the actual revenues. In order to keep their spirits fired up, Jillian has her sales people project what their sales will be in the upcoming quarter and she pays commissions in advance on those projections. The sales team loves her and Jillian loves their approval. Jillian has noticed that the projections typically are off by 11% on average.

The employees of Smackey Dog Food, Inc. all own dogs. It was a hiring requirement on the job application. One employee was fired when it was discovered she never owned a dog when she was hired. A lawsuit is pending by the fired employee.

At this time, the receivables represent 29% of the corporate assets. The Chicago retail chain Pup Stores, Co. is Smackey Dog Food?s largest buyer. They alone represent 31% of overall sales and usually pay within 30 days. However, Pup Stores is facing a major lawsuit from an animal rights group. The legal fees are eating into their cash reserves and they are facing some store closures.

The accounts receivable aging indicates that 38% of the receivables are 30 days or less. Twenty-two percent are 31-60 days. Twenty-one percent of the receivables are 61-90 days old. Ten percent are 90-120 days. The remaining receivables are older than 120 days. Sarah has not written off any of the receivables, nor will she.

Sales are projected to steadily grow at 16% next year if the company does not expand its facilities. With the expansion, sales are projected, rising 26%, with the most significant jump in the last quarter after expansion is completed and holiday sales pick up.



Your Role

You and your firm, Keller CPAs, have never audited a dog food manufacturer. Although it is late in the year to be accepting a new calendar year-end audit, you need the work and have the time to devote to the audit before your 2-week ski vacation in February.

You begin the audit process just prior to year-end by sending your audit manager, Pete, and two audit staffers, Ben and Maureen, out to the client. They spend time assessing the client and planning the audit.

During the first month of field work after year end, Ben and Maureen note that the dog food bags piled high on the docks are marked ?Returned.? One employee is seen throwing bags of the premium Best Boy Gourmet dog food into the dumpster in the morning and pulling it out and throwing it into Henry?s car during the employee lunch hour.

Pete?s new best friend, Alan, was married to Smackey Dog Food, Inc.?s owner, Kim, 4 years ago. Alan is also good friends with the banker from whom Sarah is seeking the loan. Pete is unaware of the relationship. Pete has talked about some of the details of the audit to Alan over a few beers.


Objective

To apply the audit procedures and objectives learned in this course to a practical example.


Guidelines

Papers must be five to seven pages in length, 10-point font, double-spaced.
Appropriate citations are required.

NOTE: SEE KEY PLAYERS ATTACHED

The paper should be typed and double spaced on letter size (8 x 11) paper using 12-point font size, with 1 inch margins.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following types of analyses are examples of those that are appropriate:
- firm-level or aggregate analysis
- statistical analysis or optimization or simulation
- case study
- for a particular problem/issue, discuss the relevant theory, do a literature review
concerning related previous applied studies, and write a research proposal
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following areas of analysis are examples of those that are appropriate:
- estimation of output supply or input demand and associated analysis
- assessment of the environmental impact associated with some type of production practice or system
- economic impact of new technology
- risk analysis
- impact of policy (e.g., trade, environmental, ...) on a business or industry
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Examples" of Previous Topics:
- Carbon Credits and the Agriculture or Forestry Sector
- Is Adoption of Herbicide Resistant Canola Beneficial to Producers?
- Impact of Minimum Tillage in Production Systems: A Case of Technical Change
- Food Aid - Helpful or Hindering? How Food Aid is Affecting Zambian Agriculture Production
- Effect of Safety Net Programs on Agricultural Production Management Decisions
- Environmental Farm Plans and Economic Efficiency
- Irrigation and Food Production: Examining Water Constraints and Technical Efficiency
- An Economic Analysis of Conventional Tillage and Conservation Tillage Practices
- Environmental Farm Plans and Risk
- Carbon Sequestration - A Tree Farm Case Study
- Is the Use of Hormone Implants and Ionophores Beneficial to Beef Feedlots?
- The Balance of Waterfowl: An Analysis of the Impacts of Hunting and Agriculture
- Comparison of Technical Efficiency of the Forestry Industry across Canada
- Set Aside Programs and Production Decisions
- Water Consumption and Bitumen Extraction by the Oil Sands Industry
- Supply Responsiveness of Pulses to Price Changes in Canada
- Transitioning to Low Input Agriculture: Cuba during the 1990's
- Investigation of the Yellow Medallion Taxicab Industry in New York City: A Joint Production Scenario
- Banana Production in Ecuador
- Wind Farms: Analysis of the Economic Potential and Sustainability of Wind Energy Production
- The Impact of an Emissions Tax on Profitability in Beef Cattle Production
- Potential of Triticale as a Major Biofuel Crop in Alberta
- The Economics and Environmental Impact of Polar Bear Trophy Hunting in the Northwest Territories
- Economic Efficiency at the Edmonton Composting Facility
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Term Paper Evaluation

Intro/Background/Objectives - discussion of issue/problem
- identification and explanation of objectives

Theory/Concepts - discussion/explanation of relevant economic theory
and/or concepts and how it is relevant to the paper

Methods - discussion of empirical methods/analysis, data, etc.

Results/Conclusions - presentation and discussion of empirical results
- identifying and explaining any problems or concerns
with the analysis or results
- relating the results back to original issue/problem
and paper objectives
- paper conclusions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Course Lecture (please use my course related principle, thank you!)

Section 1 - Technology
Section Outline - Technology File
Crop Response Function Handout File

Section 2 - Production with Multiple Discretionary Inputs
Section Outline - Economics of Production with multiple discretionary inputs File
Economics of Input Use - Crop Response Function Example File
Examples of Empirical Production Functions File
Examples of Empirical Output Supply and Factor Demand Functions File
Examples of Budgets File
Examples of Partial Budgets File
Cost Minimization - Linear Programming File
Cost Minimization - Extended LP Example File

Section 3 - Production with Multiple Outputs
Section Outline - Multiple Output Production File
Production Functions for Multi-Output Class Example File
Enterprise Budget Examples - Multiple Products File
Multi-Output Production - Linear Approximation Example File
Multi-Output Production - Simple LP Example File
Linear Programming - Discretionary Inputs File
Linear Programming - Relaxing the Fixed Proportions Technology Assumption File

Section 4 - Risk and Production
Section Outline File
basic statistical formulae File
Illustration of Limits of Expected Value and Variance File
illustration of covariance or correlation File
E and V for Revenue File
Portfolio Risk Formulae File
Graphs for Expected Utility Discussion File
Risk and Economics - Marginality Conditions File
Risk Programming - Basic Linear Programming Example File
Risk Programming - Quadratic Programming Example File
E-V Criterion Crop Portfolio Example
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THANK YOU

Basic Hotel Management food and beverage cost control including organization, profit planning, sales and break even analtsis, menu pricing, food purchasing, storeroom control, food production, beverage and bar control laws and food service.

Required Text:Basic Food and Beverage Cost Control,2nd edition ISBN# 0471355151 Author: Miller

Smakey Dog Foods Inc Scenario- Summary

Smackey Dog Foods Inc. started in the kitchen of Sarah, Kim, and Jillian?s family home in the suburbs of Chicago. The three sisters initially bought the ingredients for their natural dog food recipes from the local grocery store. They used their dogs and the neighborhood dogs as their taste testers. Their dog food products were so good, the local kennels and veterinary offices were glad to distribute the sisters' products to their customers.

Local demand increased significantly. Local pet stores and small grocery stores discovered the products and became distributors. The sisters moved the expanding business into a larger facility and hired a few more workers. Although their competitors? sales were flat or declining, Smackey Dog Food Inc.?s sales were on a vertical climb!

Sales were so good last year that the sisters opened a boutique division named Best Boy Gourmet, specializing in freshly manufactured, one-serving packages meant for consumption no later than 3 days after production. They sell this product at three times the cost of their other products and by special order only through their new website. Demand is high, but waste has been an issue.

Sarah is the president and general manager of the operation. Sarah has been very proactive in growing the business. She has met with her banker to discuss expanding the facilities and equipment with another $150,000 loan. Their first loan for $150,000 was secured by the industrial-size food production equipment purchased with the loan. The banker now demands an audit of the corporate financial statements before releasing another loan to the company. Sarah has offered to place the corporate account receivables up as collateral to secure the second loan. Based on revenue projections by her sister Jillian?s sales team, Sarah believes that the company will not have trouble paying down the loan in a short period of time.

Kim manages the production operations. She oversees the inventory, production, and shipment of dog food products. The Best Boy Gourmet line has taken almost all of her attention lately. The winter holidays are approaching, and sales demand based on forecasts from the sales force are higher than ever. Attaining fresh, raw ingredients is more difficult in the winter months. If any of the fresh ingredients are delayed, production comes to a standstill. There has been significant inventory waste as a result.

Kim?s assistant, Henry, monitors the production and shipment of Smackey Dog Food?s regular line of product. Henry takes pride in his work and is involved in every facet of the operation. With only one other warehouse employee to help, Henry personally is involved in preparing and approving all inventory records. Henry ensures that very little finished inventory sits in the warehouse. However, the shipping dock always seems to be full of returned dog food that should be restocked. When Kim asks him about it, Henry laughs and tells her that "first in, first out" applies to dog food returns as well. Kim smiles and just accepts that answer.

Jillian is not very good at understanding accounting. The sisters placed Jillian in charge of sales. She manages a sales team of 12 salesmen in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Her fear of flying and poor driving skills limit her ability to get around to the areas outside of Chicago. As a result, she has placed a lot of faith in her sales team. The sales team complained last year that they did not like waiting for their commissions until after bookkeeping calculated the actual revenues. In order to keep their spirits fired up, Jillian has her sales people project what their sales will be in the upcoming quarter, and she pays commissions in advance on those projections. The sales team loves her, and Jillian loves their approval. Jillian has noticed that the projections typically are off by 11% on average.

The employees of Smackey Dog Food Inc. all own dogs. It was a hiring requirement on the job application. One employee was fired when it was discovered she never owned a dog when she was hired. A lawsuit is pending by the fired employee.

At this time, the receivables represent 29% of the corporate assets. The Chicago retail chain Pup Stores Co. is Smackey Dog Food?s largest buyer. It alone represents 31% of overall sales and usually pays within 30 days. However, Pup Stores is facing a major lawsuit from an animal rights group. The legal fees are eating into the company's cash reserves, and it is facing some store closures.

The accounts receivable aging indicates that 38% of the receivables are 30 days or less. Twenty-two percent are 31?60 days. Twenty-one percent of the receivables are 61?90 days old. Ten percent are 90?120 days. The remaining receivables are older than 120 days. Sarah has not written off any of the receivables, nor will she.

Sales are projected to steadily grow at 16% next year if the company does not expand its facilities. With the expansion, sales are projected to rise 26%, with the most significant jump in the last quarter after expansion is completed and holiday sales pick up.

Your Role:
You and your firm, Keller CPAs, have never audited a dog food manufacturer. Although it is late in the year to be accepting a new calendar-year-end audit, you need the work and have the time to devote to the audit before your 2-week ski vacation in February.

You begin the audit process just prior to year-end by sending your audit manager, Pete, and two audit staffers, Ben and Maureen, out to the client. They spend time assessing the client and planning the audit.

During the first month of field work after year-end, Ben and Maureen note that the dog food bags piled high on the docks are marked ?Returned.? One employee is seen throwing bags of the premium Best Boy Gourmet dog food into the dumpster in the morning and pulling it out and throwing it into Henry?s car during the employee lunch hour.

Pete?s new best friend, Alan, was married to Smackey Dog Food Inc.?s owner, Kim, 4 years ago. Alan is also good friends with the banker from whom Sarah is seeking the loan. Pete is unaware of the relationship. Pete has talked about some of the details of the audit to Alan over a few beers.

Key Players:

Pete, Audit Manager-Pete has been with your firm since you left Arthur Anderson pre-Enron. He was your staff auditor when you were an audit manager with AA and you brought him along for the ride. Pete hopes to be promoted to partner in the next year.

Ben, Audit Staffer-Ben has been with your firm since he graduated last year. He is easily distracted but puts in the long work hours necessary to build the firm?s practice. Ben develops a crush on Smackey Dog food, Inc.?s bookkeeper Anita. He doesn?t act on his feelings and does not mention this to anyone affiliated with the audit. You find out about it the following summer when he brings her to the firm?s company picnic.

Maureen, Audit Staffer-Maureen has 5 years of prior experience as an auditor. She has a tendency to over audit accounts and needs supervision in this regard. Last year, she was responsible for catching a significant defalcation in the books of another client resulting in a federal investigation and incarceration of the client?s CFO and a board member.

Required: During our course, each of you will prepare one short (five to seven pages, double-spaced) paper based on the Smackey Dog Food Inc. case facts above. The purpose of the project is to move you beyond the black letter into the actual practical application of legal principles in real-life situations. The project case is due at any point before the end of Week 7. It serves to highlight the importance of audit opinions and reports. This project gives you an opportunity to conduct certain audit procedures and determine the course of action regarding the audit.

Note: You are being graded on analyzing issues you identify in the project case, in addition to responding to the questions listed in the YD_Activity (see link below).

Use the YD_Activity document to answer the questions related to this scenario.

Although this project is introduced in Week 1, it will not be due until Week 7, so you will be able to work on this throughout the course.

Write an essay (minimum 1000 words) on the relationship between technology and society.

This essay is intended to document how technology has affected and changed the way society or a particular culture, lives, operates, works and socialises.

For example, you could write about:

(a) Technology in general,

or (b) A particular area of technology and society (such as energy, automation, transportation, communication, food

production, food preservation, food distribution, entertainment, etc),



or (c) A particular area or culture of society, (such as women, men, Maori, Pasifika
etc).

-------------------------------------

The grades given for the assignments will take into account;

The quality of response, which will include application of intellectual rigour, and demonstrated ability to see more than one perspective to the issue addressed.
A clear description and discussion of the technology & a discussion on the effect of the technology on society - 7 marks.

The justification for any statements, which must include appropriate academic referencing (minimum of 4) - 2 marks.
The presentation. Grammar, spelling and use of modern word processor - 1 mark.

This assignment puts you in the position of a practicing policy analyst again. Your objective is to explore how forms of analysis inform and affect solutions to an environmental problem.
This assignment asks you to write a memo that does the following:
? Explains principles of risk, life-cycle, and cost-benefit assessments, with a focus on how they help determine the amount of environmental protection that should be permitted or required; and
? Explores how alternatives assessment?s politically engaged and inclusive approach to solutions development can change the range of solutions considered.
You will achieve this objective by working with the below case on food safety policy, a complex and politically interesting topic.
Case Overview
Food safety has many dimensions. Our focus is on the use of industrial chemicals in food production. There are a wide range of chemicals used directly in food production. For example, fertilizers are added to soil to aid plant growth; flavorings are used to enhance food appeal; and
stabilizers are used to give processed foods structure. All of these additives are industrial
chemicals. We are going to narrow our focus to the set of industrial chemicals called pesticides. The term ?pesticide? refers to a very large number of industrial chemicals used to ward off weeds, fungus, insects, and rodents. These industrial chemicals were developed for agriculture to assure a larger and more predictable food supply.
A primary issue of concern with pesticides is the spillover of human and ecological health effects. Pesticides work by biochemically disrupting the neurological and reproductive capabilities of organisms. Although pesticides are developed to target a specific population of weeds, fungus, insects, and rodents, spray application methods and predation (i.e., eating the exposed organism) exposes other species, including humans, to them too. Humans are exposed to pesticides
present as residues on food and through air-, water-, or soil-borne exposure if the people live or work in close proximity to fields where pesticides are used. (Keep in mind that pesticides may be used in recreational or residential areas, but in this case we are interested in the environmental problems related to food production.)
Policy Controversy
The current law governing pesticide safety, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, authorizes the U.S. EPA to conduct a comprehensive analysis of pesticide consumption risk, particularly for children. Combining analysis on multiple health endpoints ? e.g., carcinogenicity
(cancer risk), endocrine disruption (hormone problems), and reproductive and developmental
disorders ? EPA is tasked with determining safe levels of pesticide exposure. This assessment of risk means examining the potential harm of each chemical and the routes of exposure for people, and its objective is to establish a rational, scientific basis for regulation for pesticide usage. The idea is that these analyses will help determine how and how much a chemical can be used ? a result that could lead to banning chemicals (e.g., if there is no safe limit) or restricting their usage to lower levels.
However, since the FQPA was passed, EPA has only regulated two additional chemicals out of the 10,000 pesticides it has been charged with reviewing. Contentious fights over technical analyses of safe levels of chemicals have erupted and stalled progress.
Directions for Your Policy Memo
Write a 6-8 page memo offering assessment guidance for food safety policy. In your memo, provide a solid description of these techniques and the kinds of insights that they provide. Your memo should culminate in a recommendation based on this question:
? Should food protection policy place more emphasis on technical assessment of ?safe? levels, or should establishing ?safe food? standards place more emphasis on alternatives assessment?
The memo should be divided into three sections (see below) and answer the questions as follows.
Section 1: Impact Assessment (aka Technical Assessment)
This focus on safe limits is a prime example of rational threshold-setting and trade-off analysis. (How much pesticide is safe, and how much can/will we afford?) As a policy approach, it places emphasis on technical assessments to regulate food safety.
In Section 1 of your memo:
? Explain how a probabilistic assessment, a life-cycle assessment, and a cost-benefit assessment would assess the ?safe level? of pesticide that could be used. As part of your description and discussion, offer an example solution for each type of assessment. (Hint: washing part of the residues off produce is one example.) Your discussion should focus on the logic and process of carrying out the assessment, but you are free to provide computational examples.
? Conclude this section by explaining the limitations of this approach, particularly for people who cannot avoid foods produced with pesticides or who live or work in close proximity to pesticide applications. (Note: as part of your discussion, you may summarize criticisms of technical assessment methods from your readings or from class lecture notes.)

Section 2: Impact Assessment (aka Alternatives Assessment)
Technical analysis often attenuates the range of apparent solutions. They are based on a particular perspective on a problem, such as the notion that pesticides are risky but necessary for the large-scale, chemically-intensive industrial farming used in the United States. If stakeholders do not agree with a characterization of a problem (e.g., we need to determine safe levels of pesticides), they may never agree with the proposed solutions (e.g., the proposed safe level).
In Section 2 of your memo:
? Explain what alternatives assessment is and why it might lead to radically different solutions to the pesticide problem. In your answer offer an example. (Hint: these could involve radically different approaches to agriculture.) Using your own deduction or research on the Internet, pick and discuss at least one.
? Explain why a narrow focus around threshold-setting among the ?business as usual? crowd (i.e., long-term bureaucrats and entrenched business interests) might fail to identify and adequately contemplate this option. Then suggest someone whose
perspective would be more likely to inspire generation of these options. That is, are there excluded stakeholders who should be creatively engaged beyond the ?business as usual?
crowd?
Section 3: Recommendation and Implications for Assessment
Examining differences in assessment helps reveal two challenges in policy formulation. The first is developing appropriate comprehensive yet coherent solutions to environmental problems. The
second is creating a democratic process that facilitates multi-stakeholder input.
In Section 3 of your memo:
? Make a recommendation consistent with your discussion. Should food protection policy place more emphasis on technical assessment of ?safe? levels, or should establishing ?safe food? standards place more emphasis on alternatives assessment?
In addition to fulfilling the specifics of the assignment, a successful memo must also meet the following criteria:
o Length of the memo should be 6-8 pages, excluding cover page and references.
o Viewpoint and purpose should be clearly established and sustained.
o Assignment should follow the conventions of Standard American English
(correct grammar, punctuation, etc.).
o Writing should be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and
insightful.
o Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and
mechanics.
o Appropriate citation style should be followed.

? Food Quality Protection Act
? Criticisms of Pesticides and discussion of alternatives
? Statements in Favor of Pesticides:
o Why are pesticides still needed in today?s agriculture?
o Pesticides: Necessary but dangerous poisons

Assignment 2: Restaurant Operations Analysis



Select a restaurant with which you are familiar and write a paper that addresses the following:

1. Identify one cost-control challenge for this establishment and make a recommendation for addressing that challenge.

2. Describe a unique challenge to either food production or sanitation and make at least one recommendation for addressing it.

3. Create a list of characteristics essential for effective leadership at this particular establishment.

4. Describe the recruiting and staffing process at this establishment and make at least one recommendation for improvement.

Note: This class is using a text book author from John R. Walker. The restaurant from concept to operationm 6th edition. ISBN: 978-0-470-62643-6.

I need an overview of food and beverage control including: organization for management, fundamentals of contro, economics of the food and beverage industry, profit planning, break even analysis, payroll cost control, food costs formulas, the menu, menu pricing, food purchasing control,food recieving control,food storeroom control, food production control, sales and cash control, sales analysis, beverage and bar control, bar cost formulas, problems with bar operation and the law, and computers/technology. Also, I would like to expand on profit planning after the overview. Include how critical it is to the operation, and what some current trends are for analysing the profit-and-lose statement. The paper needs to contain 1)Table of Contents, 2)Introduction, 3)Body, 4)Footnotes and 5)Conclusion

A cruise ship is forced to evacuate its passengers while at sea. Eight passengers in a lifeboat drift to an island where they are likely to be stranded for at least six days before they can be rescued. They have a standard kit of specific supplies. You are responsible for managing food distribution so that it lasts for six days.

Create a report that contains the following:

A table that mentions the amount that will be distributed to each person for six days.
A list of the major factors that influenced your choice.
Your assumptions about rationing the food.

Production-possibility frontier (PPF) to explain how to avoid wastage of resources.

Present an argument for the introduction of technology in the subject of Chemicals and genetic engineering for farming for food production.
There are faxes for this order.

This week?s readings focus on human impacts on global systems. These readings will set the stage for the rest of the quarter, and will help frame some of the issues and questions we will be investigating.

Please answer the following questions in full and complete sentences in 12pt type. The total length of this assignment should be between 1.5 and 3 double-spaced pages.

Vitousek et al. 1997

1. What does Vitousek identify as the major sources of Land Transformation? Identify low, high and medium impact land transformations, based on the reading.
2. How do humans alter oceans? What ocean systems are most affected?
3. What biogeochemical cycles are altered by humans? What are the consequences of these alterations?
4. What effect do humans have on the Earth?s biota?

Foley et al. 2005

1. What is the main irony of human land use?
2. In what ways has human food production changed in the last 40 years, and what are the consequences of these changes?
3. In what ways do agricultural practices alter freshwater resources?
4. Human activities also alter a number of other resources and processes mentioned in this paper. Pick one, and explain how human activities have altered this resource or process.
5. Foley lists several ?win-win-win? land-use practices. Pick one, and list the environmental, social and economic benefits of these practices

Synthesis (focus on these questions, as they will come up in class discussion as well)

1. Humans are clearly affecting change on environmental systems. Do these papers give the impression that humans are part of, or apart from, natural systems? Does this viewpoint matter? Explain your answer.
2. Are these changes important if they have no negative consequences for human-kind? Explain your answer.
3. Do you believe your daily actions (e.g. eating) have global consequences? Explain your answer

Considering aquaculture and biotechnology, which do you feel has more potential to increase food production? Would one be more effective than the other, depending on the circumstances? Explain.

ASSIGNMENT 2 Marketing Strategies

DUE DATE MAR 11 Wednesday 19th August, 2009
Value: 30%
Length: 3000 words +/-10%(provide a word count on your cover sheet any spot)
Format: Structured-essay format formal language in third person, no I first person

This assignment follows on from the 1st assignment. In the first assignment you undertook a situation analysis to identify trends that would have a significant impact upon your marketing strategy. You will now use these trends to help you segment and target the market, and set marketing objectives. These trends will also help you position the product using the marketing mix.
Section 1: Introduction
To refresh the markers memory, identify the product (must be a breakfast cereal) you used for the first assignment and briefly summarise the major trends you identified for the firm from the 6 macro-environments (this should take no more than 100 words). Also outline the purpose of this essay.
Section 1
No marks have been allocated to this section. Its purpose is to simply provide the marker with the necessary background information for the following sections.
Section 2: Target market
Identify a target market for the organisation. In order to satisfy customers, organisations need to know customer characteristics and needs. Describe the characteristics of the target market using segmentation variables. Dedicate approximately 500 words to this section. What are the definitions of each segmentation variable? How do these segmentation variables apply / fit your target market? Marketers use this information to describe the target group, so avoid the use of just age in demographic, what of the family life cycle stage of your target group or occupation ? for example.

Section 2: Target Market (4 marks)
Use and define at least one segmentation variable from each of the four categories (demographic, behavioural, psychographic and geographical) in order to define and explain the target market. You will be Awarded 1 mark for each of the four categories used well.
Section 3: Setting marketing objectives for your organisation
Having identified the target market and the trends facing the organisation you are ready to identify the organisations marketing objectives. This means the objectives should relate to marketing goals such as consumer awareness, market share, targeting a specific segment, utilising a new distribution channel etc. As a rule-of-thumb each trend should translate into a marketing objective (e.g. for a fast food chain, the trend towards healthier diets suggests introducing a healthier menu as a marketing objective for the product strategy). But to make things easier, just identify the four major MARKETING objectives. Dedicate approximately 200 words to this section. Number each of the four objectives. Nb. Do these last if you like so that the objectives match your strategies.
Section 3: Marketing Objectives (4 marks)
The key criteria are that you provide four marketing objectives, that are S.M.A.R.T (e.g. Specific (for example is it sales, consumer awareness, new distribution channel online, market share, specific target teens, seniors, etc.,) Measurable (in terms of percentage, market share etc., Achievable (must be realistic), Relevant (relevant to your trend macro analysis, target market, product offering etc., and Time-bound plan within the next two years to capture the organic market by 10% from introduction, 6 months to raise consumer awareness through extensive media communication etc.,) and that some at least are linked to the analysis of the macro-environment and/or the target market.
Section 4: The marketing mix
Having identified the target market, you now need to devise a marketing-mix. Remember market planning is a process, so your marketing mix should be specifically designed in response to your situation analysis, target markets needs and marketing objectives. Product, Price, Place and Promotion have to be defined, discussed and stated in this order, use each P as a heading for each section. Dedicate approximately 2000 words to this section.
Section 4: Marketing Mix (16 marks)
In this section you must position the product using either the 4Ps (for a product) or the 7Ps (if we were marketing a service, but we are Not so just the 4Ps). As a general guide and criteria, each marketing mix element should;
? Specifically take into account the characteristics of the target market;
? Be consistent with the other elements of the mix (e.g. a higher price should be used when the product strategy emphasises high quality);
? Make occasional use of macro-environmental trends from assignment #1 to justify the strategy (e.g. the social trend towards environmental concern would support a product strategy, that uses re-cycled packaging, and promotes these important attributes on the label).

a. Product Strategy define and reference source (nb you need to do this with all 4Ps) Key discussion topics here include;
What are the 3 components of the Product? Identify these, why are they important and apply to own product?
What is product classification? How are decisions made on the products category or classification? Apply to own product, what is the products classification and why justify it?
What is Product Positioning and the basis of the application to your own product?
Other (e.g. branding decisions, labelling etc about your product but keep it very brief, not overly descriptive, perhaps more on why is branding important)

b. Price Strategy - Key discussion topics here include;
What is the definition of pricing strategy? Why important?
What are the different methods of pricing? What are some of the pros and cons / advantages and disadvantages of these Apply to own what method will be used(e.g. is the price based on cost-factors, benefits, competition etc);
Will a skimming or penetration strategy be used?
Will the firm be competing on price or non-price factors?

c. Place Strategy Key discussions here include:
? What is the definition of place strategy? Why is place strategy important? Where is the business located and why?
What method is being used (eg store retailing, Internet, intermediaries, etc); Discuss intermediaries 3 types apply one to own organisation and justify choice.
What are the different distribution channels? Apply the chosen distribution channel to own product and justify the decision.
(must be linked and consistent with the product classification and price strategies)

d. Promotion Strategy - Key discussions here include:
What is Promotion Strategy? What is IMC? What are the aims or goals of IMC? Why is IMC important? What is the IMC budget approach to be adopted and why?
What is the Method of communication and persuasion to the target market
Advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, online etc., keep it brief not overly descriptive, more what advantages of these methods, links to macro analysis and why these methods important (based on research if possible)
Distinguish between Push Strategy and Pull Strategy, which applies to own strategy and why? Justify and should be consistent with other Ps.
Section 5: Conclusion
A concise 200 word summary of Sections 2 through 4. This is not an editorial commentary, but an actual wrap-up of major points of your essay.

Presentation and Process (6 marks)
A total of 6 marks will also be awarded to presentation factors (e.g. spelling, sentence structure, referencing format, Reference List format etc) and illustration of an understanding that the various components of the marketing plan are inter-related (e.g. the product strategy is based upon trends identified in the analysis of the macro-environment).
Use paragraphs also Headings and Sub-headings; this will assist with the structure and flow of your essay, be guided by the requirements of each section. Go over the Q Manual and referencing requirements, include a separate reference page of all the references sited in your essay.

Mark allocation
Target market 4 marks
Marketing objectives 4 marks
Marketing mix 16 marks
Meets the crteria and illustrates understanding that market planning is a process (e.g. the strategies in section 4 are based on input from Assignment 1 and sections 2 and 3) 6 marks

See Criteria Sheet: This will help guide you in terms of what the marker is looking for in your assignment submission





Copy of assignment one submitted below



Assignment 1: Analysing Marketing Opportunities


Introduction

Healthy Co. Pty Ltd is a food processing organisation located in Queensland, Australia. Initial research has developed the Nutri-Mix breakfast cereal based on nutrition and healthy life choices for the Australian market. The product serves as a healthy alternative to high calorie breakfast options today on the market, emphasising the benefit of nutritional content, value and well-being.

The purpose of this task is to examine the six macro-environments which will then be analysed for the marketing team to plan a strategy for a specific target market. Marketing is defined as an organisational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships that benefit the organisation and its stakeholders (Kotler, Brown, Adam, Burton & Armstrong, 2007). The marketing managerial process involves the research and examination of the macro-environment. After analysis, strategic planning and planning marketing strategies are undertaken and finally, the implementation of these marketing strategies completes the initial process.


Analysing the macro-environment

The Macro-environment consists of six major forces which include demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural environments. These all pose threats and shape opportunities that must be closely monitored by an organisation for successful strategies to be planned, organised, controlled and implemented. The capacity of organisations to analyse and adjust their present marketing structures and operations, that is, the ways in which they re-organise and adapt exchange relationships with customers and other connected stakeholders within the marketing environment, is crucial to long-term survival (Andersson, 2000).
Demographic Environment

Demography is the study of human population in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation and other statistics. It is of major interest to markets as it is about people and people make up markets. Demography takes into account the changing age structure, the changing family, geographic shifts in population, the levels of education and the increasing diversity of ethnicity (Kotler et al., 2007).

According to the Australian Government Intergenerational Report (IGR, 2004), the estimated proportion of population above 65 years of age from the total population will almost double in the next 40 years to 25%. In the same time the proportion of working population from the total population is going to decrease, implying a smaller taxation base for the government income tax. Two aspects are likely to be noticed in the future. On one hand, the aged and health care spending will increase as more senior people will need care, which in turn will force the government to be more creative regarding preventive health measures, such as nutrition. For a potential investor in food products this could suggest that the focus should be on healthy products, rather than non-nutritional sugar based ones, targeting the Baby Boomers (Australians born between 1946 and 1961).

Women account for doing two thirds of the household duties today (ABS, 2009),
which is less than they used to in generations gone. According to the same statistics,
women are more accustom to indoor house work and men to outdoor ones, but the
trend is slowly reverting towards a balance of the two types of duties. Bearing this in
mind a potential investor should assume that most breakfast cereals are likely to be
purchased or put on the shopping list by a female, rather than a male so market
research, aiming breakfast cereals content and appeal, should be focused more
from a females perspective.







Economic Environment

The economic environment typically consists of factors that influence consumer buying power and spending patterns. Marketing plans should consider major trends in income and of changing consumer spending patterns when developing new products or plans for a target market (Kotler et al., 2007).

Australias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in power purchase prices (PPP) was $795 billion, with a GDP/capita of $37,298 and a GDP/capita growth of roughly 3% in 2008 (IMF, 2009). Many Australian cities have been rated by The Economist magazine (2008) among the most liveable in the world. Thus, Melbourne was ranked the 2nd, Perth the 4th, the Adelaide 7th and Sydney the 9th. It also ranked Australia 6th in the world in terms of quality of life for 2005 (The Economist, 2005).

The current economic situation of general crisis has impacted on Australia as it did on most developed economies. IMF (2009) estimated that the global financial crisis would contract Australias economic growth by 1.4% in 2009, whereas the world economy is expected to contract by 2.8%. The same source estimates unemployment to rise from 4.4% in 2007 and 4.2% in 2008 to 6.8% in 2009 and 7.8% in 2010. However, by later this year, the economy is expected to increase by 0.6%, hence entering its recovery period.

The economic indicators for Australia characterise a mature, strong and stable economy that fosters a healthy business environment. However, given its maturity and development, it is expected for potential start-up investors in any industry (e.g. breakfast cereal) to face strong competition from already established brands. Furthermore, consumer confidence appears stable, given the strength of the Australian market suggesting the launch of a new breakfast cereal would co-inside with the recovering economy.




Natural Environment

The Natural environment involves natural resources that are either used by marketers as inputs or that are affected by marketing activities. Factors such as shortages of certain raw materials, increased energy costs, increased pollution levels, and increasing government intervention in natural-resource management will all impact upon an organization (Kotler et al., 2007).

Most of Australia is dessert or semi-arid. Nevertheless, wheat, the major crop in Australia had 12.2 million hectares planted in 2007. Drought has a major impact on crops outcome. Thus, in 2005-2006 the wheat production reached 25 million tonnes, whereas in 2006/2007 the wheat production was estimated at 12.7 million tonnes. (DAFF, 09). For a potential breakfast cereal investor, this translates into an inconsistent source of raw materials or with a highly volatile price, which suggests the possible need for sourcing an import supplier which could compromise an ethical approach to marketing an Australian made and owned product.

Alternatively, national recognition that Global Warming is an issue that must be addressed is likely to result in increasing pressure on organisations to reduce pollution and emissions (Kotler et al., 2007). By acknowledging the need to protect and clean our natural environment, marketers may see consumers doing more business with ecologically responsible organisations and avoiding those who are not. Environmentally friendly products would provide an additional basis for a strong marketing campaign.

Technological Environment

The technological environment entails forces that affect new technologies, creating new products and market opportunities (Kotler et al., 2007). This environment is recognised as the most influential force now shaping organizational marketing concepts. However, despite the trend towards rapid technological change and generous resource allocation, most firms continue to focus on copying competitors products. While the increased in technological change has resulted in greater regulation which in turn has increased research and development costs, longer lead times beween idea conception, market introduction and technological development, has allowed organisations to seek alternative means of competitive advantage other than quality and price. Technology can also represent a serious threat to many organisations such as the music industry where music copying has become common practice (Kotler et al., 2007).

Being one of the most developed economies in the world, Australia possess a level of advanced technologic environments, which translate into fast/automated food producing processes, logistics and marketing. A potential investor in the breakfast cereal industry should be prepared to commit a substantial quantity of resources to get to a technological level similar to competitors.

The Internet now represents an important place of strategy for many firms. There has been significant growth in Australia's access to/use of the Internet between 2001 and 2006. In 2001, 35% of Australian dwellings had access to the Internet in the week prior to the Census date. By 2006, 63% of Dwellings had access to the Internet
(ABS, 2006). The Trend for an increase in the usage of the internet in Australian households would indicate further opportunities for the marketing and exposure of a new cereal product.

Political Environment

The Political environment consists of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit organisations and individuals in society. Legislation regulating business and an increased emphasis on ethics and socially responsible actions have all impacted on the strategies and direction of organisations (Kotler et al., 2007).

General food safety requirements refer to the health and hygiene of the food handlers, their food handling skills and knowledge, the control parameters for receipt, storage, processing, display, packaging, transportation, disposal and recall of food. Food safety is considered essential and the standards are even higher for vulnerable persons or persons with special nutrition needs (e.g. diabetes). Food Standards Australia is continually monitoring and updating the standards of food production. More recently the standards for the amount of thiamin and folic acid as well as the use of iodised salt in cereal and bread production have been introduced (Food Standards Australia, 2009). Therefore, the required investment in food safety measures and maintenance in proper conditions of a production facility is substantial, such a business being not only costly, but essential for a customer relationship of trust in quality and safety to be established and maintained.

The Parents Jury, an online network of parents, grandparents and guardians in Australia has started to attract more and more attention and therefore gain increased lobbying power. This networks goal is to improve the food and physical activity environment of Australian children. Nowadays, some of their main discussion issues concern the extent to which the food products are healthy for their children, adults and people with special nutrition needs. This pressure group could be an advocate for a healthy cereal opportunity.

Cultural (social) Environment

The Cultural environment consists of institutions and other forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions, preferences and behaviours. People grow up in a particular society which shapes their basic values and beliefs. Marketing decisions are affected by cultural characteristics such as, persistence of cultural values, subcultures, shifts in secondary cultural values and responding to the marketing environment (Kotler et al., 2007).

The Australian food shopping and eating trends have a strong impact on competition in the food market. Recent trends show that the proportion of eating away from home compared to that of eating of home is continually increasing and is well in excess of grocery food sales (DAFF, 2006). On one hand this is justified by the increasing involvement of women in the labour market, from 48% in 1992 to 55% in 2006, which reduces the time spent home cooking and on the other hand it is a normal evolution given by technological advancement, which changes lifestyle choices (ABS, 2009). Breakfast however, is likely to continue to be a meal taken home, but the emphasis is on the time needed on preparing the meals, which has to be as short as possible. Also, for busier people there could be an option to have breakfast cereals away from home, so a potential new breakfast cereal product could try to attract professional clients as well as domestic consumers.

Additionally, Australia is facing a major obesity problem, which is more prevalent among children due to sugary, low-nutritional food content. Between 1985 and 1995 the child obesity rate grew almost 50% in both genders (Parliament of Australia, 2006). A Social Responsibility is to be exercised regarding the quality of food products given to children.

Finally, the concern for synthetic food products and materials is increasing as well, leading to an increased demand for organic/bio options in all types of products, cereals included. The need for natural crops as raw material is likely to increase, given that the demand for organic breakfast cereal products will increase. The production of packaging via biodegradable or recycled materials would also be attuned to cultural trends. In March 1996, 91% of Australian households said they practiced some form of waste recycling and/or reuse activity. By March 2006, almost all households (99%) reported that they recycled and/or reused. (ABS, 2007).


Conclusion

The analysis indicates a challenging market entry and growth scenario due to the strong competition of already established companies. Moreover, the volatility of raw material supply due to natural factors and the low raw material prices in neighbouring countries implies that the logistic would include imports and therefore it would be a complex system. Regulatory issues, when addressed, would provide a potential target market to an insight into the quality of the product, as well as the social responsiveness to societal trends, of the organisation.

Additionally, the Australian consumers are changing their habits towards healthier eating due to increased awareness on issues such as obesity and poor nutrition from as early as childhood. Also, the organic and bio products mania is increasing concern about healthy eating and packaging as well, which creates favourable conditions for a product addressing these environmental concerns. A healthy-eating breakfast cereal would also have the support of authorities and pressure groups, who are significantly worried about the poor eating habits of current and future Australian generations. Nutri-Mix could be a successful concept if targeted to an ageing health conscience market.


References
Andersson, P. (2000). Studies on Industrial Marketing Change Processes
Emerald Group Publishing Limited (9) 51-117.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2009. More de Facto Relationships, Women Still do Most Housework, More Energy use at Home. ABS (Media Release) - Australian Social Trends: Retrieved June 26, 2009, from
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40March%202009

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2006. Patterns of internet access in Australia, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/8146.0.55.001Main+Features12006?OpenDocument

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2007. Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends: Retrieved June 28, 2009, from
http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/0/82D6EAD861A050C9CA2573C600103EA1?opendocument

Australian Government Intergenerational Report (IGR). (2004). Australias Demographic Challenges: Retrieved June 25, 2009, from
http://demographics.treasury.gov.au/content/_download/australias_demographic_challenges/html/adc-intro.asp

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF). (2006). Australian Food Statistics 2006: Retrieved June 20, 2009, from
http://www.daff.gov.au/agriculture-food/wheat-sugr-crops/wheat

Food Standards Australia (FSA). (2009). Standard 2.1.1 - Cereals and Cereal Products. Retrieved June 27, 2009, from
http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/thecode/foodstandardscode/standard211cerealsan4252.cfm
IMF International Monetary Fund. (2009). World Economic Outlook, Crisis and
Recovery. Retrieved June 19,2009, from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/pdf/text.pdf

IMF International Monetary Fund. (2009). World Economic Outlook Crisis and Recovery. World Economic and Financial Surveys. Retrieved June 19, 2009, from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/pdf/text.pdf

Kotler, P., Brown, L., Adam, S., & Armstrong, G. (2001), Marketing, 6th edition,
Pearson, NSW.

Parliament of Australia. (2006). Overweight and Obesity in Australia. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/sp/obesity.htm

The Economist. (2008). Liveability Ranking: Retrieved June 16, 2009, from
http://www.economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11116839

The Economist. (2005). The Economist Intelligence Units Quality-of-Life Index. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from
http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.PDF

Task Name: Phase 2 Individual Project
Deliverable Length: 2-3 pages
Details: International Trade and Comparative Advantage

For your next white paper for company deployments, you have been asked to write about trade, cost, and price using your work in Acme Mexico as one example.

Multinational corporations are continually seeking sources of comparative advantage by investing in developing countries. Sometimes, they are initially willing to pay a high price for that advantage. For example, U.S. tobacco companies create strong incentives for local farmers in developing countries to grow tobacco instead of crops used for domestic food production by offering underwritten loans, subsidies for startup costs, and a guaranteed demand for their tobacco crops. The following questions pertain to the foundations of modern trade theory and comparative cost of production and pricing decisions:

Explain why the U.S. would subsidize the short run costs of production for tobacco farmers in foreign countries. Do these practices guarantee the tobacco farmers a profit in the short run? Long run? Explain.
How does this practice shift the equilibriums (price and output) for tobacco and domestic food items (analyze both the local and international effects)?
In the case with Acme Motors, what are the production gains to the entire company from the facility in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas specializing in Autoturbo Quattro engines (i.e., why do they just make engines in Nuevo Laredo rather than the entire auto)?
Why would Acme Motors shift its production of engines from Detroit to Mexico and then shift the engines back to the U.S. to be assembled into the finished auto?
What are the gains and losses for consumers in these types of international production and trading patterns?
Please submit your assignment.


Points Possible: 125
Date Due: Tuesday, Oct 21, 2008
Objective: Analyze short-run and long-run costs.
Use effective communication techniques.

Paper Guidelines
Select two or three articles for your paper from The Developing World Reader 11/12, 2011 Custom Edition. It is preferable to make selections from the same Unit.
You have a long list of articles (36, organized into three Units) to choose from. All these articles can be found in the PDF file you will access from the Student Center area by clicking on the Griffiths link.
General Approach
a. Give a clear coverage of the chosen articles? main points
b. Connect these points into a common theme in your paper
c. Compare and juxtapose the points (if applicable)
d. Be more detailed in your coverage than in the discussion forums in this course
e. Provide authors? lines of reasoning supporting their main points including conclusions
f. Demonstrate research and research method (if applicable), authors may have used in their articles
g. Analyze and express your own opinion with regard to the:
i. Main points and conclusions of the articles
ii. Do you think the main points are valid? Discuss these at length.
iii. Whatever opinion you may have with regard to the authors? conclusions is fine as long as you can offer a solid critique or a competent confirmation of authors? conclusions
h. Use outside sources for your research such as:
i. www.wikipedia.org
ii. www.economist.com
iii. http://www.un.org
iv. http://www.rferl.org/
v. http://www.google.com

Paper Format
1. Eight pages, including the Title Page, References/Bibliography
2. List your name, course, professor?s name, and date on the Title Page
3. Use running head and apply page numbering
4. Follow the APA style
5. Double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font
6. Apply basic structuring to your paper as follows: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. You can further structure your paper if needed.
7. Make sure you check for grammar, style and typographical errors
8. Have somebody else proofread the final version of your piece prior to its submission
9. Upload your work in a separate file (Microsoft 2003 through 2007).
Do not post text into the body of the submission web page.
Papers posted in such fashion will not get marked for grading.
Article 1
The New Face of Development
As the traditional development challenge of reducing poverty is
increasingly met, a new challenge for the twenty-i rst century emerges:
that of ensuring a livable, peaceful, and prosperous world.
Carol Lancaster
A number of trends in international development that were
already emerging at the end of the last millennium?
including the introduction of new actors and technologies, the increasing role of private investment, and the remarkable
reduction in poverty in countries such as China and India?have
become even more apparent as we approach the end of the current
decade. These trends go to the core of what development is, how
it is achieved, and who is involved in promoting it. In combination, they suggest that international development in the future will
likely be very different from what it has been in the past.
The world first turned its attention to the challenge of international development in the decades immediately after World
War II, as the cold war began and decolonization got under way.
How, the international community asked itself, could growth
be accelerated and poverty reduced in newly independent, less
developed nations? Wealthy countries increasingly engaged
in promoting economic progress in developing countries (primarily through foreign aid), and also established professional
agencies, both bilateral and multilateral, to allocate and manage
development assistance. The motives for the developed countries? actions, of course, were not purely altruistic. They sought
to promote their national interests (such as the containment
of Soviet influence); to ensure that decolonization proceeded
smoothly; to preserve spheres of influence in former colonies;
to expand their own exports; and to secure sources of raw materials abroad.
During the 40 years between 1960 and 2000, the international
aid and development regime depended on rich countries? providing concessional economic assistance. They provided such
assistance either directly to recipient governments, or indirectly,
through international institutions. The aid was targeted toward
agreed-upon projects like roads, government- provided agricultural services, primary education, and health care. Rich countries? trade and investment policies were understood to be an
important part of the development equation, but they tended to
be much less prominent than development aid itself, since trade
and investment usually involved powerful domestic interests
within rich countries, a circumstance that constrained their use
for development purposes.
Over the same period, the ways in which aid was used to
promote development underwent an evolution. In the 1960s,
the primary emphasis was on encouraging economic growth
by providing funds for infrastructure and other projects meant
to expand national production. In the 1970s, the main focus
was direct action to alleviate poverty, with aid devoted to projects that would meet the basic needs of the poor in developing
countries (including basic education, primary health care, and
development of small farms). In the 1980s, the emphasis was
on fostering growth through budgetary support for economic
reforms and ?structural adjustment.?
The 1990s turned out to be a transition decade for development. With the end of the cold war and the breakup of the
Soviet Union, many of the former communist bloc countries
began a transition to free markets and democratic governance.
Aid-giving governments turned their attention, and their aid, to
furthering this transition. A wave of democratization washed
over other parts of the world as well, including sub- Saharan
Africa, and democracy became increasingly linked with development in the minds of many development practitioners.
Democracy, it was now argued, was a key facilitator of development, and thus foreign aid was increasingly used to promote
political development.
At the same time, rising concerns over transnational problems, such as environmental deterioration and infectious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), expanded the development
discourse. Conflict prevention and mitigation became part of
the broadening framework of international development as civil
conflicts erupted in a number of countries, especially in Africa,
and it became obvious that economic progress required peaceful conditions. Finally, the development dialogue renewed its
emphasis on poverty reduction, partly because of the ?associational revolution??an explosion of civil society organizations,
in both rich and poor countries. Many of these organizations
were interested in bettering the human condition.
gri50723_01_47814.indd 3 17/08/10 7:51 AM
Annual Editions: Developing World 11/12, 21st Edition 5ANNUAL EDITIONS
4
The continued evolution of information
technologies will empower the poor,
probably in ways we cannot foresee.
And so, between the postwar period and the year 2000, much
changed. In particular, the notion of development expanded to
include a much wider range of issues. Yet the core focus remained
poverty reduction, and the primary instrument for achieving it
remained government-based economic assistance.
An Elastic Idea
Today, international development has become an even more elastic concept, as ideas about what constitutes development, how
it is best achieved, and who should be part of the process continue to evolve. Starting from the early years of the international
development era a half-century ago, development was thought
of as a means to improve the material conditions of life. That
is, public and private investment would promote growth, which
in turn would eventually reduce or even eliminate poverty. This
basic concept remains at the heart of development, but there
have been some important additions.
?Human development? is now part of the equation, meaning
that education, health, life expectancy, and other indicators of
well-being are given greater attention. Political rights are also
considered a key aspect of development, in part to ensure that
the poor and excluded have a political voice. Some have incorporated ?human security,? as well, including security against
economic deprivation and against physical violence, actual or
threatened. ?Sustainable development,? or economic progress
that does not affect the environment too harshly, is another element in the welter of ideas that currently define development.
Some in recent years have defined development as the freedom
to choose a fulfilling life.
This trend is likely to continue. Development will have at
its core the reduction of severe poverty as long as that problem
endures; but it will also continue to evolve to reflect changing
global beliefs about the basic requirements of a decent human
life and about how to meet those requirements.
Western economists have always believed that the driver of
development is private investment?on the theory that because
it increases productivity, production, growth, incomes, and jobs,
it will ultimately eliminate poverty. Others, however, have taken
the view that the market is unable to create equitable development and that state intervention is necessary to direct and
hasten economic progress. This state-versus-market tension
was evident during the cold war, with the socialist and capitalist
models doing battle. The same philosophical difference is part
of the debate between those who emphasize macroeconomic
growth (for example, through structural adjustment) and those
who emphasize direct interventions to reduce poverty. From an
institutional perspective, this tension has been reflected in the
often differing approaches of the World Bank and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) toward promoting development.
In recent years, something of a consensus has emerged. It is
now broadly accepted that private investment and well functioning markets are essential to sustaining long-term growth, and
that the state cannot do it alone. But it is also generally recognized that without a well-functioning state, markets cannot
produce sustained growth and reduce poverty.
When the era of international development began, the major
actors were states, along with international institutions like the
World Bank. Rich states shaped world trade policies and the
special trade arrangements (for example, the Generalized System of Preferences) that affected the trade of poor countries.
Not much foreign investment in poor countries was carried out,
and even then it was sometimes unwelcome. Essentially, the
governments of rich countries provided aid to the governments
of poor countries. It was, in the language of telecommunications, a ?one-to-one? world.
This has changed. Governments still play a major role but
they are joined by civil society organizations, both in developed and developing countries. These groups deliver services,
funded both by governments and through private giving, and
advocate for more action to improve the lives of the poor. Growing numbers of corporations are investing large amounts in poor
countries. They are also funding development activities on their
own, often in public-private partnerships that also involve governments of rich countries and NGOs. These activities are part
of corporate social responsibility programs, or even part of businesses? marketing strategies.
The scale of global philanthropy has grown over time, and
the number of philanthropic organizations funding development activities has also grown. The Gates Foundation is the
most prominent of the new foundations but there are many
others. Countless so-called social entrepreneurs have come
on the scene as well. These are individuals in developed and
developing countries who create NGOs to tackle development
problems?as well as ?venture philanthropists? who create
enterprises with double and triple bottom lines, enterprises
that aim to do good while doing well. (An example would be
an equity fund that combines investing with providing technical assistance to small enterprises that have few alternatives
for capital or training.)
These actors have created a ?many-to-many? development
space that promises to grow in the coming decades. Also contributing to many-to-many development is the growing flow
of remittances from immigrants working in rich countries to
their families in poor countries. Indeed, the flow of remittances exceeds the global total of foreign aid by a considerable
amount.
The Technology Revolution
All these trends have been facilitated by new information technologies. We are living, in fact, in the midst of several technology revolutions?information technology, biotechnology,
nano-technology, and materials technology. All of these hold
the promise of radically changing not only our lives but also the
lives of the poor in developing countries.
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6 SociologyArticle 1. The New Face of Development
5
Information technology is already connecting many inhabitants of developing nations to the internet, as computers become
increasingly affordable in poor countries. Cell phones are being
used for banking, medical investigations, market updates, and
obtaining all manner of otherwise out-of-reach information (as
well as for political networking). The continued evolution of
information technologies will empower the poor, probably in
ways we cannot foresee. It has already provided new means
for financial support to reach the poor through NGOs operating
in developing countries, as wealthy people contribute through
internet portals. This innovation cuts out middlemen and encourages direct giving. The internet has also facilitated the transfer
of remittances from rich to poor countries. And it permits the
poor to network as never before, an opportunity that will surely
be seized even more in the future as cell phones come to resemble computers and become more affordable for all.
The biological revolution promises gains in medicine and agriculture, though these are not without controversy. The benefits
have not yet reached a large enough scale to have a major impact
on the lives of the poor, but this seems only a matter of time.
Nanotechnology fosters miniaturization that, among other things,
will make more powerful and cheaper cell phones possible. And
advances in materials technology could lead to the production of
commodities especially designed for difficult environments, an
encouraging prospect for the poor living in those environments.
The Third World?s End
During much of the past 40 years, people spoke and wrote about
the ?Third World??the many developing countries that were an
arena of competition between the United States and the Soviet
Union. The Soviet Union, of course, is gone. But so is any semblance of shared poverty among the 150 or so countries comprising Asia, Africa, and Latin America. China has provided the
most dramatic example of a poor country achieving rapid growth
through manufacturing and exporting. In the past 25 years, China?s development has lifted a quarter of a billion people out of
poverty. This is a degree of economic progress, even with all of
its accompanying problems, that is historically unprecedented.
China is in fact now a major source of trade, aid, and investment
for countries in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere in Asia.
Economic progress in India?the other country with largescale poverty and a population in excess of a billion?is increasingly evident as well. There, development is based to a large
extent on the export of services. Poverty has fallen somewhat
in Latin America, too, as many economies there diversify and
grow. This means that the world?s hard-core poverty and development problem is now concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa.
In many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, little economic
progress has been achieved since independence. The difficulties standing in the way of the region?s advancement include
a difficult climate and the heavy disease load that comes with
being located in the tropics. Also, many sub-Saharan nations are
small and landlocked. Others are resource-rich but have found
these resources to be a curse (Nigeria with its oil; Sierra Leone
with its diamonds; the Democratic Republic of Congo [DRC]
with its copper, cobalt, and other minerals).
One discerns a real opportunity?for the
i rst time in history?to eradicate severe
poverty worldwide.
Governments in these countries have long exhibited incompetence and corruption, and their resources have made it
possible for them to provide little accountability to their citizens. Discontent has often led to violent conflict, which has
been further stoked by competition for the control of resources.
Civil conflicts in the DRC, Sierra Leone, and elsewhere have
killed large numbers of people, created even more refugees
and displaced persons, and destroyed national assets. Nigeria
continues to teeter on the brink of a political abyss, the DRC
continues to be plagued by internal war, and Somalia is still a
collapsed state?with predictable effects on development.
But not all the news out of Africa is gloomy. Economic growth
in India and China has increased demand, and thus prices, for
the raw materials that many African countries export. Economic
management in Africa, at least in most places, is better than
it has been in several decades. Democratic development?or
political openness, anyway?is greater than it has been during
much of the period since independence.
Corruption, on the other hand, remains a major problem in
many African countries. Additionally, China?s extraordinary
success in producing cheap manufactured goods appears to
have left African countries?which lack the cheap, productive labor that China has?with few opportunities to attract
the investment that might lead them into world manufacturing
markets. In short, Africa is experiencing some new economic
opportunities but also some new challenges.
Global Challenges
Beginning in the 1990s, major powers began to take greater note
of global and transnational problems when they calculated their
foreign policy and foreign aid policies. For much of that decade,
the focus of this set of concerns, known as global public goods,
was the environment?pollution, loss of plant and animal species,
and loss of the ozone layer. While these transnational concerns (other
than the ozone layer) have not abated, two more have joined them:
infectious disease (above all HIV/AIDS) and climate change (which
was not yet such a prominent concern in the 1990s).
The Bush administration has promised an extraordinary
amount of aid to fight HIV/AIDS worldwide?$30 billion over
the coming five years. Concern over this disease has risen in the
United States as its global impact has become ever more evident,
above all in Africa. The American religious right?long skeptical
of the appropriateness and efficacy of foreign aid?has embraced
fighting HIV/AIDS as the duty of Christians to aid those, especially women and children, who are suffering through no fault of
their own. Although allocations of assistance so far have not kept
pace with pledges, it is possible that fighting this disease will
become the largest element in US foreign aid in the future.
But the next US president will also need to confront the issue
of climate change, the reality and probable impact of which can
no longer be ignored. That impact, incidentally, is expected to
gri50723_01_47814.indd 5 17/08/10 7:51 AM
Annual Editions: Developing World 11/12, 21st Edition 7ANNUAL EDITIONS
6
be particularly damaging to many of the world?s poor countries.
It seems likely, given that the governments of rich countries
only have so much money to spend on development, that some
development money will be shifted over the coming decades
to fund activities intended to combat global warming?perhaps
some of it as incentive payments to encourage governments to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Beyond climate change, two other trends may produce major
development challenges in decades to come: the continuing
growth of the world?s population and the economic growth in
China, India, and elsewhere. Global population is expected to
continue expanding over the coming years?with nearly all of
the growth taking place in the world?s poor countries. Increased
population will mean additional greenhouse gas emissions,
as well as additional pressure on supplies of food, water, and
energy. Economic growth, though it is hoped for and expected,
will exacerbate those pressures, especially as demand for superior foods?meats instead of grains?increases. (A widely
observed growth pattern is that as people?s incomes rise they
demand more protein in their diets in the form of meat and fish.
But producing one pound of beef requires eight pounds of grain,
and this increases pressures on food production systems.)
As for water, pressures on supply are already evident in
Africa, the Middle East, northern China, and the Indian subcontinent. Where adequate water supplies cannot be procured,
threats to human health and well-being emerge, along with
threats to peace, stability, and income growth. Severe tensions
over water already exist in the Middle East, and such situations
are likely to become more common as population continues to
increase. Meanwhile, a growing world population will use more
fossil fuels, which will not only lead to progressively higher
petroleum prices but will also exacerbate global warming.
These trends suggest that the combination of worldwide population growth and income growth needs to be managed carefully if
the planet is to remain livable for our children and grandchildren.
This challenge may prove the greatest of the twenty-first century.
An additional problem affecting development worldwide will
be movements of people. The populations of many rich countries, and China as well, are growing at or below the replacement
rate (with the United States, for reasons that are not entirely
clear, a notable exception). The average age of people in these
countries is rising, and this means that the dependency ratio is
rising as well?each worker is in effect supporting more people.
Unsurprisingly, the demand for additional workers is growing
in these economies, and immigration from poorer countries to
richer ones?from China to Japan, from North Africa and subSaharan Africa to Europe, and from Latin America to the United
States?has exploded. Much of this immigration is illegal.
This movement of people has delivered benefits both to host
countries and to countries of origin. It allows necessary work
to be carried out in host countries while immigrants are able
to send home remittances that finance consumption and investment there. This seems like a win-win arrangement?except that
some citizens of the host countries experience the arrangement
as a threat to their identities and ways of life. Even in the United
States, where national identity is based on the idea of republican
democracy rather than ethnicity, religion, or language, tensions
surrounding immigration are increasingly evident.
Such tensions, in the United States and also in Japan and
Europe, threaten sometimes to erupt into social strife (as indeed
has occurred in recent years in France). It is not clear what will
happen as the irresistible force of immigration continues to collide with the immovable object of host-country resistance, but
certainly if the remittance economy and access to labor are constrained, international development will suffer a setback.
After Poverty
Since the end of the cold war, because we no longer live in a
bipolar world, we have lacked a certain clarity that allowed us to
order our international relations and forge domestic consensus
on urgent problems. Today?s world has a single major power?
and many complex problems that are beyond that power?s ability to resolve. International development is one of them.
Nevertheless, within this complex and fluid world, one discerns a real opportunity?for the first time in history?to eradicate severe poverty worldwide. The resources and know-how are
available and much progress has already been made, especially
in China and, increasingly, in India. It will not be easy to ?make
poverty history? over the coming decades. A great deal needs
to be achieved in education, investment, and governance, and
in addition we must address the issue of migrations of people
away from areas of the world with too few resources to sustain
a minimally acceptable standard of living. The obstacles may be
insuperable in some cases. But the opportunities are there.
Meanwhile, as the traditional development challenge of
reducing poverty is increasingly met, a new development challenge for the twenty-first century emerges: that of ensuring
a livable, peaceful, and prosperous world. This will require
addressing the global problems that arise when growing populations and rising incomes collide with limited resources.
Assess Your Progress
1. What trends account for the current perspective on international development?
2. How has the view of international development changed
over the past five decades?
3. How would you define the terms human development,
human security, and sustainable development?
4. What actors have increasingly come to play a role in
development?
5. What global challenges are likely to affect development in
the future?
Carol Lancaster is an associate professor at Georgetown University?s Walsh School of Foreign Service and director of the university?s
Mortara Center for International Studies. A former deputy administrator of the US Agency for International Development, she is author of
the forthcoming George Bush?s Foreign Aid: Revolution or Chaos?
(Center for Global Development, 2008).
From Current History, January 2008. Copyright ? 2008 by Current History, Inc. Reprinted by permission.
gri50723_01_47814.indd 6 17/08/10 7:51 AM
8 Sociology7

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Position Paper Guidelines - Fall 2002

This semester you will be required to develop a position paper concerning some environmental topic.

1. What type of position paper is required?

Papers for this class should have two distinct sections; the first section will provide an objective, unbiased overview of the opposing sides of some environmental issue, while the second section will provide a critical appraisal of each argument and a stand on which side you would choose. Stated another way, you should imagine that I am an environmental policy maker and you, as one of my staff members, must provide me with a synopsis of some contentious environmental issue. You must also help me arrive at some conclusion about the issue. Therefore, after you provide clear summaries of both sides of the argument, you must take a stand and tell me why one side of the argument is better than the other.

The scale of the issue is not important (local, regional or global); it just has to focus on an environmental topic and must be an issue that has a definite pro and con side. For example, the construction of a nuclear waste dump is a contentious issue - there is a pro side (e.g., economic benefit to a region) and a con side (e.g., the potential production of children in the area that look like one of the aliens from "Mars Attacks"). Other possible topics include the use of genetically engineered organisms in food production, the construction of a dam or some other facility, etc.


2. The paper should follow the format below. Papers that do not follow this format will receive
a failing grade.

?h Title Page: The title should briefly indicate what the paper will be about. Include your name as the author and the date of submission.

?h Statement of the issue in your own words: provide some background on the issue and clearly state why it is important. (1 page maximum)

?h Overview of the first position on the issue: here you will provide a bulleted list of points that collectively supports one side of the issue. You should provide sufficient information to effectively present the argument in an unbiased manner (at least 7 points). You must derive your information from at least five citations. The point here is not to write a paragraph for each paper you find, but to extract only the information that clearly supports one side of the argument. (1 page maximum)

?h Overview of the opposing side of the issue: as above you will provide a bulleted list of points, derived from at least five citations (different from those used above), which supports the opposing argument in an unbiased manner. (1 page maximum)

?h Critical analysis of the arguments and a clear stand on one side or the other: comment on the strengths and weaknesses of each side of the argument. State which side you support and clearly explain why.
Note: while your stand on the argument is going to be somewhat subjective, you still have to clearly support your choice - vague statements and generalizations in this section will lower your final grade. (2-3 pages)

?h Literature Cited: Alphabetized list of references (at least 10 in total) used in the paper. The style of your bibliography should follow the Harvard system of referencing (name-year sequence). If you have any questions concerning bibliographic format, please ask!! See the last page for sample references.


Example:

Issue: Should abandoned coal mines in Central Appalachia be used as solid waste repositories?

Overview: This would be a few paragraphs that briefly present the history of coal mining in the region, the changes that brought about closure of the mines and the economic impact associated with that closure. It would then go on to discuss the need to reinvigorate the area economically, and may even mention other approaches that are being used to draw additional money into the area.

Pro side:

?h Central Appalachia is one of the most economically depressed areas in the United States. The use of abandoned coal mines as solid waste repositories will bring an estimated $5 million per year into the Appalachian region (Smith 1998).

?h Most coal mines are dug into ground that is very stable and solid, thus limiting the potential for leakage (Brown 1982).

?h The majority of mines in this region are "dry mines" that do not penetrate below the water table (Green 1996)

?K?K?K and then proceed with at least 4 more points (and at least 2 more different references) supporting the use of the mines in this manner.


Con side:

?h The region is characterized by significant geologic activity, which brings the potential for formation of cracks that could allow waste to leak out of the mines (Jones 1990).

?h A similar waste site established in central Kentucky did not generate enough income to be financially viable (Dale et al. 1998). ?K?K?K and so on with at least 5 more points derived from at least 3 more references.


Critical appraisal: Try to pick each argument apart. For example, studies from the pro side may not provide much actual data to support their argument, while for the con side you may have found ample real-world evidence that indicates this is a dangerous proposition.

The most challenging aspect of this paper will be to stay as objective as possible when presenting the two arguments. Try to avoid "stacking the deck" in your favor by choosing particularly bad papers for one side or the other.


Other General Guidelines:

?h Papers must be typed, double-spaced with a 10-11 font size and @1-inch margins on all sides.

?h Use no more than 3 Internet references - all other citations must be from published books or scientific journals. Although I discourage the use of popular press magazine articles, they will be accepted as long as they are limited in number (no more than 2-3).

?h All references must be from 1980 onward! No exceptions!!


Sample bibliographic references:


Citations to Journal articles:

Authors last name, first initial. Year. Article title. Journal title and volume: pages.

Brewer, L., Smith, A.C., and Jones, E.L. 1993. Effects of methyl parathion in ducks and duck broods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7: 375-379.


Citations to Books:

Authors last name, first initial. Year. Book title. Publisher''s name: city of publisher; pages cited.

Engler, E. 1995. Environmental science. William C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque, Iowa; pp. 125-134.


Citation to Internet sources:

Authors last name, first initial. Year. Title. Name of organization operating remote server. Complete path
to document.

Johnson, A. 1994. Acid rain FAQs. California Department of Energy.
http://www.ns.doe.ca/aeb/ssd/Acid/acidFAQ.html




Citation of references in the bulleted list or critical analysis sections:

Citations should indicate the name(s) of the author and the year. For example:

Mallard duck behavior is altered by exposure to methyl parathion (Brewer et al. 1993).

or

Brewer et al. (1993) demonstrated that the pesticide methyl parathion can alter the behavior of mallard ducks.

This is for the coursework Assignment. The topic details, reference book and web page references are shown below. There are four questions to be answered, the first three questions shall be two pages and fourth question shall be one page.



Peacekeepers of the Northeast: The Iroquois Confederacy

Reading Assignment

1. Kehoe, North American Indians, Chapter 5
2. Biolsi and Zimmerman, Indians and Anthropologists, Chapter 9
Introduction

In this unit we concentrate on the northeastern portion of the United States, surveying both the united tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy and the Huron people outside the Confederacy. As you read, pay particular attention to the Iroquoian-speaking groups. The material on the Algonkian speakers should serve as background information for you and perhaps inspire you to research one of these groups in more detail for your paper.
The Iroquois Confederacy, the League of Five Nations, the League of the Iroquois, and the League of Six Nations all refer confusingly to the same alliance of Northeast tribes that was brought about by the legendary Hiawentah to bring peace to warring tribes. To those outside the League, it meant only a greater concentration of enemies against them and their territory. This unit traces the history of the League, the culture and organization of the Northeast tribes, and their contribution to the United States Constitution. You will see in the Biolsi and Zimmerman reading, however, that the history of the Iroquois is rife with disagreement, and perspectives depend largely on who is relating the history--whites or Indians. The reading also shows the difficulties that scholars, particularly anthropologists, have in presenting perspectives not their own. Although not a flattering portrait of scholars versus Iroquois people, it will alert you to the complexity of historical accuracy and the many layers and viewpoints associated with any historical event.
Objectives

In this unit, you will learn about the following:

1. The mythical and historical creation of the Great Council of Peace a thousand years ago, whose traditions and responsibilities are still upheld today by the current peacekeeper.
2. The effects of the fur trade on the Iroquois League, followed by colonization of tribal lands by white settlers, and the response of Handsome Lake to these events.
3. The conditions of the League and non-League tribes today and their impact on academia.
Commentary

In the Kehoe reading, we return briefly to the Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods of the Northeast and find that this area has been inhabited since at least 7000 B.C. As with the other areas that you've studied so far, the Archaic period was a time of stabilization for climate, plants, and game, and allowed the development of technology and lifestyles based on the environmental conditions. Read Section 1 of the Kehoe chapter for this unit for general background only. You will not be tested on this material, but you should be aware of the continuity from prehistory to the present.
Because this area not only presents some of our most distorted stereotypes of Indians (for example, Hiawatha, the "last of the Mohicans," and Squanto) but also lends itself to a great deal of confusion, let us clear up a couple of points before proceeding.
First of all, a group of tribes in and around what is now the state of New York who spoke the Iroquoian language have been designated as the Iroquois, but it is important to keep in mind that there is no one tribe called Iroquois, a word which came from the French and was used to designate the language family. The Iroquois tribes are the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, all of central New York State, who, with the later addition of the Tuscarora, became the Iroquois Confederacy. Surrounding these tribes were the Huron, Tionontati, Neutral, Erie, and Susquehannock, also Iroquoian speakers but not included in the Confederacy.
Second, Longfellow's famous poem has set Hiawatha firmly in American folklore as an Ojibwe of the Great Lakes. Although we know that this is inaccurate, there is still disagreement on whether Hiawentah (his real name) was Mohawk or Onondaga, two closely related tribes from central New York.
Finally, a distinction can be made between Iroquoian and Algonkian tribes: The Iroquoian-speaking people were more intensive farmers, with denser and more permanent populations, and were characterized by their distinctive dwellings, the longhouses. Algonkian tribes, inhabiting regions farther north, were generally hunters and gatherers with a less formal social and political organization.

The League of Five Nations

According to Onondaga legends, the League of Five Nations was created one thousand years ago. European explorers put the date in the late sixteenth century, or about five hundred years ago. The date is less important than the event, the creation of a great league of peace.
Why was a great peace required? Archaeological evidence reveals Iroquois towns heavily fortified with as many as three concentric log palisades, situated far enough from rivers to avoid silent attack from canoes. Clearly at war with each other and surrounding Algonkian tribes, these five central tribes must have found life difficult. Nor was peace easy to obtain. We read of Hiawentah and Dekanawida traveling up and down the land, preaching the message of alliance to suspicious Iroquois towns, and we must applaud the diplomacy and statesmanship that finally brought bitter enemies together in a grand council. At this council, too, a Tree of Peace was planted in a hole into which, prior to planting, had been thrown weapons of war to symbolize that the allies would no longer lift a hand against each other--hence the phrase "to bury the hatchet."
According to the Iroquois people themselves, the purpose of the Great Peace was to set down the principles by which the Iroquois would henceforth live, principles of spiritual well-being followed by the welfare of the people. Kehoe argues that the purpose was less for peace and more for the acquisition of large tracts of land that could be safely farmed to support a population necessary to raid and make war upon more distant and unallied towns. Whatever the motive, the League became a powerful force in the Northeast and won the respect and admiration of its enemies for at least the next five centuries.

People of the Longhouse

It is not surprising that a metaphorical symbol to celebrate the alliance was the Longhouse of the League. In reality, the Iroquois had lived in permanent longhouses for a long time. Agriculture in the form of corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers led to sedentary and increased populations, as we have seen previously. As is also usual with agricultural groups, clans descended through the mother, as well as property such as fields and houses. For the Iroquois, however, things took a slightly different turn. The power of the women in politics was considerably greater, since they alone had the right to choose or depose a sachem (leader). And instead of maintaining separate households in a town, as did the Cherokee, or forming the nucleus for an extended homestead, such as we saw with the Navajo head mothers, each matrilineal Iroquois clan inhabited its own dwelling, the longhouse.
These houses were often up to 400 feet long, 22 feet wide, and 30 feet high, housing fifteen to twenty families. Because elm bark was the major building material, fire was a constant hazard. The longhouses were generally faced into the prevailing northwest winds, with the hope that if a fire broke out, it would sweep back along one longhouse rather than jump to its neighbors.
As many as one hundred people lived in each longhouse, along with their most valued and commonly used possessions and, in the winter, their dogs. Early French explorers noted that the interiors were smoky, even with smoke holes above each hearth, and that most of the adults suffered from eye ailments. Lice were also an ever-present plague. In addition to the physical stress, for the Iroquois men, at least, there was also a psychological stress in that, as with other matrilineal cultures, the husband moved into his wife's home, where he remained a clan outsider. To make matters worse, because hunting and warfare dictated the frequent absence of the men, the women managed the homes and towns, the child rearing, and the food production, and left the husbands with little to do between raids, a situation that could scarcely have pleased either the overworked wives or the underworked husbands.
Division of labor was much stricter among the Iroquois than among any other group that you have studied thus far. For example, a man would not cook food in a village under any circumstances. If he had no wife, mother, or sister, or, for that matter, any woman who might be willing to take care of him, he would be forced to go hungry or, in extreme cases, starve to death. Fear of humiliation and a high sense of honor went hand in hand for Iroquois males, and suicide was not unusual for a man who faced shame and ridicule--for example, for being left by his wife or for being unable to pay gambling debts. Parents were especially indulgent with their children, fearing they would commit suicide if they were treated severely.

The Fur Trade

While the council fires burned brightly in the Iroquois League of Five Nations, tribes such as the Huron, Neutral, Erie, Petun, and surrounding Algonkian peoples, who had not been invited to join the League, were finding a new source of wealth--Dutch, French, and English traders. Throughout the seventeenth century the demand for furs to make felt hats for Europeans was insatiable, and it was the Huron and the other nonallied tribes who were the first to benefit. Metal tools and cooking pots, beads and colored cloth, and, most important, guns and ammunition were offered in exchange for all the beaver furs the tribes could produce. The Huron, who controlled access to the fur-rich lands above Lake Ontario and who had made a name for themselves already as a principal Northeast trading nation as far west as Wisconsin, were in an excellent situation. They could trade for furs along established trade routes, and they had exclusive access to the French suppliers. To the east and southeast, the Algonkians blocked the Iroquois League from both the English and the Dutch.
As with other tribes that you've studied so far, the arrival of these Europeans effected massive changes in Indian life. With the Five Nations, two changes were most profound. First, to profit from the fur trade, the Five Nations in the 1630s nearly wiped out the beaver population in their territory through intensive trapping, a previously unheard-of event. Second, after contact with the Dutch and acquisition of guns and ammunition, the Five Nations turned to all-out war against the Huron, again an unheard-of situation. In 1648 and 1649, a real army of over a thousand League warriors descended upon five Huron towns and totally destroyed them.
Following this total warfare, the League then overran the Erie Nation and then the Susquehannock, taking over territories evacuated in the face of their onslaughts and incorporating refugees into their ranks as full-fledged clan members. In 1713 the Tuscarora became the sixth nation of the League as the Five Nations struggled to gain a monopoly throughout the entire area.
You will read of the complexities of the fur trade in Kehoe, but you are encouraged to concentrate on the effects on the Iroquois Indians of the Northeast. These include an increasing dependency on European goods, the loss of traditional skills of hunting and toolmaking, and the introduction of alcohol. The forms of payment for furs--alcohol, flour, tea, guns, and ammunition--were all destructive to Iroquois subsistence. Trading posts became magnets for the Indians between trapping trips, with the traders nominating one man as the leader with whom they would deal, thus bypassing the traditional role of Iroquois women in decision making. Matrilocality--the practice whereby the husband moved to the wife's home--was also disrupted by extended stays at the trading posts. Perhaps unintentionally, then, traders imposed on the Northeast tribes their own European patterns of work groups, family structure, and authority.
The final result of the fur trade was poverty. As fur-bearing animals were trapped out and game became scarce, more and more time was required to gather furs to buy a tool, a bolt of cloth, or an item of food from the trading post, leaving little or no time to work fields that, at any rate, had been long neglected in the migration to the trading posts. Old skills of toolmaking had been lost, as had the ability to live off the land. Long-established Indian trading routes also broke down, since the people were unable to amass goods for trade. On average, the relative affluence of the initial contact with fur traders lasted about a generation; from then on, for most tribes, it was downhill to defeat, demoralization, and inexorable decline.

The Eighteenth Century and Beyond

While England, France, and later the new United States of America fought each other for control of the new country, the League of Six Nations generally sided with the English. The American Revolution posed an especially knotty dilemma for the Iroquois. From their perspective, it was a war between Englishmen and none of their business. Their English allies, however, expected their support. To the relief of the rebels, the League decided that as long as both sides respected Iroquois sovereignty, the League would remain neutral.
Neutrality was short-lived, however. An invasion into League homeland by rebel forces so angered the Iroquois that they agreed to fight with the British, with the exception of the Oneida, who sided with the rebels. As a result, nations of the League fought each other for the first time since the Great Peace had been established.
Alas, the end was the same for all the Iroquois, regardless of whether they fought for or against the Americans. Treaties following the war claimed United States jurisdiction over all Indian lands upon Britain's surrender (Britain being seen as having the right to surrender Indian lands as well as their own), and small reservations were set up for the mighty Iroquois Nations in New York.
Parceled out (as were the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast) to various missionary denominations, plagued by alcoholism, and utterly bereft of old skills, the broken League faced tough times by the end of the 1700s. Into this period of demoralization came the message of Handsome Lake, a revitalization movement similar in intent to the Ghost Dance of the Plains but advocating more concrete measures than dancing the white people away. The most important part of Handsome Lake's message was the ban against drinking. Although he advocated that the Iroquois men work the fields as American men did, in contrast with the Iroquois custom of women growing and harvesting the crops, he incorporated Iroquois religious beliefs and traditional rituals into his Good Word. The message of Handsome Lake was eagerly accepted by the Iroquois and helped many communities improve their deteriorated conditions.
Stronger, or perhaps just more stubborn than the Southeast tribes, the Iroquois successfully resisted the removal policy of the 1830s, helped by the Quakers in their midst, who won exemption for the League tribes. Individual ownership of land was also resisted, mainly by Iroquois women, who realized it would break their clan-based cooperative power, force them and their children into dependency upon the men, and constrict their economic base. In the past, by sharing the labor among adult women so that none were unduly burdened, the women had freed the men to seek additional resources through hunting, raids, or trade. With the women retaining the right to work the fields and to share the produce communally within their clans, Iroquois men hunted and trapped furs, then felled and rafted timbers and worked on railroads and in construction. Most recently, they have become sought-after high-steel construction workers.
As you will read in Kehoe, individual League nations have continued to struggle for their rights--for example, the Mohawk insist on the right to freely cross the border between the United States and Canada. Only the Oneida were dispossessed, betrayed by a Christian Iroquois and unscrupulous land speculators. Despite the protests of the Oneida sachems, they were forced to Wisconsin, to land ceded by the Menominee. The Mohicans who had taken refuge with the Oneida in New York were also forced to Wisconsin, where they now reside on the tiny Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation sharing a common boundary with the Menominee Reservation. The Mohican language vanished in the 1980s in Wisconsin with the deaths of the last Mohican-speaking elders.
Of all the Iroquois tribes, the Onondaga remain the strongest. As fire keepers and wampum keepers, this tiny nation in central New York has retained its continuity with the League of Six Nations. In recent years, its prominence has been emphasized by the appointment of Oren Lyons as chief by the clan mothers. An artist who gave up a successful career in New York City to answer the summons of the clan mothers, Lyons has traveled and written extensively, addressed the United Nations, and played a major role in the World Council of Religions.
Relative success has not come without its cost. In the 1980s, the Onondaga clan mothers reached a painful decision to eject nearly 25 percent of the people without clan affiliations from the nation. The decision was aimed at all Onondaga men who had married white women and returned to the nation to live because housing was cheaper, medical and educational services were free, and no state taxes were levied on tribal income. Since clan descent is reckoned matrilineally, the children from these unions were not considered Onondaga. Looking to the future, the clan mothers foresaw a time when scanty nation resources would support a large number of non-Onondaga people, so they ruled that all residents not affiliated with a clan must leave. The result was the breakup of many families, with white mothers and children forced to leave the nation and their husbands choosing to remain behind. When entire families migrated out, Onondaga grandparents were left with only the children of their daughters in close proximity; the children of their sons, being non-Onondaga, were moved to surrounding cities. Whether right or wrong, the decision has strengthened the unity of the nation and reaffirmed the power and authority of the clan mothers.
As a final note on the Northeast Iroquois, we observe that in the late 1980s the United States government formally thanked the League of Six Nations for its contribution to the federal political structure framed by the founding fathers. It was the concept of the great council, the representation of each village and nation at the council, and the binding agreements reached at the council that inspired the drafters of the Constitution and served as a model for America's own Congress. The recognition was perhaps two hundred years late, but for the surviving peoples of the League of Six Nations it was nonetheless welcome.
Summary

The distinctive longhouses and fortified towns of the Iroquois of the Northeast demonstrate a long history of warfare among these tribes. The Great Peace, developed by Hiawentah and the Huron Dekanawida, brought peace to central New York. It brought strength to five Iroquois nations--the Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, Mohawk, and Oneida (later to be joined by the Tuscarora)--and made the League a force to be reckoned with for European arrivals. The insatiable demand by Europeans for fur originally brought prosperity to the Northeast tribes, particularly those such as the Huron outside the League. But disaster was the result when the League attempted to penetrate the lucrative trade, first trapping out its own territory and then turning on non-League members in wars of extermination.
Attempts to remain neutral during the American Revolution proved futile for the League, and when the Oneida sided with the rebels, the Great Peace was jeopardized. For the other nations, England's loss spelled their own, and they were forced onto tiny reservations in central New York. The message of Handsome Lake brought a revival of Iroquois beliefs and culture that endures today, most notably with the Onondaga Nation, which retains its position as first among equals in the League. Successfully resisting removal and individual land allotments, the Iroquois peoples remain a strong and viable force among the Indians of the Northeast and an example for tribes across the country.
Web Resources

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For a different perspective of the Iroquois Six Nations today, see the following Web site:
httyp://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/6Nations/

Note: We make every effort to keep this information as current as possible. However, Internet Web sites and their addresses occasionally change without notice. If you encounter any difficulty in accessing the Internet Web sites, please contact your instructor for help.



Please answer the following questions. Please limit your answers to two pages each.


1. Briefly describe Iroquoian cultures prior to, or at the time of, contact, including housing, subsistence, clan descent, and settlement patterns. What similarities do you see between the Iroquois and the Cherokee from the last unit? To what do you attribute the similarities?
2. Trace the effects of the fur trade on the League and non-League nations of the Northeast. Pay particular attention to the changes in lifestyle brought about by the trade and contrast them with the traditional lifestyle.
3. Revitalization movements are not uncommon among oppressed and exploited peoples. Both the shattered Plains culture and the broken Iroquois League turned to visionary and mystical means to cope with drastic changes in their lives. Briefly compare the Ghost Dance of the Plains and the message of Handsome Lake to the Iroquois. Why do you think the white Americans reacted so differently to the movements (that is, fear of the Ghost Dancers and tolerance for the Handsome Lake followers)? You might want to consider the general attitudes toward Indians at these two times and in these places in this portion of your answer.
4. After browsing the Six Nations Web site (see Web Resources), describe a current issue that the Iroquois League is addressing, e.g., political, environmental, participation in the United Nations, and so forth.