My research topic will be Eating disordered mothers influence to the cause of unhealthy eating behavior on daughters
The Question : Do mothers with eating disorders project unhealthy eating habits on their daughter?
OR
:Do mother's with eating disorders have daughters with eating disorders?

Guidelines/ General Instruction

Review of the Literature (ROL)
1. Empirical Literature
a. Introduction to the ROL
b. Review of the relevant articles
c. Summary paragraph that summarizes the major points you made, Identifies gaps in the literature, and rationale for exploring the problem through research
d. Possible research question
2. Theoretical Literature identification and brief explanation of a nursing or other framework that could be used to explore the problem

There are faxes for this order.

Instructions: Topic Compare and Contrast Food and Eating Behaviors on 3-4 different cultures. The page must be at least 8 pages and if 3-4 cultures are not enough for this paper you can use up to 5 cultures. Here is a list to choose from: Thai, Japan, India, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Brazil, Poland, Korea, Germany, Sweden, Irish, Canada, Denmark, French, American, Italian, Britain, Mexico, Spain, and Russia. Choose whatever is easier. The paper must be at least 8 pages, double-spaced, and must have in-text citations. Examples: (author, year, Page number), (Author, year), (Some of title, year, page #) see what is available. All quotes or paraphrases must be citied and I should be able to find your references. This paper is APA and it needs at least 5 sources. You can also use your own thoughts in the paper as well as the references. Thank you so much.

I need this research example of a quantitative study critiqued. STUDY: the relationship among self-esteem, stress, coping, eating behavior, and depressive mood in adolescents. PROBLEM STATEMEN...T: The prevalence of adolescent overweight has increased from 5% to 17% over the past 30 years in the U.S. There are serious long term health consequences for adolescents who are overweight. In addition, all overweight adolescents who are overweight are at increase risk for depressive mood and clinical depression. Overweight adolescents tend to remain overweight as adults, with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The overall estimated economic burden of obesity in the nation for the year 2002 was 93 billion dollars. Self esteem is associated with overeating and weight gain in adolescents, and stress -induced eating and inadequate coping skills have been related to overeating and obeisty in adults. Important questions rmein about the relationship of self esteem, stress, social support, and coping to eating patterns in racially/ehtically diverse male and female adolescents. STATMENT OF PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine relationship among self-esteem, stress, social support, and coping and test a model of their effects on eating behavior and depressive mood in a sample of high school students. RESEARCH QUESTION: The authors posed 3 research questions about the study variables ( Does the use of food as a coping mechanism relate to being overweight? one question focused on mediating variable: Does coping mediate the relationship of low self esteem, increased stress, and decreased social support with the outcomes of unhealthy eating behavior and depressive mood. HYPOTHESIS: it was hypothesized that adolescents with low self esteem, increased stress, and decreased social support would predominantly use avoidance mechanisms of coping, which would in turn mediate the negative outcomes of unhealthy eating and depressive moods. STUDY METHODS: The study conducted with a multiracial sample of 102 students from 2 public high schools in midwestern US. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. KEY FINDINGS: The results indicated tha low self-esteem and stress were related to avoidant coping and depressive mood. Also, low self-esteem and avoidant coping were related to unhealthy eating, thus offering partial support for the researcher's hypothesis. Thes questions need to be answered from the above research example: 1) What is the research problem? Is the problem statement easy to locate and is it clearly stated? Does the problem statement build a cogent and persuasive argment for the new study? 2) Does the problem have significance for nursing? How might the research contribute to nursing practice, administration, education, or policy? 3) Is there a good fit between the research problem and the paradigm within the research was conducted? 4) Does the report formally present a statement of purpose, research question and/or hypothesis? Is this information communicated clearly and concisely, and is it placed in a logical and useful location? 5) Are purpose statements or questions worded appropriately? For example are key concepts/variables identified an is the population of interest specified? Are verbs use appropriately to suggest the nature of and/pr the research tradition. 6) If there are no formal hypothesis, is their absence justified? Are statistical tess used in analyzing the data despite the absence of stated hypothesis? 7) Do hypothesis (if any) flow from a theory or previous research? Is there a justifiable basis for the predictions? 8) Are hypothesis (if any) properly worded- do they state a predicted relationship between 2 or more variablesL Are they directional or nondirectional, and is there a rational for how they were stated? Are they presented as research or as a null hypothesis? The answers to the question cannot be a simply yes or n answer, they have to be followed by and explaination.  more

Essay question:
Critically discuss why the concept of food has become increasingly popular as a leisure activity.

Background Information:
Food for many people is not solely about just... the 'food as fuel'. Food, for some, has taken on aspects of a leisure activity: shopping [for example farmer?s markets], eating, cooking, reading, TV viewing, blogging etc.

?The purpose of the essay is to investigate the concept of food as a leisure experience, and build your understanding of what consumers are looking for and why. This understanding is important in recognising how and why many food experiences are structured the way they are (eg, cooking TV show: Masterchef) , and how they are interlinked with other cultural experiences. For the hospitality practitioner, this understand is central to the management of any food and beverage operation.



In essay body, I would like to include these major factors which have changed the concept of food as a leisure activity.

? The globalisation
- It has led a stable and abundant food supply at national and international levels which therefore creates a greater variety of food choices for people.


? Media impact
- Mass medias such as culinary TV programmes and recipe books etc designed to entertain viewers by helping them acquire new knowledge and skills of cooking, have changed the notion of cooking as a fun activity by unique ways (igniting in the general public a passion for food and innovative cookery).

- Recipe books edited by famous celebrity chefs / restaurant review websites engage the viewer?s interests and curiosity making them want to have more new and dining experience. (increasing portions of society that are excited to dine out at restaurants as this gives them the opportunity to learn more and understand the artistry and different techniques that can be used in cooking, as well as exposing them to new foods and different tastes.)


? Contemporary philosophy of food (Today, besides physiological needs, higher-level needs are the consumer?s major motivations of food consumptions.)

- People?s eating behaviour has changed/transformed by modernity?consider eating as an experience of food as a part of their status, psychological fulfilment, and considering restaurants as a public space for socialisation.

- Maintaining high quality of food (the process of cooking, ingredients, tastes, visual presentation, inherent theme etc) is important for food service operator.

- Consumers are becoming more like sensational seekers.
- The strategy reflects the innovative concept or novelty is the key to successful food industry.



p.s. In these points, I would like to focus on describing the details of ?Impacts of Mass Media? and ?Contemporary philosophy of food? to clarify and expand the arguments towards the essay topic.
Overall, I would like to emphasise the idea of ?experience engagement by stimulating people?s sense and participation? in the essay.  more

This is a journal article review which includes its literature review, hypothesis, methodology, result, discussion, strengths and own understanding.Choose any article in the annotated bibliography I w...ill provide.
1. Topic: what is the research about?
2. Previous study: What has the previous study found out?
3. Hypothesis:
4. Methodology: what method did the author use?
5. result and discussion: Provide the statistics result then what they mean.
6.what are strengths of the research
7. own analysis

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAST FOOD AND CHILD OBESITY 2


Thesis Statement


This study aims to identify the underlying correlation of fast food capitals and the increasing rate of child obesity. The system of fast food is prevalent in all countries, with each country having its own variations of types of items served and the nature of establishments serving. The popularity of fast food is due to convenience of fast service, packaged food and low cost. All over the place is an ad on fast food now a day. Now major fast food industries try to make their product seem as healthy as possible. It is possible that the convenience is influencing the growth of childhood obesity in the United States. Understanding the correlation between these two factors is vital in producing a solution. The children and youth will one-day influence the dynamics of the world. Healthy choices should be made available to all. Influencing life decisions and daily aspects, all children deserve healthier choices.

















ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3


Chou, S. (2008). Fast food restaurants advertising on television and it?s influence on childhood obesity. The Journal of Law & Economics, 51, 599-618.

This study performs a survey to see the effects of fast food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents being overweight. The 1979 Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were employed to conduct research. The advertising measure used is the number of hours of spot television fast-food restaurant advertising messages seen per week. The results indicate that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3-11 in a fixed population by 10 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12-18 by 12 percent. Finding out why fast food is unhealthy is just not enough. People know this and still choose to eat it. This article shows the message fast food companies portray to get consumers to buy their product. Since children are watching television more than ever it makes sense that fast food corporations advertise on commercials. Advertising is the most direct way children will be exposed to a certain product. Understanding how this works will allow a better insight on the correlation of fast food to child obesity.









ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4


Darwin, A. (2008). Childhood obesity: Is it abuse? The Children?s Voice, 17, 4-24.

This study performs a content analysis of state courts that have heard cases involving children whose obesity threatened life or health, and whose parents were unable or unwilling to follow medical orders to reduce their children's weight. With childhood obesity increasing across the nation at dramatic rates, courts and child welfare systems in many states are facing novel issues. One of these issues is whether children whose weight poses serious dangers to life or health are properly considered neglected when their parents disobey medical orders to put them on diets. This study shows the seriousness of the degree of overweight children in our country. In the United States the ramifications of obesity are more severe for children than for adults. This study also shows that obesity deprives youngsters of many of the social and physical activities. Obese children often endure excessive teasing, social stigmatization, and discrimination by their peers. Children, especially very young ones, often have little or no control over what they eat and how much they exercise. Parents dictate this, serving as strong role models who shape their children's eating and exercise habits early in life. Who is to blame for this increasing problem? By giving a look how the legal system is used in implementing a healthier society, there is always something that can be done to help.




ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

Eagle, T. (2012). Understanding childhood obesity in America: Linkages between household income, community resources, and children?s behaviors. The American Heart Journal, 163, 816-837.

This study uses a survey to see the correlation of childhood obesity and household income. Understanding childhood obesity's root causes is critical to the creation of strategies to improve children's health. This study gives us a variation of the types of household?s influence on children. Also, how behavior is depicted and its overall correlation to childhood obesity. In Massachusetts, percentage of overweight by community varied from 9.6% to 42.8%. As household income dropped, percentage of overweight/obese children rose. In Michigan sixth graders, as household income goes down, frequency of fried food consumption per day doubles. Whereas vegetable consumption and moderate/vigorous exercise go down. Basically this study shows the prevalence of overweight children rises in communities with lower household income. Children residing in lower income communities exhibit poorer dietary and physical activity behaviors, which affect obesity. This gives a different aspect of the increasing rate of childhood obesity in our country. Households do have an affect on one?s health as well.



ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6

Evans, D. (2006). Changing perceptions of the childhood obesity epidemic. American Journal of Health Behavior, 2, 167-176.

This study conducts a survey of US households about perceived severity, causes, and support for specific obesity interventions. This shows the increasing rate of obesity in our country and around the world. Obesity is now a leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and it costs over $93 billion in medical expenditures. It also shows obesity epidemic extremely prevalent among children and adolescents. Today, 15% of children and adolescents combined are overweight. By giving us an overall view of the situation we can see the affect on a larger scale. Also comparing other countries rates will be useful to see how our country differs. Some objectives of this study are also to examine changes in public attitudes about obesity in the context of a changing social and environment policy around the issue. Since the United States public is becoming increasingly aware of the public health issue, spreading education about rising obesity rates will be easier. Also by allowing a cultural factor, will prove useful in creating a variation of the situation. It is important to see how other countries are dealing with this epidemic.



ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7
Fraser, L. (1998). Fast food and obesity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-248.

This study is a spatial analysis of a large population of children aged 13-15 in our country. It clearly shows that the childhood obesity epidemic is a current public health priority in many countries, and the consumption of fast food has been associated with obesity. The method to this study was that a weighted accessibility score of the number of fast-food outlets within a 1-km network buffer of the participant's residence at age 13 years was calculated. Then geographically weighted regression was used to assess the relationships between fast-food consumption at age 13 years and weight status at ages 13 and 15 years, and separately between fast-food accessibility and consumption. An interesting conclusion was found in this study. Of course there is a continued need for nutritional education regarding fast food, but public health interventions that place restrictions on the location of fast-food outlets may not decrease consumption. Educating the public is very important in informing about the results of consuming excess fast food. This study shows the relationship between fast-food consumption and obesity as well as the relationship between fast-food outlet access and consumption. By proving this correlation further means of intervention can be made.




ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 8


Grotz, L. (2006). A look at food industry responses to the rising prevalence of overweight. Nutrition Reviews, 68, 48-52.

This study is a content analysis on food industries dealing with the growing problem of obesity. Firstly marketing and academic research are done to help the food industry to understand whether its consumers have an interest in new food choices. This shows that there have been efforts among food and beverage companies to help increase our knowledge about the factors contributing to overweight. Also to investigate product and marketing changes that may help reduce the risk of weight gain. Fast food corporations have taken interactive guidance from government and health institutions on the best strategies to take. This study allows an insight from the cooperation side. How they deal with the problem is vital in resolving it. Having this cooperation perspective will give notice on how to go about this epidemic from a business standpoint. Of course the fast food industry?s main objective is to turn a profit, but now at what cost? With the world watching closes, important choices will define their role in our culture. To resolve this problem, corporate resolve is needed with interactive guidance from government and health institutions on the best strategies to take. Also by supporting the best method to take.




ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9


Horst, K. (2006). A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youths. Oxford University Press, 22, 203-226.

This study is a content analysis of research previous conducted on observational studies on environmental correlates of energy, fat, fruit/vegetable, snack/fast food and soft drink intakes in children (4?12 years) and adolescents (13?18 years). This study shows the role the environment plays in shaping the dietary behavior of youth, particularly in the context of obesity. The most consistent associations were found between parental intake and children's fat, fruit/vegetable intakes, parent and sibling intake with adolescent's energy and fat intakes and parental education with adolescent's fruit/vegetable intake. Showing environmental factors is much needed in seeing all the variables associated with childhood obesity. In this study, environmental factors are predominantly studied at the household level and then focus on sociocultural and economic aspects. Most associations were found between the parent?s intake and education. By viewing one?s household environment, a more deliberate analysis of fast food correlation to health can be made. This will allow a more accurate prediction of resolving the situation. Environmental factors are essential in showing a correlation between fast food consumption and childhood obesity.




ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 10

Kumanyika, S. (2008). Environmental influences on childhood obesity: Ethnic and cultural influences. Purdue University Ingestive Behavior Research Center Symposium, 94, 1-7.

This study is a content analysis on identifying key environmental variables promoting weight gain and to determine how they interact with our various biologies. This gives an in depth view on what we eat can cause obesity and other associated disorders such as, metabolic syndrome. The main focus is the development of the issue. By examining how different environmental variables influence eating behavior and weight regulation of children and adolescents. These variables might alter various physiological systems. Addressing these relationships will lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying obesity and eating disorders in our youth. This study examines brain activation in response to food consumption Reduced activity was observed in limbic regions directly related to evaluation of food stimuli, including the primary taste cortex in the insula, adjacent frontal operculum, orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia regions connected to the insula that are involved in evaluating food reward. By also focusing on the biological responses to food consumption, a better analysis of the epidemic can be made. Prevention and treatment are the steps to have success in this nature. The study also shows cultural influences as in relation to environmental factors.


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 11

Lewin, A. & Lindstrom, L. (2006). Food industry address childhood obesity. Journal of Public Health Policy, 27, 327-348.

This study is a content analysis of the food industry addressing childhood obesity. In the United States, obesity rates among children have more than doubled since the late 1970s. Similar trends are also occurring in other countries. As a result of increasing evidence that advertising induces children to eat too much of the wrong kinds of food, many food companies have come under increasing pressure to produce more nutritious products. In 2005, at the request of the World Health Organization (WHO), a conducted field comparisons of the promises and practices of two leading food companies, Mcdonalds and Kraft Foods were made. This study shows these comparisons and their implications for national policies to prevent childhood obesity. It is extremely important to see the correlations of major fast food corporation?s policies and actions. Viewing how fast food companies deal with this uprising dilemma from a health standpoint is vital. This will bring about a better understanding of what has been done and what is needed to be done. This study comes to a conclusion that regulatory intervention is needed, by showing evidence that links food marketing to children's health. By proving this correlation, the spread of educational awareness is next.



ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 12

Strauss, R. (1996). Childhood obesity. The Pediatric Clinics of North America, 49, 175-201.

This study is a content analysis of obesity rates in countries around the world. Today it is estimated that there are more than 300 million obese people worldwide. This also shows childhood overweight increases the risk for certain medical and psychological conditions. Eighty percent of overweigh 10-14 year old adolescents are at risk of becoming overweight adults compared to 25% of overweight preschool children (less than 5 years old) and 50% of 6-9 year old overweight children. Also obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the developed part of the world with as many as 30-40% of adults being already obese and the incidence in children and adolescent is rising. By allowing correlations to arise from even cultural boundaries is significant. This epidemic is not just in our country but around the world. Changes in environmental and social factors are likely the main explanation for doubling of severe childhood obesity over the last 30 years. Action needs to be taken now because it has been projected that by the year 2030 levels of obesity could be as high as 50-80% in the USA, between 30-40% in Australia, England and Mauritius and over 20% in some developing countries.



recommend Food industry address childhood obesity or Changing perceptions of the childhood obesity epidemic article  more

Research paper instructions:
part 1: What type of clinical issure does this study address and why have you selected it?
Part 2: Relate the study to some existing literature or references such ...as the articles, books, or journals that you selected
Part 3: Explain what you were expecting to find in analyzing this study.
Discussion or narrative: a) In this section, discuss, in detail, your analysis of the topic, the etiology, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment. Relate the topic to one or more of the psychological issues in clinicl psychology.
b) Be sure to include some background information about the topic and the psychological issues (s) that are presented.
c) Explain the intervention strategies you would select to address the psychological disorder(s).

Do not list any internet references. Do not list wikipedia as a source. Be sure that all citations in the articles are listed on reference page. All quotes and pages number need to be listed in the paper.

I have three articles and I will fax over the 4th references I took from a book.

Articles: Bell, B. t., Lawson, R., Dittmar, H. (2007). The impact of thin models in music videos on adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction. Body image, 4, pg. 137-145.
Ata, R., N., Ludden, A., B., Lally, M., M.(2007). The effects of gender and family, friend, and media influences on eating behaviors and body image during adolescence. J youth adolescence, 37, pg. 1024-1037.
Dohnt, H., K., Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body image concerns in young girls: The role of peers and media prior to adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence, 35 (2), pg. 141-151.
There are faxes for this order.  more

I need a two page summary of this article and What did you learn about the field of abnormal pscyhology from reading this article?




Journal of Child and Family Studies, Vol. 15,... No. 1, February 2006 (?C 2006), pp. 1?12 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-005-9006-9
Freud was Right. . . About the Origins of Abnormal Behavior
Peter Muris, Ph.D.1,2 Published online: 24 February 2006
Freud?s psychodynamic theory is predominantly based on case histories of pa- tients who displayed abnormal behavior. From a scientific point of view, Freud?s analyses of these cases are unacceptable because the key concepts of his theory cannot be tested empirically. However, in one respect, Freud was totally right: most forms of abnormal behavior originate in childhood. In this paper various factors are discussed that play a role in the etiology of abnormal behavior in chil- dren and adolescents. Furthermore, problems are signaled that hinder effective interventions for disordered youths.
KEY WORDS: psychological disorders; etiology; children and adolescents.
FREUD?S THEORY
Freud?s psychoanalytic theory is still one of the most influential theoretical models of abnormal human behavior. On the basis of a series of intriguing case studies, Freud illustrated the key constructs of his theory thereby attempting to explain why his patients were exhibiting aberrant behaviors. For example, take the case of Little Hans, which was described by Freud as the ?Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy? (Freud, 1909/1955). Little Hans was afraid of horses. He was so terrified that he did not dare to go outside anymore, a phenomenon that current clinical psychologists would label as ?agoraphobia.? Freud?s analysis of this case was crystal clear. Hans suffered from a so-called Oedipus complex. That is, Hans wanted to have sex with his mother and therefore expected to be punished by his father. As a result, Hans became afraid of his father. However, this was considered as unacceptable by his Ego and, therefore, the fear was displaced to another object,
1Professor, Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 2Correspondence should be directed to Peter Muris, Ph.D., Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University
1
??1062-1024/06/0200-0001/1 ?C 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
2 Muris
resulting in a phobia of horses. In another case, Freud described an adult lawyer, Paul Lorentz, also known as the Ratman (Freud, 1909/1955). The Ratman was plagued by the obsession that his father had to undergo the rat punishment. This rat punishment implied that a cooking pot was attached to his father?s backside in which rats were placed. The rats ate their way into the anus of his father. How is it possible that Lorentz was plagued by such disturbing thoughts about his beloved father? Freud?s analysis was again clear: the obsessions of the Ratman had to do with sex-related, hostile impulses against his father.
THE HOLY GRAIL
Freud?s theory is largely based on case studies of abnormal human behavior. Without exceptions, these cases are fascinating and interesting. However, from a scientific point of view, Freud?s analyses of these cases are unacceptable, as the main concepts of his theory cannot be validated empirically (Eysenck, 1985). Since Freud, a lot of researchers in the field of clinical psychology have devoted their attention to what can be called ?the quest of the Holy Grail.? The purpose of this quest is to find an answer on two questions: (1) where does abnormal human behavior come from? and, (2) how can we use this knowledge to help people who show clear signs of aberrant behavior?
Abnormal behavior or psychopathology is concerned with various types of disorders, including eating disorders, depression, disruptive behavior, and anxi- ety disorders (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). In their quest for the Holy Grail, an increasing number of researchers are focusing on the study of abnormal behavior in children and adolescents. The reason for this is obvious and has to do with what is known about the age of onset of many disorders. For example, specific phobias usually start in childhood (O ? st, 1987). Social phobia, depression, and eating disorders frequently have their onset during adolescence (Burke, Burke, Regier, & Rae, 1990; Mussell, Mitchell, Weller et al., 1995), while people who suffer from a personality disorder by definition already show signs of their problems before the age of 18 (APA, 2000). In other words, many types of abnormal behavior that are seen in adults have already started in youth. Re- cent epidemiological research with children and adolescents has demonstrated that psychopathology indeed is a serious problem in this age group (Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003). In a large sample of youths from the general population, the one-year prevalence of internalizing (i.e., anxiety disor- ders, depression) as well as externalizing disorders (i.e., oppositional-defiant and conduct disorders) was about 5%. The most striking finding of this study was that before their 16th birthday, 36.7% of all youths at some point in time had suffered from a psychological problem. It is important to note that these prob- lems concerned clinical diagnoses, which implies that youths really experienced considerable discomfort in their daily functioning.
About the Origins of Abnormal Behavior 3 THE ORIGINS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN YOUTHS
Why do a substantial proportion of children and adolescents come to suffer from a psychological disorder? Briefly, the answer to this question can be found in four groups of factors. The first group of factors is concerned with characteristics of the child. The second group of factors involves the family, and especially the interaction between children and their parents. The third group of factors has to do with influences of the environment and from the child?s point of view can be labeled as learning experiences. The fourth and final group of factors pertains to societal influences.
Genetics and Temperament
Genetic make-up is one important child factor that is involved in the origins of psychopathology. The influence of genetics is typically established in twin studies. Based on the fact that monozygotic twin pairs share 100% of the genetic material, whereas dizygotic twin pairs only share 50%, one can determine the level of agreement and compute a hereditary factor for each type of psychopathology. For most disorders, the agreement in psychopathology is larger in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, which points in the direction of a genetic influence. More precisely, for the three most common psychological disorders in youths (i.e., anxiety disorders, depression, and disruptive behavior disorders), twin studies have demonstrated that about 50% of the variance in these problems can be attributed to heredity (Rutter, Silberg, O?Conner, & Siminoff, 1999).
In what way does heredity contribute to the etiology of psychopathology in youths? One factor that is thought to play a role in this respect is the child?s tem- perament and, in particular, the temperament factor of emotionality (also known as neuroticism or negative affectivity). Emotionality refers to emotional instability and there are clear indications that this temperament factor has a genetic basis (Eysenck, 1990). Research has also shown that children and adolescents with high levels of emotionality are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders (Asendorpf & Van Aken, 2003; Barbaranelli, Caprara, Rabasca, & Pastorelli, 2003; Erler, Evans, & McGhee, 1999; Huey & Weisz, 1997; John, Caspi, Robins, Moffitt, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1994; Muris, Winands, & Horselenberg, 2003). Further, it is important to note that emotionality consists of various lower-order components of which fear, anger/frustration, and sadness can be considered as most relevant as they seem to play an important role in the type of psychopathology from which children eventually come to suffer (Rothbart & Bates, 1998). That is, a child with a fearful temperament is more prone to develop an anxiety disorder, a child with a temperament characterized by high anger/frustration runs greater risk to develop a disruptive behavior disorder, whereas a child with a sad temperament is more susceptible to develop a depression (Muris & Ollendick, 2005).
It is important to note that the contribution of temperament to the etiology of child psychopathology should not merely be viewed as a reactive process
4 Muris
guided by the temperament factor of emotionality. In the past five years, an increasing amount of research has focused on ?effortful control,? which is viewed as a regulative temperament factor that enables children and adolescents to modulate their emotional reactions. Effortful control can be defined as ?the ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response? (Rothbart & Bates, 1998), and essentially consists of two important components: inhibitory control, which pertains to the ability to inhibit one?s behavior if necessary, and attention control, which can be defined as the ability to focus and shift attention as needed.
Current temperament researchers assume that vulnerability to psychopathol- ogy is characterized by a combination of high levels of emotionality and low levels of effortful control (Calkins & Fox, 2002; Lonigan & Phillips, 2001). More specif- ically, high levels of emotionality make children prone to develop psychological disorders, but it may well be the case that the negative impact of this reactive temperament factor can be buffered by effortful control. That is, a stressful life event will elicit negative emotions in children and particularly in those who are characterized by high levels of emotionality. However, only children with low levels of effortful control will experience difficulties to deal adequately with these negative feelings and hence will react with avoidance behavior, aggression, and depression. In contrast, children with high levels of effortful control are capa- ble of regulating these negative emotions by employing more strategic, flexible and effective coping strategies (Muris & Ollendick, 2005). Recent research has indeed demonstrated that reactive and regulative temperament factors of respec- tively emotionality and effortful control each make a unique contribution to the frequency of psychopathological symptoms in youths (Muris, De Jong, & Engelen, 2004). Finally, it should be mentioned that different aspects of effortful control are allied to specific psychopathological symptoms (Muris, Meesters, & Rompelberg, submitted). More precisely, a lack of attentional control was more strongly linked to internalizing symptoms, whereas a deficiency of inhibitory control was more clearly related to externalizing symptoms. Note that these differential relations are in keeping with the clinical observation that internalizing disorders are typically characterized by uncontrollable negative thoughts, while externalizing disorders are frequently marked by impulsive and disinhibited behavior (see APA, 2000).
Parental Rearing and Modeling
The second group of factors that is involved in the etiology of child psy- chopathology is concerned with the family and, in particular, with parental rear- ing practices. In the context of abnormal behavior, two important dimensions in parental rearing behaviors can be discerned. The first dimension is parental care and has two opposite poles: an accepting and warm rearing style on one side and a rejecting and cold rearing attitude on the other side. The second dimension is concerned with parental control and actually opposes an autonomy-promoting and
About the Origins of Abnormal Behavior 5
an overprotective rearing style to each other (Rapee, 1997). Various studies have found that specific types of abnormal behavior in children are associated with particular types of parental rearing. For example, anxiety symptoms in youths are generally linked to high levels of parental control (i.e., overprotection), depressive symptoms are related to low levels of parental care (i.e., lack of emotional warmth and rejection), whereas behavioral problems are associated with high levels of control as well as low levels of care (Muris, Bo ?gels, Meesters, Van der Kamp, & Van Oosten, 1996; Muris, Meesters, Merckelbach, & Hu ?lsenbeck, 2000; Muris, Meesters, Schouten, & Hoge, 2004; Muris, Meesters, & Van den Berg, 2003). As an aside, it should be mentioned that it is difficult to find out what is cause and what is effect in the relation between parental rearing behavior and child psychopathol- ogy. It may well be that negative rearing behaviors contribute to the development of abnormal behavior. Otherwise, it is also possible that children who display abnormal behavior elicit negative rearing behaviors in their parents. Currently, researchers assume that both scenarios are applicable, which means that parental rearing behaviors are thought to play a role in the etiology and maintenance of psychopathology in youths.
More specific parental rearing behaviors also seem to be involved in the origins of psychological problems in children. For example, it is a common fact that children learn by observing and imitating the behaviors of their parents, a phenomenon that is known as modeling. Experimental research has convincingly demonstrated that modeling is involved in the acquisition of fear in children. In a study by Gerull and Rapee (2002), toddlers were shown a rubber snake and spider, which were alternately paired with either a negative or a positive facial expression by their mother. Next, both stimuli were presented again after a brief delay, and fear and avoidance reactions were assessed. Results clearly indicated that children displayed less fear and more approach behavior when their mothers had responded positively to the stimuli. Conversely, children showed more fear and avoidance following negative reactions from their mother. Other examples that suggest a link between modeling and child psychopathology are numerous and can be observed inside as well as outside the clinic: obese children often have fat parents, aggressive children frequently have antisocial parents, and children with developing personality problems tend to have weird parents (Adshead, 2003; Bandura, 1976; Gable & Lutz, 2000). Of course, modeling is not the only factor that contributes to these phenomena but at least seems to play a significant role.
Life Events and Negative Information
A third group of factors that is relevant in the context of the genesis of abnormal behavior in children is concerned with negative learning experiences. Obviously, children who experience aversive life events run greater risk for devel- oping psychopathology (Cuffe, McKeown, Addy, & Garrison, 2005; Tiet et al.,
6 Muris
2001). Maltreatment, abuse, parental divorce, being teased at school, or the death of a significant person are all negative life events that may give rise to abnor- mal behavior in children, and especially in those characterized by a vulnerable temperament. However, there are also more subtle forms of learning experiences that may promote the development of psychopathology. For example, research has demonstrated that negative information promotes children?s fear (Field, Argyrus, & Knowles, 2001). Seven- to 9-year-old children received either negative or pos- itive information about an unknown monster doll. Results showed that negative information significantly increased children?s fear ratings, whereas after positive information fear ratings slightly decreased. These results were replicated by Muris, Bodden, Merckelbach, Ollendick, and King (2003) who provided children with either negative or positive information about an unknown, doglike animal, called ?the beast.? This study demonstrated that information-induced fear effects endured over a 1-week follow-up period and generalized to other stimuli; that is, children who became more fearful of the beast after receiving negative information also became more apprehensive of other dogs and predators.
It is good to keep in mind that children are confronted with negative infor- mation in various ways: they may hear things from adults or other children, but they may also see things on television or come across certain information while surfing on the internet. These learning experiences not only play a role in anxiety phenomena, but also seem to contribute to other forms of abnormal behavior in youths. For instance, Greenfield (2004) studied the effects of inadvertent exposure to pornographic material on the internet, and noted that children who regularly come across such information are more likely to develop different sexual attitudes, and even engage in age-inappropriate sexual activity and sexual violent behaviors.
Society and Culture
The fourth and final group of factors that is involved in the etiology of abnormal behavior in youths is operating at a societal and cultural level. For example, research on the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in South African chil- dren has consistently demonstrated that black and colored youths in this country display higher anxiety levels than their white counterparts (Burkhardt, Loxton, & Muris, 2003; Muris, Schmidt, Engelbrecht, & Perold, 2002). This difference was almost completely explained by the socio-economic background of the chil- dren (Muris, Loxton, Neumann, & Du Plessis, in press). That is, in the after- math of the Apartheid regime black and colored children still live in poor and threatening neighborhoods, whereas white children are raised under rich and safe living conditions. While such marked differences in socio-economic background are seldom seen in Western countries, this example illustrates that a societal factor can make a significant contribution to the psychological (dys)functioning of children.
About the Origins of Abnormal Behavior 7
Further evidence for a link between society and anxiety comes from a meta- analytic study by Twenge (2000) who compared children?s scores on a commonly employed anxiety questionnaire for various birth cohorts between 1952 and 1993. Results indicated that youths in the 1990s displayed considerably higher anxiety levels as compared to youths in the 1950s. To put it even stronger, the mean score of the normal children in the 1990s was even higher than the mean score of clinically referred children in the 1950s. Interestingly, this increase in anxiety across various age cohorts was significantly related to a variety of social parameters (e.g., divorce rate, number of violent crimes), which made Twenge (2000) conclude that a decrease in social connectedness and an increase in environmental danger may be responsible for the rise in anxiety among youths.
Another example illustrating the role of society in the etiology of child psy- chopathology is concerned with culturally determined body ideals. In Western countries, children and adolescents are attracted by good-looking idols of whom women look slim and men look slender and muscular. It has been demonstrated that early adolescent youths frequently engage in body change strategies, with girls engaging in dieting in order to lose weight and boys doing exercises in or- der to develop their muscles (Ricciardelli & McGabe, 2001). Further research indicates that culturally determined body ideals have a substantial impact on the development of abnormal manifestations of body change strategies, and this influ- ence remains statistically significant when controlling for various biological (e.g., Body Mass Index) and psychological factors (e.g., self-esteem; Muris, Meesters, Van de Blom, & Mayer, 2005).
INCREASED PRESSURE
In sum, it can be concluded that psychopathology is highly prevalent among youths, and there are clear indications that a substantial proportion of these psy- chological problems will continue into adulthood. Various child, family, environ- mental, and societal factors have been discussed that are thought to be involved in the etiology of abnormal behavior in youths. Two additional remarks should be made with regard to the role of these factors. First, it should be kept in mind that in reality factors frequently interact with each other (Wenar & Kerig, 2000). For example, a child is particularly vulnerable if he/she is characterized by an emotional temperament and is raised by parents who are rejective and show little emotional warmth. Thus, it should be kept in mind that it is often the combination of vulnerability factors and/or the lack of protective variables that are responsible for the emergence of abnormal behavior. Second, when studying factors that are involved in the etiology of child psychopathology, one should adopt a developmen- tal perspective. For example, when raising a 2-year-old child it may be perfectly adequate for parents to rely on a controlling rearing style. However, this style
8 Muris
may be totally inappropriate for a 16-year-old who generally fares better with an autonomy-granting attitude of his parents.
The general impression is that contemporary youths run greater risk for developing psychopathology. Changes in society (increased individualization) and family (increased divorce rate) and increased confrontation with the negative and even dark sides of life (not only via television and internet, but also in the direct environment) put children under greater pressure and will result in an increase of psychopathology.
INTERVENTION
Fortunately, there is also good news. In the past decade, researchers in the field of clinical psychology have developed effective intervention methods for treating the most prevalent psychological problems among youths (Barrett & Ollendick, 2004). When detected in good time, disruptive behavior disorders can be treated effectively by training parental rearing skills (Barkley, 1997). Depres- sion can be successfully handled with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) of the child (Lewinsohn, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990). Impressive progress has also been made with the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders (Kendall, 1994), which also respond well to CBT-based interventions. For example, in a study by our research group (Muris, Meesters, & Van Melick, 2002), children with anxi- ety disorders were randomly assigned to three conditions: CBT, a psychological placebo intervention (i.e., emotional disclosure), or a no-treatment control con- dition. Therapy outcome measures were obtained three months before treatment, at pretreatment, and at posttreatment. Results showed that levels of psychopatho- logical symptoms remained relatively stable during the three months preceding treatment. Most importantly, pretreatment-posttreatment comparisons indicated that CBT was superior to psychological placebo and no-treatment control. That is, only in the CBT condition significant reductions of anxiety symptoms were observed. Recently, research has demonstrated that these positive effects of CBT in anxious children are maintained over very long time periods (Barrett, Duffy, Dadds, & Rapee, 2001).
In spite of this positive news, there are also a number of problems. The first problem has to do with the dissemination and implementation of the intervention methods that have been developed by scientists (Weisz, Jensen, & McLeod, 2005). Effective programs frequently remain in the research institute and, as a result, they are not used by clinicians who actually work with disordered youths. A second problem pertains to the late detection of abnormal behavior in youths (Angold, Costello, Farmer, Burns, & Erkanli, 1999; Champion, Goodall, & Rutter, 1995). This is not only true for disruptive behavior problems which either elicit shame in parents or are not seen as a serious problem (because parents show antisocial behavior themselves) but also for emotional problems such as anxiety disorders
About the Origins of Abnormal Behavior 9
and depression that are less clearly visible to the outside world. As a result, many children already suffer from their problem for many years. When they are eventually referred to the clinic the problem has become so severe that effective treatment is difficult. A third and final problem concerns the organization and quality of the mental health service system. Even in such a civilized and well- organized country as the Netherlands, it is still surprising to note that not all clinicians are using empirically validated, effective treatment methods. Further, it is far from clear for children and their parents where they can get the most optimal treatment for psychological problems.
WAS FREUD RIGHT?
Was Freud right in his ideas on the origins of abnormal behavior? Formally, the answer to this question is of course negative, as Freud developed an almost unreal theory about the etiology of psychopathology in which constructs such as Id-Ego-Superego, repression, and Oedipus complex play a prominent role. It has become clear that such constructs are difficult to validate empirically and as such a firm scientific basis for Freud?s theory is still lacking. However, there is at least one important issue on which Freud was right: that is, human abnormal behavior frequently has its origins in childhood. Researchers and clinicians seem to have accepted this idea, but it is time that politicians and other policy makers also become convinced of this notion, so that they put more effort in tackling the problems that hinder the effective detection and intervention of disordered youths.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is based on the academic lecture given by the author on February 18, 2005 when accepting his position as full professor in Clinical and Health Psychology at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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NUR 174 PEDIATRICS GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT STUDY
GUIDELINES: Using the following guidelines, write a growth and development study on one child from an assigned pediatric rotation. This paper is... due as directed by the instructor. When evaluating the child, a developmental theorist such as Erikson, Freud or Piaget is to be used and properly cited (5 points). The paper is to be referenced according to current APA guidelines (5 points). Please use a child around 5 years of age.

Nutrition (5 points)
1. What types of food are eaten?
2. At what times are meals taken?
3. What types of snacks does the child eat? How often are snacks given?
4. Assess the childs eating behavior; such as managing utensils or using fingers for eating. Does the child have prehensile ability?
5. Does the parent(s) eat with the child?
6. What beverages are taken and how often?

Play (5 points)
1. Describe the childs play pattern and whether it is appropriate for the age level.
2. Is there evidence of parallel play and/or sharing?
3. Describe the toys appropriate for the age group.
4. Does the child have a favorite toy?
5. Does the child use the appropriate skill in playing with educational toys?

Social Skills (5 points)
1. Describe the childs interaction with other children and with adults, including nursing staff.
2. Does the child cling to the parent and/or any other adult?
3. Describe the childs behavior when the parent leaves.
4. Does the child interact appropriately for the age group? Explain.
5. Is the child a behavior problem ? If so, describe the problem and how it is managed.

Motor Skills (5 points)
1. Describe the motor skills the child has developed.
2. Are they appropriate for the age level?
3. Which safety precautions should be taken to prevent injury?
4. Which developmental tasks can the child accomplish?

Language Skills (5 points)
1. How many words does the child have in his/her vocabulary?
2. Does the child speak with clarity?
3. Does the child have any difficulty with a particular sound?
4. Does the child have an understanding of the meaning of the words that he uses?
5. Which letters or words can the child visually identify?

The appropriate growth chart is to be used to plot the following data: (5 points)
1. age
2. height & weight
3. head circumference (children under 36 months)
4. include an interpretation of the data on the growth chart  more

"EATING DISORDERS" Does not have to include every disorder just the most common.

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Orthorexia Nervosa
Binge eating disorder

include facts and statistics about eating disorders

Eating, Substance Abuse, Sex/Gender/Sexual, Impulse-Control, and Personality Disorders Matrix and Paper

1.)Create a matrix in which you address the following items:

2.) Define the major DSM IV-TR categories of eating, substance abuse, sex/gender/sexual, and personality disorders.

3.) Examine the various classifications of eating, substance abuse, sex/gender/sexual, and personality disorders.

4.)Based on your matrix, prepare a 600 to 1,050-word paper in which you analyze the biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of eating, substance abuse, sex/gender/sexual, and personality disorders. Include at least 3 professional references.

Eating organic foods may protect your health. Although there are a number studies that show higher levels of certain nutrients in organically grown foods, in general there is not enough evidence to definitively say that organic food is more nutritious than conventionally grown foods. What the research does suggest is that people who consume organic foods have lower levels of pesticides in their bodies than individuals who do not eat organic foods. Common pesticides have been linked to reproductive problems, fetal defects, neurological damage, and cancer. Developing children are particularly vulnerable to pesticide exposures.

here are some of the references i will refer to in my argument:

the title of this thesis is somewhat flexible, but should focus on the argument that pesticides in food are dangerous/ pose long term risks to human health.

please cite 10 scholarly references ie:
world health organization, JAMA, American Dietetic Assoc, Journal of Clinical Nutrition, etc.

other suggestions:


http://www.pesticideinfo.org/

http://www.whatsonmyfood.org/

www.organicfqhresearch.org

www.rodaleinstitute.org

This is going to be a (Methodology Critique paper). As such, the focus of the paper should revolve around this theme. Topic of the paper should be about (the relationship between alcohol use, eating habits and weight change in college freshmen). Also, the paper should have 4 pages of content and prepared using APA 6th Edition standards. Don't forget the basics: spelling, grammar, and format. Moreover, see if you can include graphic or chart related to the topic. Lastly, the use of (qualitative and quantitative data) that results in significance solutions and recommendations is highly desirable!
Note: Do not include the topic of drugs in the paper and make sure there is a conclusion at the end of the paper.

Should you have any questions or concerns related to the instructions given, do not hesitate to contact me.
Thanks!

The paper should include the following:

Your definition of health

How the consumer health behavior relates to the definition

Research the health problem of over eating/ poor eating habits include information about factors surrounding practice of positive health behaviors

Determination of a plan for behavior change with discussion as to appropriateness of plan for the consumer.

Literature Review on EATING DISORDER:

to cover at a minimum, the following:

? the definition of eating disorder
? the incidence and classifications of eating disorder
? current theoretical perspectives on the cause of this mental disorder (eating disorder)
? current controversial issues in relation to treatment of eating disorder

References not earlier that 5years from now.
I uploaded 5 articles/journals that IWANT TO USE. The writer can add 1 more source from his/her end, but not earlier than 5 years, and should be an academic material.
All should be referenced in perfect APA format.
Thank you.

i need to compare and contrast obesity versus eating disorder. I has to be done in block method: first the into with thesis-carefully identify the subjects of your comparison and contrast issue and establish a basis for it, BLOCK A: describing obesity using contrast and compare, BLOCK B:describing eating disorders using compare and contrast (when writing BLOCK A & B there must be 3 related issues between obesity and eating disorders, particularly 3 specific similarities and 3 specific differences), conclusion-wrapping up all that was written and the thesis as well as offer view of the two subjects.

use transitional devices, each time u shift from one subject to another, use transition such as, like, unlike, on the one hand, on the other hand, in contrast, similarly

please make sure there is a balance in the essay!!

Clinical Child Psychology
Specific Topic: Eating Disorders among Adolescents

THIS PAPER IS OF GREAT URGENCY, SO PLEASE HAVE IT DONE ASAP
BEFORE THE TIME SPECIFIED. I NEED IT BY 12 PM... TONGIHT, 11/28/04.

MY FIRST ORDER WAS CANCELLED BECAUSE OF THE TOPIC DIFFICULTY TO FIND INFORMATION AND/OR RESEARCH ARTICLES (Risk Factors Associated with Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescence)

I HAVE PLACED A SECOND ORDER. THE NEW TOPIC IS MORE GENERALIZED SO YOU SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY FURTHER PROBLEMS COMPLETING MY NEW ORDER. I HAVE ALSO EXTENDED THE JOURNAL SOURCE LIST. I HOPE THIS HELPS.

PLEASE ACCEPT THIS ONE BECAUSE I AM IN GREAT NEED OF ASSISTANCE ASAP AND I KNOW YOUR PROFESSIONAL TEAM CAN COME TO MY RESCUE.

THANKS

Clinical Child Psychology
Specific Topic: Eating Disorders among Adolescents

Guidelines:
- NO MORE OR NO LESS THAN 7 PAGES, double spaced, 12 pt. font, one-inch margins, times new roman
- Review recent issues ONLY LIMITED TO (2000-2004) of any of the journals listed below and identify ONLY 3 research journal articles pertinent to the specific topic above:
- Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
- Journal of Research on Adolescence
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Development and Psychopathology
- Developmental Psychology
- Child Development
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Child Psychology
- Pediatric Psychology

**** (PLEASE EMAIL ME THE ORIGINAL ABTRACT FOR EACH JOURNAL ARTICLE) ( I prefer an attached PDF file of the original abstract for each journal article or provide me with a link that will take me directly to each journal article for me to locate the original abstract) (please do not simply copy and paste the abstracts, I want the originals)

Paper Structure to follow:
Intro (1/2 a pg.)
- talk about the prevalence of eating disorders among adolescence
- why did you find an interest to research on this specific topic
- why is it important to the field of Clinical Child Psychology.
Body-
Research Journal Article #1 (1 ? pgs.)
Research Journal Article #2 (1 ? pgs.)
Research Journal Article #3 (1 ? pgs.)
For each article, please describe:
a. What was the question that the research addressed?
b. Explain the methodology used (type and number of participants, procedures of the study, etc.)
c. Describe the author?s findings and why they are important. What light did they shed on the question that the author addressed?
Conclusion (2 pgs.)
- How do the 3 research journal articles relate to each other? Did they have the same or different conclusions? (compare and contrast the 3 research journal articles)
- How do the conclusions influence the field
- What can be done for the future of society from communities and professionals (doctors, psychiatrists, research psychologists etc.) to aid in more awareness and preventive strategies for eating disorders among adolescence
- your personal thoughts  more

My assignment is to complete a 20-40 page research paper I choose the topic of Eating Disorders and Beauty. I have eight pages and a long bibliography I need 11 more pages of anything related to eatin...g disorders how beauty is viewed by patients with eating disorders, role of family in eating disorders, eating disorder theories, etc. Personal narratives charts or interviews can be included. All sources must be cited and added to an alphebeticall bibliography. At the beginning of each new topic within the paper there needs to be a relevant literary quote from any source that further prooves that point we are trying to make. Examples of completed research papers with quotes etc... are able to be viewed at .. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/EvergreenEnergy/EvergreenEnergy.htm
Below is what I have so far if you can add literary quotes for the sections I have and i will add the sources after you send it back. I just need 11 more pages ... not including bibliography... More sections can be added to beginning middle or end and existing sections can be edited...

To complete a 20-40 page college research paper with a 3 page bibliography
To explore a personal methodology for creativity and research from brainstorming
To gather, organize and evaluate primary and secondary sources online, in the library, the community and through empirical research such as interviews and investigation
To engage in close and survey reading and to paraphrase, summarize, analyze, and integrate sources into personal research
To develop and refine a thesis
To structure the categories of an outline
To develop and refine critical and argumentative faculties
To establish credibility through research, audience analysis, (beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors), critical thinking, decision making and persuasive tactics
To learn the constructs of classical (Aristotle) and contemporary (Toulmin, Roger, Monroe, Boolean, Cyber) argumentation
To constructively question and defend a claim or syllogism, identifying logical fallacies
To analyze the course theme of Literature, Health Science, and the Environment in terms of your problem, employing the rhetoric of controversy, conflict and conversion
To improve writing skills through improvisational, poetic, and personal writing through formal and task-based exercises
To create a distinctive, original expository style, using MLA or APA parenthetical documentation
To increase knowledge and understanding of content theme
To introduce you to great literature
MLA/APA pocket manual. All weekly papers, the midterm, and the final must adhere closely to the style protocols for MLA or APA depending on your topic and discipline. You must use parenthetical documentation and put an alphabetized bibliography at the end of every weekly paper in correct style.
Poetry and literary essays or novels must be used as literary quotes related to your claims of value in your chosen research topic. ND also has a nature poetry book edited by Jeffrey Yang, Birds, Beasts, and Seas. Since you need literary quotes at the top of each weekly paper, you can get them from any source you like.

You should use the texts as springboards for your own originality and argumentation. Think of a problem you want to solve in your own life, related to the analysis of the art/science fusion.

Paper: Introduction

I recently saw a Dove commercial that so brilliantly summarizes the way that women often view themselves. Entitled ?Real Beauty Sketches,? an experiment is made in which a sketch artist asks multiple women to describe themselves. Without seeing them, he draws the images that they describe. The second half of the commercial involves these women describing the other women in this experiment and the sketch artist drawing those new images. Finally, each woman sees a side-by-side drawing of herself, each time her own description depicting a woman who is much older and uglier than the one described by someone else. The message rings clear: ?You are more beautiful than you think.?
Many women have a tremendous amount of self-doubt and harsh self-criticism. Women often believe they are fatter than they are, uglier than they are, and older looking than they really are. From where does such self-doubt and such a fixation on physical appearance originate? Men and women, boys and girls, are taught from an early age that the value of women lies in their youth, beauty, and sexuality. This single idea has led to gender stereotypes in almost every arena of life. The one on which I would like to focus is in the world of business.
In a world where women learn that their worth is dependent on their beauty, it is no wonder that anorexia plagues such a large part of the population. Instead of focusing on their minds and inner qualities, the world often judges women on their outward beauty. Women, and even girls, quickly learn that their self-worth is often increased when they appear more beautiful.

What causes someone to become anorexic?

Many factors come into play when an individual becomes anorexic. In addition to poor body image, those that develop the disease are often more vulnerable to it because of childhood personality and temperament. There are many factors that are now believed to predispose one to anorexia, such as perfectionism, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsiveness. These traits, often hereditary, may be present in childhood, but exacerbated during adolescence and later become factors in starting anorexia.
"Adolescence is a time of transition, when individuals must learn to balance immediate and long-term needs and goals in order to achieve independence," said Kaye. "For such individuals, learning to cope with mixed societal messages and pressures may be overwhelming, exacerbating underlying traits of anxiety and a desire to perfectly achieve."
"Individuals with anorexia tend to report that dieting reduces anxiety, while eating increases it," said Kaye. "This is very different from most individuals, who experience hunger as unpleasant." In simply an effort to avoid anxiety, an individual begins to starve herself and begins the spiral that eventually results in severe the malnutrition and emaciation that defines anorexia.
Some scientists now believe that individuals that become anorexic have a different chemical makeup in their brains. "Brain-imaging studies also show that individuals with anorexia have alterations in those parts of the brain involved with bodily sensations, such as sensing the rewarding aspects of pleasurable foods," said co-author Martin Paulus, UC San Diego professor of psychiatry, who heads UC San Diego's Laboratory of Biological Dynamics and Theoretical Medicine. "Anorexics may literally not recognize when they are hungry." This is an interesting point because this proves that anorexia is truly a disease and the individuals who have it truly cannot help themselves without medical intervention.

Who is anorexic?
In America, it is estimated that roughly seven million women have an eating disorder and one million men. It is also calculated that one out of every two hundred women in America have anorexia and that one out of ten people with anorexia are male. These estimates are taken only from medical cases and do not include those that are unreported. Nearly half of all Americans personally know someone with an eating disorder.
Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. Ninety-five percent of those afflicted with eating disorders are between the young ages of twelve and twenty-five. When polled, over fifty percent of girls between the ages of eleven and thirteen see themselves as overweight. Among thirteen-year-old girls polled, eighty percent of girls have dieted and tried to lose weight at some point in their life.
When looking at various cultures throughout the globe, the prevalence of eating disorders is widespread. Except for a tiny few, the rates of minorities with eating disorders are similar to those of white women. Seventy-four percent of American Indian girls reported dieting or purging and using diet pills. In 1994, Essence magazine reported that nearly fifty-four percent of African Americans were at risk of developing an eating disorder. Finally, Japan is severely plagued by eating disorders and they are one of the most common psychological problems facing young women today.

What does treatment look like?
"Currently, we don't have very effective means of treating people with anorexia," said Walter Kaye, MD, Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Eating Disorders Program at the University of California, San Diego. "Consequently, many patients with the disorder remain ill for years or eventually die from the disease, which has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder."
While approximately thirty to forty percent of affected individuals eventually do recover, a large number of them develop a chronic illness or die, making anorexia the number one cause of death among psychiatric diseases. A study by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders reported that between five and ten percent of anorexics die within ten years after contracting the disease, eighteen to twenty percent of anorexics will be dead after twenty years and only thirty to forty percent will ever fully recover
The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is twelve times higher than the death rate of all causes of death for females fifteen to twenty-four years old. Finally, twenty percent of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications related to their eating disorder, such as suicide and heart problems

Is anorexia a worldwide epidemic?
Anorexia is often believed to be a worldwide problem, but a closer look at data suggests that it is not. According to statistics, the United States and Japan have a much higher mortality rate due to anorexia than any other country in the world. In data gathered, all other countries, besides Japan and the United States, had very few deaths related to eating disorders.


The fact that deaths from eating disorders are so high in Japan and the United States allows us to conclude that anorexia is very socially influenced. One book, Feeding Desire by Rebecca Popenoe, describes a culture in northern Niger, where the Azagwagh Arabs that live there actually undergo a process of ?fattening? the young girls. Because the Arabs only find it socially acceptable and sexually appealing to be obese, they make their girls overeat in order to be extraordinarily heavy. Beauty, to them, lies in being overweight and they greatly frown upon any Westerner who is slim.
Different images of attractiveness in various cultures prove that the idea of beauty, itself, is socially constructed. If one?s idea of what is appealing can change from one country to another, it gives us hope that we can redefine beauty in America. If America is the number one country suffering from eating disorders, then it has to be linked to our social media and the images and messages we are sending our youth.

Conclusion
Society needs to begin teach its youth that the value of women lies in their intelligence, power, and independence. At the age of eight, forty four percent of girls want to be leaders. Yet, by the age of twelve, only twenty-one percent believe they could be leaders. By age twelve, the average girl has seen 77,546 commercials?many of which are geared toward emphasizing the power of man and the beauty of women. Out of high school girls interviewed, three out of four said that they feel guilty or depressed and thirty-one percent have admitted to starving themselves in order to lose weight.
Society needs to emphasize achievement and not appearance. Over the last few years, America has seen a three hundred percent increase in cosmetic surgery in women. There has been a four hundred percent increase in liposuctions and an alarming six hundred percent increase in breast augmentations. So, in other words, as leadership positions dwindle, cosmetic procedures are on the rise. This is a poor reflection of the values that our society teaches.
?What we believe a leader should do is not consistent with what we think a woman can do.? This is what needs to change. Despite all the incentives and monetary compensations in the world, we need to create a population that believes in the future of our women as leaders and not just pretty faces. Perhaps, if we emphasize the brains of women instead of the body, we will see a group of people that truly believe anything is possible and who won?t need to be reminded through a Dove commercial that they truly are more beautiful than they think.

Bibliography?
Baker, J., Maes, H., Lissner, L., Aggen, S., & Lichtenstein, P. (2009). Genetic risk factors for disordered eating in adolescent males and females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 576-586.
?Barber, B. & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58, 433-441.?
Bergen, A., et. al (2003). Candidate genes for anorexia nervosa in the 1p33-36 linkage region: Serotonin 1D and delta opioid receptor loci exhibit significant association to anorexia nervosa. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 397-406.?
Brown, K., & Geller, J. (2006). Supporting friends and family members with eating disorders: Discrepancies between intentions and reality. Eating Disorders, 14, 215-228.
Bulik, C., Landt, M., van Furth, E., & Sullivan, P. (2007). The genetics of anorexia nervosa. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27, 263-275.
?Eisler, I., & Le Grange, D. (2008). Family interventions in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 159-173.?
Fitzpatrick, K., & Lock, J. (2007). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents with eating disorders: Family therapy and family-facilitated cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 37, 145-155.?
Gowers, S. & Shore, A. (2001). Development of weight and shape concerns in the etiology of eating disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 236-242.?
Hoek, H., Treasure, J., & Katzman, M. (1998). Neurobiology in the treatment of eating disorders.
West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons.?Kaye, W., Fudge, J., & Paulus, M. (2009). New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 573-584.
Kaye, W. & Jimmerson, D. (1997). Anorexia and bulimia nervosa, obsessional behavior, and serotonin. London, England: Balliere?s Tindell, Inc.
Latzer, Y., Hochdorf, Z., Bachar, E., & Canetti, L. (2002). Attachment style and family functioning as discriminating factors in eating disorders. Contemporary Family Therapy, 24, 581-598.
Lavee, Y., Latzer, Y., & Gal, S. (2009). Marital and parent-child relationships in families with daughters who have eating disorders. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 1202-1220.
Le Grange, D., Lock, J., Loeb, K., & Nicholls, D. (2010). The role of the family in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 1-5.
Lock, J., & Le Grange, D. (2005). Family-based treatment of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 64-67.
Loth, K., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2009). Informing family approaches to eating disorder prevention: Perspectives of those who have been there. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 146-152.
McElroy, S., Guerdjikova, A., Martens, B., Keck, P., Pope, H., & Hudson, J. (2007). Role of antiepileptic drugs in the management of eating disorders. CNS Drugs, 23, 139-156.
Michel, D., & Willard, S. (2003). Family treatment of eating disorders. Primary Psychiatry, 10, 59-61.
Minuchin, S., (1974). Families & family therapy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
Minuchin, S., Rosman, B., & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic families: Anorexia nervosa in context. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.?
Mirsa, M. et al (2011). Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26, 2430-2438.
Ringer, F., & McKinsey, P. (2007). Eating disorders and attachment: The effects of hidden family processes on eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 119-130.
Treasure, J., Sepulveda, A., MacDonald, P., Whitaker, W., Lopez, C., Zabala, M., et al. (2008). The assessment of the family of people with eating disorders. European EatingDisorders Review, 16, 247-255.?
Vidovic, V., Jures, V., Begovac, I., Mahnik, M., & Tocilj, G. (2005). Perceived family cohesion, adaptability, and communication in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 13, 19-28.?
Wade, T., Tiggeman, M., Bulik, C., Fairburn, C., Wray, N., & Martin, N. (2008). Shared temperament risk factors for anorexia nervosa: A twin study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 239-244.

Outline (rough outline can definitely be changed)
1. Background on Eating Disorders and A Road To Recovery
? Anorexia defined
? Eating Disorder Spectrum (from serious to disordered eating)
? The severity of anorexia
? Changes in American weight standards
? How the female body was defined through history
? Body image and body dissatisfaction
2. Is recovery attainable?
? What does recovery look like?
? What are the challenges with recovery?
3. Why is there a higher percentage of anorexia in women vs. men?
4. Socioeconomic Factors and Role (How does culture influence anorexia?)
? Explain and provide examples of the Sociocultural Theory related to Anorexia.
? How magazines and television contribute to eating disorders?
? How is thinness enforced in the media?
-Socialization Process (relying on body for admiration)
-Positive connotations with thinness (happier, better, prettier)
-Why Fat is ?bad?? (Karl Lagerfeld and Adele example) (How models look in clothes)
5. Social Comparison Theory
? What does the social comparison theory look like?
? What are the targets of this theory?
? Explain upward and downward comparisons.
? Suffers often internalize the need to be thin and beautiful.
? Real and ideal expectations of body image and weight
? Level of self-esteem and satisfaction with ones body
? Emphasis on weight as a number on the scale
6. Social Learning Theory
? Reinforcement (against others)
? To punish others
? Identifying with media figures (celebrities etc.)
? Rewards for loosing weight
7. Relationships and Eating Disorders
? Mothers influence on anorexia
? Fathers influence on anorexia
? Peers influence on anorexia
8. Psychology and Eating Disorders
? Perfectionism
? Need to be in control
? Need to develop sense of self or identity
? Competitiveness
9. Recovery
? Avoiding messages in the media  more

5 page research paper on eating diorders. 3 Bibliographys. Paper needs to be typed double spaced on 8.5 by 11 inch paper, using size 12 font. Please include anorexia nervousa and bulmia.

This is a Humanity class research paper

Please research and write a 15 page paper on the following topic, using a minimum of 10 printed (book or journal article) sources. MLA style is required; plagiarism will result in an automatic F for the project.

Topic: Are eating disorders really a "White thing?" Examine the research on body image and eating disorders to explore how they are mediated by race, class and age. Is it fair to say that what started as a "middle-class white girl problem" has now become an universal issue, or are there still important cultural differences in how body anxiety gets expressed? Personal experience can be woven into this paper, but it still needs to be grounded in research.

P.S: Please provided 10-15 Printed sources (have to be published in written form)
(book or journal article)
: If possible, Please include the ideas in the attached material to the research paper
: Please provide the work cited page in MLA format that cited all the sources you use in the
research paper
: Please use simple sentence and wording in the research paper

It is in the field of psychology, about a behavior I would like to change. I chose about i should start to go to the gym and exercise. Write about the process and how I lost two pounds each week for g...oing to the gym 45 ,minutes everyday.you can imagine yourself doing that and write it on my behalf. please find the steps of the paper below,


Here are the steps:
1. Select a behavior that you would like to change, one that you?d like to increase or
decrease or modify in some way (Examples: eating junk or high-fat foods, chewing gum, smoking, getting angry, studying, exercising, spending money, worrying, etc).
2. Define your specific goal, consider the benefits and barriers, and choose a behavior modification plan.
3. Design a method of tracking your daily progress. This could be a tallying form, a data table, etc. This device should allow you to record the frequency and/or duration of your behavior on a daily basis. (if your behavior is something that is done several times a day, you might want to create a data tracking device that you can carry along with you).
4. Record your behavior, following the procedures you have developed, throughout the term. Write a 4-5 page report that includes the following points:

Goal-Setting and Monitoring
? What behavior did you try to change? What was your precise goal? (for example, to increase/decrease the frequency and or duration)
? What were the benefits that you perceived to changing your behavior? In other words, why did you want to change your behavior?
? How did you keep track of (record) your daily progress? Very briefly describe the type of tallying sheet (or recording device) that you used.


Motivation
? Where do you think your goal would fall on Maslow?s hierarchy of motives and why? What types of counter-motives made it difficult for you to accomplish your goal (example; hunger, pleasure, etc.) Where would these counter-motives fall on Maslow?s hierarchy?
? Did you feel more intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to change this behavior and why?
? Did your goal involve the behavioral activation system (BAS) or the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and why? Was your goal more approach- or avoidance-oriented and why?
? Do you think that your motives contributed to your outcome? How and why?
Learning

Emotions, Barriers, and Social Support
? What types of emotions did you feel when trying to change your behavior? How did you feel along the way and how were these emotions related to the amount of effort you invested in trying to change your behavior?
? What were some of the barriers that you encountered while trying the change the behavior? Did you expect these barriers when you started or did they surprise you along the way? What did you do to overcome these barriers?
? Did you enlist the help of family and friends in trying to change your behavior? Was this helpful or harmful?

Conclusion
? Did you reach your goal or not? How do you feel about the outcome? What could you do differently in the future to be even more successful at changing your behavior? If you do not reach your goal, that is okay. The purpose of this assignment is to make you aware of the psychological principles involved in behavioral changes and to get you to think critically about the course material and readings related to your behavioral change attempts.
? How did you go about trying to change your behavior? Did you use any of the behavior learning strategies that we discussed in class such as classical or operant conditioning?
? How did you use these strategies? Did they work or not?  more

The essay is about Behavior Modification using a Operant Conditioning. I am giving you exactly the details of how it is suppose to be done and an example of work that is already finished.

I will attach 3 documents which is the rubric, a sample paper and my personal background. Also I would like to use drinking enough water as my behavior modification and would like the writer to create a chart just like in the example. For example in my baseline of 5 days I may not be able to accomplish my goals immediately but eventually at the end of 5 days I was able to get it done and achieve my target goals.
Also I would like you to include in the essay the positive reinforcement based on operant conditioning( reward) if I am able to accomplish my goals maybe a massage treat.

Is there a link/relationship between pathological dieting and eating disorders in young adolescents? (no american quotes or stats as i'm in Australia)

This should be a review of 3-5 articles aboout different eating disorders ( ex: anorexia, bulimia, obesity)

Includes participants used, methods used, correctly identifies type of study (case study, survey, naturalistic observation, experiment, correlational, longitudinal, cross-sectional, prospective, retrospective, follow-up), historical perspective, type of sample (random, convenience, self-selected), the researcher's questions, measures (tests) used, results, statistics used, statistical significance.
Completely typed using black ink, title of paper on title page and title of paper in body of paper are the same, abstract on separate page, pages numbered correctly, double space entire paper, same font for entire paper and font size 12 for entire paper, section headings and subheadings, indentations & margins, properly cited references in body of paper, alphabetized references in APA format.
Critique the studies (analyze, criticize, give your opinion), compare the findings (how are they similar?), contrast the findings (how are they dissimilar?), do two studies use the same tests or not?, describe competing views, describe the strengths of the studies (what was good about the studies?), describe the weaknesses of the studies (describe the limitations, methodological flaws, small sample size, no control group), are there alternative explanations for the results?, make suggestions for future studies, make a conclusion.

Hello,
Basically for the source you will be using Kalat's Introduction to Psychology. For the behavioral topic that I selected: Eating Disorders, the assignment is to write a 3 page paper in which you identify relevant research questions that might be asked by a researcher using each of the following three approaches: 1) Biological psychology approach 2) Social psychology approach & 3) Developmental psychology approach. For each approach be sure to clearly state what kind of questions could be asked and identify the basic methods that would be used. Please also include comments about the difficulties of these methods and identifuy a few questions that could not be answered using this approach.

Hello,

Since this is already my third order, if possible, I would like to have same writer as "Writer?s
((Guidelines))
A 550 word(no less than 500 word) exemplification essay.
Purpose: to inform
Method of Development: exemplification
For topics:(The writer could pick any topic listed as below)
1. The best things in life are definitely not free.
2. The internet has resulted in a generation of lazy young people.
3. (name someone you know well) is a (use a quality: open-mined, dishonest, compulsive, reliable, gentle, and so on)
4. You can tell a lot about people by observing what they wear and eat.(<< I like this one)
5. "How to avoid bad eating habits" is one course all college students should take.

((Objectives))
Prepare an essay using exemplification as a means to support your thesis.
Order examples in a logical order that supports your thesis.
Before writing your own exemplification essay, review how the above essays do more than just give lists of examples. They organize the examples in a sensible manner: least to most important, past to present, smallest to largest, etc.

Once again, I would like to have my essay as simple as posible with college freshman level.

Thank you,

J.B.