Comparative study on two political systems in the World today. Any two systems. This is a political science paper and needs to be real good because it's worth 245pts. It's needs to compare two political systems in the world. Compare their similarties and differences and whether their good or bad. For example: American Government vs. Middle Eastern Government. Please include a minumum of 5 examples from sources. A work cited page must be included. Please contact me at 510-754-2191 to discuss any details. Make sure the essay is 5 full pages MLA format, 12 font, times new roman.

Comparative Study of State and Local Governments


American federalism is one of the most effective methods for sustaining American democracy. This overlapping and complementary system of government allows for citizens at all levels to develop their own governance structures and provide services to constituencies. However, there appears to be drawbacks to these systems as well as each State and Local government pursues its own government methodology with differing results. Each of these systems has its strengths and weaknesses.

During this assignment, students will analyze and compare three state and local governments that are recognize for their distinctive features, which separate themselves from the norm. Students will examine the following three case studies and comparatively analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Comparative study of american and european youth. Basic question trying to be answered is "why are european youths more politicaly avtive then american youths. how alcohol and drug policy play a part. how does social space and development contribute to political involvment. how youths interact and thier social settings effect political involvement. full bibliography with internal documentation required. send as word attachement in email.

It is important that the focus is on
entrepreneurial leadership and that Sweden and China are being
compared. It is also
important to focus on what competences Chinese and Swedish employees
have and how they are being treated by the founder/entrepreneur. Also
the
comparison of
the leadership styles are important. The focus has to remain on
entrepreneurship! I can forward a factor analysis model to you which
needs to
be included in the thesis...or at least described.

A comparative study of Swedish and Chinese entrepreneurial leadership
styles ?
How do entrepreneur's lead their companies in Sweden and China?

What is entrepreneurship?

Why is entrepreneurship important?

What is leadership?

Why is leadership important?

What is entrepreneurial leadership?

How is an entrepreneur different from a CEO of a large corporation?

Political and economic background Sweden

Political and economic background China

Economic, political, and regulatory changes in Sweden in the past

Economic, political and regulatory changes in China in the past

What does entrepreneurship look like in Sweden?

What favors entrepreneurship in Sweden

What makes entrepreneurship difficult in Sweden

What does entrepreneurship look like in China?

What favors entrepreneurship in China

What makes entrepreneurship difficult in China

What Swedish leadership styles exist?

What Chinese leadership styles exist?

Touch on econ. reforms, communication styles, confucian values

Compare Swedish and Chinese leadership styles (maybe use Hofstede's
dimensions)

A comparison of Sweden and China

Discuss the preparations required for making a comparative study in two to three pages. In your paper:
? Break down the various sources utilized to gather data on crime.
? Examine why comparative criminology is important in view of a globalized world.
? Compare and contrast crime rates in different countries.

please add all page number with references.

This is to be a comparative study of two works by Anton Chekhov. You are to select a comedic aspects of the play, "The Cherry Orchard" and compare it to either "The Seagull" or "The New Villa".
The comedic aspect selected must focus on some pertinent link between the two works.
You may select aspects that focus on:
* Narrative/dramatic techniques
* Imagery or symbolism used
* Characterization
* Portrayal of society

The essay should be 1500 words in length and needs to adhere to MLA format.
Be sure to have a coherent and focused thesis as the comparison needs to make a clear and focused point about how the ideas are communicated in the work.

A Comparative Study Essay written describing the various sources of power in Administrating a Corporation vs Public School, describing the individual roles in each organization and specific powers they have in running the organization.

I am looking for a Thesis approx 30 pages in length about adaptations and dramatisation of Homers work Odyssey. The main focus of the thesis is to be that of the Coen Brothers and their inventive interpretation O Brother Where Art Thou. The thesis should include a comparative study of the poem (Odyssey) and the film (O Brother Where Art Thou), paying particular to the themes and symbolism and how they are relevant today (put it into context).

The thesis should include other seminal works that draw influence from Odyssey be they in literature (James Joycess Ulysses) or film, discuss how and why interpretations differ. It of course would be important to talk about the heros Journey A longing to go home, but to achieve that he must be striped of everything he is and only when he is reduced to being a beggar can he go home, how this has come to define the path every hero must walk (that they must lose everything before they can succeed).

The conclusion should talk about the influence the Odyssey has had over the Coen Brothers and modern narrative storytelling in general as the themes are universal and timeless.

Reference the source materials frequently; include footnotes, citations and quotation throughout: filmography and bibliography. (a minimum of one quotation, footnote/citation per page)

If I have been unclear or have any questions just send them to my email address [email protected]

Multiculturalism is being challenged by new theories of cosmopolitanism. Discuss in relation to education.

Further guidance (this may be varied and is merely a support for students who wish to follow it)
Australias multicultural population has been managed through policies of multiculturalism for the best part of the last three decades. Discuss the reasons for this policy development and the challenges to its continuation (approx 500 words).
It has been suggested that cosmopolitan social theory might be a way forward. Discuss why this might be useful in relation to the earlier benefits and problems with multiculturalism that you have already outlined in the first part of your essay (approx 500 words). In the final section of your essay extend your argument to a discussion of what this might mean for education. Make sure you compare and contrast multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism using education examples before summing up in a conclusion (500 words).
The essay is assessed on how well you develop an argument. You need to bring together evidence from readings (compulsory) and other sources that support your analysis. To demonstrate that you have read, understood and developed your own argument, keep your focus small. Take up a particular position using the theory and a particular aspect or aspects in education. Examine these aspects thoroughly after you have provided a general overview. Avoid 'waffle' or padding by sticking to the point of your argument. The essay must not be merely descriptive or a repetition of other authors' work. You must have an opinion but not based only on personal experience: your perspective must be based on thorough reading.

Proper grammar must be used and punctuation.
No plagiarism.
APA referencing must be used.

Compulsory references (must appear in your essay. Do not substitute.)
Ang, I. & Stratton, J. (1998) Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia. Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies 2, 22-41
Delanty, G. (2006). The cosmopolitan imagination: critical cosmopolitanism and social theory. The British Journal of Sociology, 57(1), 25-47.
Leeman, Y. & Reid, C. (2006). Multi/Intercultural Education in Australia and the Netherlands. Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, 36(1), 57-72
Rizvi, F. (2008). Epistemic Virtues and Cosmopolitan Learning Radford Lecture, Adelaide Australia 27 November 2006. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1), 13-35
Sobe, N. W. (2009). Rethinking "Cosmopolitanism" as an Analytic for the Comparative Study of Globalization and Education. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 12(1), 6-13
Spisak, S. (2009). The Evolution of a Cosmopolitan Identity: Transforming Culture. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 12(1), 86-91
Werbner, P. (2006). Vernacular cosmopolitanism. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2-3), 496-498

There are faxes for this order.

Write a 1,500- to 2,100-word paper comparing different types of evaluation designs and methodologies, based on the following articles located on the student website:

Conviction Offense and Prison Violence: A Comparative Study of Murderers and Other Offenders
Violent Girls or Relabeled Status Offenders? An Alternative Interpretation of the Data
A Descriptive Analysis of Transitional Housing Programs for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States
Determining What Works for Girls in the Juvenile Justice System: A Summary of Evaluation Evidence

Describe the evaluation methodologies associated with each article. In your paper, explain how the research contributed to subsequent policy development for the issue being studied.

There are faxes for this order.

i want you to write about the female hero in new york novel. that is, i want to make a comparative study for three novels in which i talk exclusively about the female hero applying feminist and psychoanalysis theory . i want you to write only about the following three novels. 1- Sapphire's Push 2- Angie Cruz's Soledad 3- Suki Kim's the interpreter.
i want you to discuss the similarities and differences in the female hero in these three novels. I want you to write how Precious in Sapphire's Push, Suzi in Suki Kim's the interpreter and Soledad in Angie Cruz's Soledad. are similar and different from each others. I want you only to use the novels themselves and to use secondary resources only when it is very necessary , also i want you to give examples from the novel itself .the most important thing in this novel is the quotations from the novel itself. please give me example or evidence from the novels for every thing you discuss. i don't want to analyze any novel other than these three novels. the most important thing is how female hero in these novels are similar and different. Please be specific and precise in every thing you analyze .

Reflection Paper on Perspectives from your Discipline:

This is a 750-1000 word reflection paper on perspectives from your discipline. (My specific discipline is in General Studies with a minor in Psychology and Sociology.) While there are specific readings that are associated with the reflection paper, these readings are to be incorporated into all the readings/thoughts that you have had concerning human rights for your reflection. While these last readings are vital in terms of their topic area, they form part of the total readings for the reflection. Therefore, the reflection paper is not a reflection only about the final readings but all of them. As this is a personal essay, citation is very flexible (e.g., Chicago/MLA is fine). The key is proper attribution. Also, feel free to use ?I? when writing the paper.
Please make sure to address some/all the following questions:

1. What is the relationship between your discipline of study and human rights? Psychology or Sociology.
2. How have human rights made you think differently about your field of study?
3. What can you do within your field of study to improve human rights?
4. How do the readings reflect issues and perspectives within your discipline? Please use resources from the last 3 papers.

Works Cited:
Buergenthal, Thomas. 1997. "The Normative and Institutional Evolution of International Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 19(4): 703-723.
Shestack, Jerome. 1998. "The Philosophic Foundations of Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 20(2): 201-234.
Thoms, Oskar N. T., and James Ron. 2007. "Do Human Rights Violations Cause Internal Conflict?" Human Rights Quarterly 29(3): 674-705.
Hayner, Priscilla B. 1994. "Fifteen Truth Commissions-1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study." Human Rights Quarterly 16(4):597-655.
Mayerfeld, Jamie 2003. "Who Shall Be Judge?: The United States, the International Criminal Court, and the Global Enforcement of Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 25(1):93-129.
Peskin, Victor. 2009. Caution and Confrontation in the International Criminal Court's Pursuit of Accountability in Uganda and Sudan." Human Rights Quarterly 31(3): 655-691.
Donnelly, Jack. 2007. "The Relative Universality of Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 29(2): 281-306.
Farer, Tom J. 2000. "Restraining the Barbarians: Can International Criminal Law Help?" Human Rights Quarterly 22(1): 90-117.
Osiel, Mark. 2000. "Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for Mass Atrocity." Human Rights Quarterly 22(1): 118-147.

This essay needs to be a theoretical analysis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: how it affects those stricken in their personal and public lives, the etiology of the disorder, and possible treatments.

Some specific points from the instructions:

1. Critically assess existing theories, identifying flaws or arguing for the superiority of one theory over another. This is often done through examining a theorys internal consistency and evaluating the level of empirical support for the theory (i.e. studies/experiments). This type of theoretical analysis is what is expected from student in this class.

2. The thesis statement will not necessarily argue for a position or an opinion; rather it will argue for a particular perspective on the material.

The thesis statement is very important.

The paper must have 13 references from at least 5 different peer reviewed journals.(no commercial magazines)

I have 6 of those articles picked out. They may be accessed through the PubMed website www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

If you can't find these articles, I can email them in pdf format

Article Information:
1. Substance Use Disorders in an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinical Sample (Mancebo, Grant, Pinto, Eisen, and Rasmussen) published in Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009 23(4)

2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Versus Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Comparison Study of Two Possibly Related Disorders (Phillips, Pinto, Menard, Eisen, Mancebo) published in Depress Anxiety, 2007 24(6)

3. Early Childhood OCD: Preliminary Findings From a Family Baseed Conitive Behavioral Approach (Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworksi, Himle, Compton, Leonard) published in Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008 47(5)

4.Quality of LIfe and Functional Impairment in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A comparison of patients with and without comorbidity, patients in remission, and healthy controls (Huppert, Simpson, Nissenson, Liebowitz, Foa) puslished in Depress Anxiety 2009 26(1)

5.Juvenile-Onset OCD: Clinical FEatures in Children, Adolescents, and Adults (Mancebo, Garcia, Pinto, Freeman, Przeworksi, Stout, Kane, Eisen, Rasmussen) puslished in Acta Psychiatrica Scandanvica 2008 118(2)

6.The economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding (Tolin, Frost, Steketee, Gray, Fitch) published in Psychiatry Research , 2008 160(2)


If you can't find these articles, I can email them in pdf format
There are faxes for this order.

Research Question: How did the United States diplomatic relations and military cooperation toward/with Iran changed after the Iranian revolution in 1979?

Title: Pre- and Post-1979 Revolution in Iran: Comparative Study of the U.S. Diplomatic Relations and military cooperation with Iran in the 1919-79 and 1979-2011 periods.

Description:

The purpose of this research paper is to compare the U.S. diplomatic relations with Iran in the 1919-79 period to the post-Iranian revolution relations. Also the military cooperation between the United States and Iran before and after the revolution will be discussed. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the major differences, and to screen for any commonalities in the two foreign policies and the military cooperation. Based on examining the pre- Iranian revolution U.S. foreign policy, major flaws in the current U.S. foreign policy toward Iran will be identified and discussed.


Area of scholarly literature: Comparative foreign policy


Objectives:

1- The definition of foreign policy- "Diplomatic relations" will be clarified. Be sure to include the scholarly literature on comparative foreign policy. please include the 4 articles cited below.
2- Major events that caused a turn point in the U.S. diplomatic relations toward Iran will be considered.
3- The research will explore how the rationale behind the U.S. foreign policy has changed.
4- The research paper should include a thorough comparison of the U.S. foreign policy toward Iran in the 1919-79 period and the 1979-present period. What are the main characteristics of each period? What made the U.S take such foreign policy? motives? reason? public opinion?
5- the research paper should include a thorough comparison of the military cooperation between the U.S. and Iran in the 1919-79 period and the 1979-present. What are the main characteristics of each period?
6- Upon the completion of this research, it is hoped to understand the complexity of the US- Iran relations. What went wrong? any recommendations? What do you think?
7- Based on the research findings, what do you think of the current U.S foreign policy toward Iran?
8- The research should be conducted within the comparative foreign policy framework.
9- The research paper should have a high conceptual clarity, and integrate the research data with the comparative theory very well.
10- Feel free to email me for any further questions.

Some of the Articles and chapters to cite from:

1- Hans Morganthau "Part one: theory and practice of international politics" in Politics Among nations (pages 3-25)
2- Kenneth Waltz "Political structures" and "Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power" in Theory of International Politics (pages 79-116)
3- James Lee Ray, "Integrating level of analysis in world politics" journal of theoritical politics: (Pages 355-88)
4- Joe Hagan, "Does Decision Making matter? Systemic assumptions Vs. Historical reality in International relations (Pages 5-46)


NOTE:
- ALL Citations and Bibliographic entries must be in the format described by Kate Turabian in a Manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations.
- Please include footnotes.
- ALL quotations must be in YOUR OWN words.
- In addition to the 4 articles provided above, please add a combination of another 16 primary and secondary sources.
There are faxes for this order.

THIS IS FOR WRITER TIM BURNS, NO OTHER WRITER TAKE THIS





Thesis statement which should serve as the overarching theme of the work:



In my work I hope to establish a parallel between the experiences of the Catholic Church and politics in the United States and Spain through the examination of the church’s role in political history and its influence in public policy. In establishing these parallels, I hope to draw inferences about the political development of the two cases. Namely, in understanding the relationship between the Catholic Church and politics in Spain and the United States, I hope to draw inferences about why two countries with different religious traditions have managed to develop politically, very similarly in recent times.



Throughout the course of my work, I will concentrate on re-affirming three general claims. First, on a very general level, I look to provide much needed insight into the impact of religion on politics, proving that religion is of fundamental importance in defining contemporary political life. As I mentioned previously, I hope to dispel the claim that religion is only of political relevance when church and state experience conflict. Moreover, I hope to demonstrate that religion is important in a number of political contexts, including its role in the shaping of public policy and its role in shaping political opinions. Secondly, and more specifically, I look to provide insight into the declining/expanding role of the Catholic Church in the secularizing (Spain) and secular society (the United States). This comparative study of two politically and religiously diverse countries will allow me to highlight differences and maintain similarities between the experiences of the Catholic Church in politics in the two countries. By highlighting differences between the two, I will confirm the work of many, while by maintaining similarities, I hope to direct attention to overlapping areas often overlooked in contemporary political literature.







Guidelines/page length:







How has the Catholic Church (in Spain and the United States) altered the debate on abortion, religion and education (school prayer), and censorship from the 1970's until present day? That is, how have they shown influence in politics through these issues? *30 pages*



*10 pages on the political history of Catholicism in the United States since the 1970's, highlight this history without looking at public policy issues (Catholicism and party identification, voting behavior, connections with politics)









Why have these issues been important in defining the expansion of power in the Catholic Church?



Compare the impact of the Catholic Church on abortion policy in the US and Spain (also mention Spain's ordeal with divorce) citing evidence from 1970 to present day



Compare the impact of the Catholic Church on religion and education policy in the US and Spain, citing evidence from 1970 to present day



Compare the impact of the Catholic Church on censorship (media, literature) in the US and Spain, citing evidence from 1970 to present day



Include relevant statistics and charts to support claims of the church's increasing influence, as well as in depth analysis of Supreme court cases which involve the issues I mentioned, where the Catholic Church has demonstrated its influence (eg Roe v Wade, etc).





 

Read article, in 750 words express your opinion about this article. Are you agree or disagree? Why? give on example to support your argument.

Article

Perception of Leadership Styles and Trust across Cultures and Gender: A Comparative Study on Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton

Quader, Mohammed Shahedul, South Asian Journal of Management


The race to be the 56th President of the United States has conjured an unprecedented contest in the American Democratic Party between Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. The purpose of this study is to quantify and examine the perception of the contrasting leadership styles between these two candidates using a survey method. There appears to be a shift away from the skill-based leadership traits of decision making and experience to a preference for a more intangible evaluation of a leader's character: the level of their moral compass. No significant gender or cultural differences were found between the trustworthiness and likelihood of voting for either Obama or Clinton's leadership styles. Finally, there was also a noticeably high association between the perception of trust and the likelihood of voting for a leader.

INTRODUCTION

The relationship of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton's leadership styles has to be investigated from the view point of four distinct variables: gender, culture, trust and likelihood of voting. It is necessary to examine which leadership traits were considered to be of significant while addressing perception of trust and likelihood of voting. According to our study, the perception of fairness is the single most essential leadership trait which leaders should acquire in order to garner trust and commitment among voters. This in turn translates to employees in a business world. Other seemingly more obvious traits linked to current leadership studies, such as visionary and inspiring are both considered to be less influential in this study. The absence of both gender and cultural differences in the perception of trust and likelihood of voting towards both of the candidates' leadership styles is also very interesting. Thus, attention should be placed back upon transactional leadership, which has been pushed into the background and criticized for the being supposedly less effective than transformational leadership in the modern world. This finding has also placed extra weight on the study of how global leaders should be concentrating on how to project a perception that can be universally appealing based on values and its accompanying actions. The modern leader must hence be able to exhibit virtuous moral values in their leadership to be a true global leader. It is no longer much about which leadership style is moral suitable but rather the multiple realities and perspective that leaders have to reflect in order to inhibit trust within their workplace.

PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this research is to provide scientific evidence for the effects of different leadership styles specifically on the issue of trust among people of different cultural backgrounds and gender. This is a great opportunity to study two very distinct types of leadership; with Barack Obama's seemingly more inspirational style and Hillary Clinton's more pragmatic approach. Trust is an important issue in terms of a leader-follower relationship within a business environment. It will be a significant study to investigate whether or not people of different cultures and gender react to different types of leadership styles. The implications of the findings will be significant especially for multinational companies as well as changes in organizational leadership as a result of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&lA). Human Resource departments in companies shall also be equipped with the added knowledge for making recruitment decisions for future employees and executives. The result of this research finding will be useful to organizations which will hence be able to implement new strategic initiatives in leadership style and structure across these demographics.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research paper has three specific objectives. Firstly, to quantify the perception of leadership styles of Barrack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Secondly, based on these leadership styles mentioned, is there a difference in the perception of trust for different cultures and gender. Thirdly, what are the implications for organizations and business for this difference in perception of leadership styles on trust? The study will focus on combining analytical discussions of the empirical evidence as well as theoretical studies in order to present practical implications of this research to the workplace scenario of leadership.

LITERATURE REVIEW

LEADERSHIP STYLES

Leadership styles have been emphasized ever since the Romans wondered whether force or inspiration was more effective as a motivator (Ancona, 2005). A large number of empirical studies have showed that leaders do influence people to achieve organizational goals (Barrick et al, 1991; Rumelt, 1991; and Koene et al., 2002). The empirical study of Lieberson and O'Connor (1972) which is most widely known as providing evidence for the irrelevance of leadership have even begun to acknowledge the fact that leadership does matter when it comes to company performance. Recent research on leadership has moved beyond the arguments about whether leadership is important and has begun to examine when and under what circumstances would leadership matter more or less (O'Reilly et al, 2005). Interest in this question has only intensified as a new world unfolds in the aftermath of September 1 1 and more recently during the credit crisis for the past year. The concept of good leadership remains amorphous. A research conducted by Boseman (2008) reveals that there are four characteristics and traits that followers seek in leaders. They found that followers want leaders who are honest, forward-looking, inspiring and competent. It is justifiable that the last trait is one which Hillary Clinton commands respect for during the Democratic Party nominee elections; a well-established, well-staffed and well-financed national organization (Dionne, 2007). However, where Clinton seems to lag behind Obama is in the first three traits. Barack Obama's reputation in honesty, forwardlooking and inspiration precedes his political policies. In terms of competency he has shown the ability to have measured leadership as well. He not only embodied the traits of being a competent planner and a skilled organizer, he started an unheralded campaign by building a 700 person organization from scratch (almost akin to an Internet start-up company) to begin his fund raising efforts for his primary election campaigns in order to become the Democratic Party Nominee Elections (Alter, 2008) . However, leadership traits do not necessarily justify the effectiveness of good leadership and hence researchers have shifted to look beyond traits and focused on the behavior and style of the leader.

Lord and Maher (1991) suggest that leadership qualities are attributed to individuals, and people are accepted as leaders because of the degree of congruence between their behaviors and the leadership theories held by their attributers. Among the most recognized leadership theories are transactional leadership, also called leader-member exchange approach (Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995) and transformational leadership (Bass, 1990). There is also the trait theory approach (Stogdill, 1974), the participative approach (Tannenbaum and Alport, 1956), situational leadership (Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 1958) and the contingency approach (Fiedler, 1964). All of these behaviors and styles are now deemed to be determinants of leadership effectiveness (Yukl, 1998).

PERCEPTION OF LEADERSHIP STYLES

Leadership starts with getting people emotionally on-board (Hill, 2008) . This emotional dimension which is attached to leadership emphasizes the importance of leadership when it is sensed rather than characterized as a definition. The 34th United States President, Dwight Eisenhower once said, "Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it" (Harteis, 2006). A recent study of employees' perceptions of their leaders discussed the effects of employeesupervisor demography similarity to the perception of these supervisors' leadership ability. It is found that a strong correlation between employees who were in senior level management had a more positive perception towards their leaders who were demographically similar. However employees who were in lower level management perceived their leaders more negatively if they were demographically different (Goldberg et al, 2008). This further justifies the importance of perception as being an important aspect in order for leaders to communicate their vision accurately and effectively throughout the organization. This is especially true in the tussle between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton during the Democratic Party nominee elections. The elections provide an exciting and interesting dynamic in politics where two individuals were required to create an impression on millions of voters' everyday. Managing perceptions or image as the media and entertainment industry would call it, should be considered a fundamental component in leadership today (Harris, 1987). However in 550 BC, Lao Tzu was quoted as saying "The leader shows that style is no substitute for substance - that creating an impression is not more potent than acting from one's centre" (Miller, 2007). Therefore, it bodes well to look into more concrete evidences of the different types of leadership styles there are and how they can be used to project their intended perception to their audience accordingly.

TRUST

In an article Hill (2008) emphasizes the importance of closing the emotional gap between leaders and followers in order to compensate for the financial gap between them. Character communication is considered to be a key determinant of the extent of people's trust and commitment. The ability of a leader to communicate the confidence of trust is essential to the future performance of their company (Casimir et al, 2006). Leaders and followers negotiate on a relationship based on reciprocity and mutual benefits. However, it is argued that reciprocity fails to build relationships of trust. In order for trust to be truly realized, leaders have to abide on an ethical responsibility to reduce fear and increase followers' participation in an organization (Rusaw, 2000). Taking Barack Obama's winning Democratic Party Nominee Elections campaign for example, his change message was far superior in 2008 from an ethical standpoint (Obama, 2008). The shining star in Obama's campaign strategy was to enforce that unlike Hillary Cliniton, he justifies change by refusing to take campaign money from federal Washington lobbyists. Obama's roots were traced back to the day when he started his professional life as a community organizer after graduating from Columbia compared to Hillary Clinton's rise to political maturity working for the Democratic Leadership Council, a more top-down elite group (Dionne, 2007). These messages help exude his aura of authenticity and giving his campaign a sense of national movement. The tone of every organization is set from the top. Barack Obama enhanced the tone of his campaign by a carefully constructed grass-roots campaign organization and concentrating on public donations which serves to increase followers' participations around the country. According to Podsakoff et al. (1990) follower trust in the leader is one of the most important variables that can mediate the effectiveness of transformational leadership in terms of producing performance outcomes. There is always much expectation towards a leader; in terms of a vision for their organization and a leader's competencies. The bottom line of leadership, as suggested by Christenson (2007) is that a leader must be trustworthy because there is nothing so elusive, yet nothing so essential as trust alone.

CULTURES AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

The increasing interdependencies among the world's economies have highlighted the reality that leaders no longer operate in the relative isolation of domestic markets (Aimar and Stough, 2007) . Today, leaders are constantly exposed to different cultures with different lifestyles. It is therefore essential to have a fully comparative understanding of managing and leading global business corporations. This comparative understanding of managing across-cultures will assist leadership theory to look beyond what Vaili (1993) suggests is the Western myth that culture is irrelevant. A recent study conducted by Aimar and Stough (2007) proved that the cultural context plays a 'critical' role in moderating the relationship between leadership style and vital employee attitudes towards work such as satisfaction and commitment.

Unfortunately, reports reveal that almost 85% of fortune 500 executives believe that their firms lack competent global leaders (Muczyk and Holt, 2008). In order to succeed in today's economy, multinational organizations ought to have global leaders who are able to transcend both cultural and gender boundaries. It is exactly these two factors which have proved to be a challenge for both Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. From a demographic and strategic perspective, the election seems to be one which is based on race and gender (Kantor, 2008). Obama carried the AfricanAmerican vote in every single primary state while Clinton carried the white vote in all but seven states. In terms of gender, Hillary Clinton was clearly the winner with more women voters, winning by 20-5 1 % for most states compared to Obama's average winning percentage of only 15% among women. Obama however took the male vote in all but nine states (Carter and Cox, 2008). A new strategic approach is necessary for Barack Obama to win the general election. His message of change is one which is appealing to all and no longer focuses on just specific demographics in order to garner votes. This new approach to appeal across cultures and gender presents a stark contract to Karl Rove's 51% tactic to vindicate two successful elections for President George W Bush (Blaz and Allen, 2004). With the United States' history of refusing both blacks and women the right to vote, this year has been a quantum leap forward in a struggle for equal representation at the highest level of leadership in government. More importantly, it provides a testing platform to showcase which type of leadership style will be more effective and successful in gathering together cross-cultural and cross -gender votes (Walumba et al, 2007).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESPONDENTS AND STUDY DESIGN

The 81% of the survey participants are students from University of Strathclyde and University of Glasgow in the UK and the rest are students from universities or business schools around the world. All the participants are identified to have the same standard of academic background. They are all recognized as having graduated with at least a bachelor's degree or equivalent in all different disciplines of study. The participants were all informed that the survey was voluntary with anonymity assured. The survey conducted was independent and confidential as the names of the participants were not asked for. They were also asked to complete the survey individually so that the results were not affected by discussions with other participants. Overall, 103 students participated in the study by completing surveys that were sent to them through an internet survey site. Some of the participants were offered to fill in the survey on paper with exactly the same questions as the Internet survey website. Among the 225 people who were sent the survey, 44.4% responded and amongst those who responded, 98% returned a fully completed survey. The final selected sample yield consists of 100 observations. The respondents ranged in age from 20 to 30 years old, with the mean age of respondents being 25 years. Across the sample, the percentage of male and female participants is 54% male and 46% female. In terms of nationality 45% are identified to be from the east and 55% are from the west. The timing of the survey is deemed important in terms of generating the perceptions of the participants towards Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. The survey was distributed only after the Democratic Party nominee was announced on June 7, 2008. This was a result of Hillary Clinton conceding the race for the nomination and thus giving Barack Obama the nomination victory on the same date (Knowles, 2008). In light of this, the following assumptions were made for the survey:

* Barack Obama's victory does not have enough significant empirical influence on the results of the survey.

* All the participants have been following the progress of the elections through the same three forms of media: Internet, television and newspapers.

VARIABLES USED FOR STUDY

Independent Variables

Nationality: The nationalities of the participants have been divided into two geographical areas: The East and the West. The East consist of countries in Asia and Eastern Europe, including Russia, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East, the Middle East and Central Asia. The West includes the Americas, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. For those with dual nationalities, they have been asked in the survey to pick one nationality. It is assumed that the country they have chosen is the one which they have lived in the longest. The individual is assigned the binary number 1 for West and 0 for East.

Gender: The variable gender is also divided into binary numbers, with 1 for male and 0 for female.

List of Leadership Traits As Independent Variables: The independent variables below represent the different leadership traits and characters deduced from the study of leadership styles over the years by different authors and researchers. The list of traits and characteristics are listed alphabetically in the survey to remove any hint of importance for the leadership traits. This has enabled the survey to be conducted in a fair manner and in order to produce the most accurate results. Participants were asked to rate how much they perceived Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton to embody the respective individual traits. In order to assure that there is no bias towards the difference in leadership styles, no questions about specific leadership styles as stated in the literature review. This enabled the study to concentrate on which leadership traits each candidate was perceived to have a higher relation to and hence the candidate's definitive leadership style would be able to be deduced from the survey result. Respondents were required to rate each candidate's leadership traits in the survey based on a 5-point Likert scale (Trochim, 2006), such as (a) Strongly disagree, (b) Disagree, (c) Neither agree nor disagree, (d) Agree, and (e) Strongly agree.

The leadership trait theories developed by Stogdill (1974) are particularly suited to leadership. McCaIl and Lombardo (1983) then advanced the research above and further identified four traits such as (a) Admitting Mistakes, (b) Composed, (c) Fluent in communication, and (d) Intelligent, by which leaders could succeed or derail. Another leadership style which has been identified is the participative leadership style made famous by Lewin et al. (1939) research. Both of them identified styles of leadership which were centered on decision-making. Decision making is constantly dependant on all different situations and this result in the addition of a separate style called the situational leadership style. Tannenbaum and Alport (1956) took the more generalized decision making situations and reduced it to a more limited set of behaviors. It has been deduced in this study into three primary independent variables suitable for the survey, such as (a) Autocratic, (b) Decision-making, and (c) Team Player.

The transactional leadership style suggests that people are being motivated by reward and punishment (Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995). Therefore the transactional leader works through creating clear structures and telling the subordinates their responsibilities by being: (a) Competent, (b) Experienced, (c) Fair, and (d) Risk-taking as suggested by Hill (2008) . According to Bass (1990 transformational leadership style determines inspiration as the most important and effective method of leadership. While the transformational leader will ultimately try to lead changes within the organization, there is also a tacit promise to transform their followers in one way or another. Furthermore, Kouze and Posner (2002) developed a survey that asked people which common characteristics of leaders would cause them to willingly follow the leaders and over a period of 20 years they came up with 20 characteristics out of survey conducted on seventy 5,000 people. The nature of their study is transformational leadership based and thus the following characteristics used are a result of those which match research of Bass's (1990) research as well and hence are used in this study of comparing the leadership traits of Obama and Hillary, considering (a) Autocratic, (b) Ethical, (c) Honest, (d) Inspiring, and (e) Visionary.

Dependent Variables

Extent of Trustworthiness of Each Candidate: The participants were asked to determine to what extent they consider Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton trustworthy, which is a measure of trustworthiness. They were required to give a rating between 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest rating, or meaning the participant do not trust the candidate at all and 5 being the highest rating, or signifying that the participant trusts the candidate entirely. This was placed as the second last question of the survey after they had to evaluate each candidate in terms of their leadership traits and characters. This was done on purpose to provide the participant with the appropriate time and questions to prompt all the participants to think in a similarly structured way about each candidate before they made their decision on the level of trust they had of each candidate. The 1-5 scale rating measures the participants' perception of trustworthiness of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton on the basis of their basic observations and extent of knowledge of each candidate. It is both interesting and important to point out that both candidates have had to deal with two scenarios which would have affected the issue to their level of trustworthiness in the public's eye. Hillary Clinton's case of mistrust is she has lied during the election period about risking her life under sniper fire during a visit to Bosnia during her days as First Lady (Earle and Hurt, 2008) . Barack Obama similarly tried to justify his presidential case with a relationship he claimed to have with a pastor who believed that the US government spread the AIDS virus and called on God to 'damn America' (Lowry, 2008). These were top stories in the media during the nomination race and it is assumed that the participants in the survey will be taking both these news stories into account when they were asked to evaluate the trustworthiness of both candidates.

Likelihood of Voting for Each Candidate: In this study, the likelihood of voting for each candidate is used to determine the level of commitment which the participants would have for the candidates of choice. This was the last questions in the survey, placed after the trustworthiness question as stated above. Participants were required to rate their likelihood of voting for each candidate (assuming they had the right to vote) based again on a scale of 1-5, with 1 being least likely and 5 being the most likely.

Control Variables

Character of Participant (Rationale or Emotional-Based): While the participants have equivalent educational backgrounds, how they perceive both the candidates might vary according to the participants' character itself. Therefore two control variables for the participants' characters; rationale-based (set as the binary number 1) or emotional-based (set as number 0) have been created. This way the sample population can be divided into two characters and the regression of each character towards the dependant variables (trustworthiness and likelihood of voting for either candidate) can be investigated.

Participants' Own Political Value (Characterized More by Obama's or Clinton's): The participants can also be controlled into two samples by how their political values match either candidate's values and political policies. In this variable, if the participant's political values are characterized more by Barack Obama, the individual will be assigned a binary number of 1 and the number 0 for Hillary Clinton.

Basis of Knowledge (Perception, Researching Facts, Media): A binary number of 1 is given to basis of knowledge if the participants show in the survey that their decision is based on perception and/or researching facts and/or media and a 0 is given otherwise. The participants can therefore be controlled into samples according to their basis of knowledge and its effects towards the dependant variables as stated above.

Hypothesis Testing

Having considered the Literature Review, five hypotheses were suggested for the study.

Gender and Cultural Differences on Trustworthiness

* There is a significant difference between genders in the extent to which they perceive the trustworthiness of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.

* There is a significant difference between participants from different cultures in the extent to which they perceive the trustworthiness of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.

Gender and Cultural Differences on Likelihood of Voting

* There is a significant difference between genders in their perceived likelihood of voting for Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.

* There is a significant cultural difference between the participants in their perceived likelihood of voting for Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.

Trust and Commitment

* The perception of Trustworthiness and Commitment (likelihood of voting) towards leaders is highly related.

ANALYSIS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study attempts to determine the leadership styles of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton based on perception. Furthermore, the study tries to assess the importance of certain leadership traits on the issues of trust and their willingness to vote for a certain politician. The study then further investigates whether or not there is a difference in perception between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton's leadership styles from the point of view of students from different countries and gender. If so, to what degree does it differ? and which are the leadership traits and characteristics which influences those perceptions? (Table 1).

Following the Democratic Party Elections, it would be interesting to first of all determine which three leadership traits have been identified by the sample as being the highest rated for both candidates. Barack Obama is most highly rated for his oratory skills (fluency in communication), intelligence and being a visionary. Hillary Clinton received high ratings for her intelligence, experience and competences. In trying to envision a reason for Hillary's loss in the nomination race according to the sample, Hillary is perceived to be rather unethical, poor at admitting her mistakes and being unauthentic.

The Candidate's Leadership Styles

The study has also found that the sample perceives Hillary Clinton to embody transactional leadership traits according to the theory developed by Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995). On the other hand, Barack Obama is perceived to be a more transformational type of leader based on Bass (1990) research on transformational leadership. This difference in the sample's perception of both Obama and Clinton's leadership styles seems to work out exactly the way both candidates wish to be perceived. Senator Clinton has argued that the role of the President is not only to provide visionary leadership but to also control the federal bureaucracy downwards to ensure policies are carried out faithfully and effectively (O'Toole, 2008). This bureaucratic downward leadership style clearly shows in the sample mean's perception of how autocratic her leadership style is, with Hillary being given a rating of 3.25 out of 5 compared to Obama's 2.64. In sharp contract, Senator Obama declares that he will be managing his Presidency in a more chief executive style by wholly focusing on vision, judgment and inspiration. Once again, the perception of the sample proved Obama's reputation and leadership style as a transformational one with his much higher ratings in vision (3.95 compared to Clinton's 3.29) and inspiring (4.22 compared to Clinton's 3.81). It is then proceeded to test which of the leadership traits recorded in the survey would have the most substantial effect on the study's two dependant variables of trustworthiness and likelihood of voting for both candidates.

The Candidates' Most Significant Leadership Traits

The adjusted R2 is 0.3971 which indicates that approximately 39.7% of the participants' trust towards Barack Obama is affected by the leadership traits of being fair (0.4723) and autfantic (0.2906) (Table 2).

Table 3 shows that the adjusted R2 is 0.5624 which reveals that approximately 56.2% of the participants' extent of trust towards Hillary Clinton is affected by the leadership traits of being fair (0.4490), visionary (0.2407), honest (0.1835) and composed (0.1545). In terms of trustworthiness of both candidates, the result from the study shows that fairness is the most important leadership trait to have as a leader because it is the only quality that is listed as significant for both of the candidates (Table 3).

A very high adjusted R2 of 0.6928 indicates that the likelihood of the participants voting for Barack Obama is 69% dependent on the following leadership traits: fair, political values, vhionary, competent and authentic. By referring to the coefficient recorded for political value, it as the highest effect (0.9819) on voters' likelihood of voting for Barack Obama. This suggests that if Obama's political values are perceived to be more characteristic of the voters' own values then they would be very likely to vote of Obama as well. The experience issue that Obama has been struggling with in comparison to Clinton shows no effect whatsoever in affecting the participants' likelihood of voting for him with the variable experience having only a coefficient of 0.0444 (Table 4) .

Compared to Barack Obama, the adjusted R2 for leadership traits to affect the likelihood of voting for Hillary Clinton is much lower at 0.3805. Nonetheless, the most important traits are fair, inspiring, decision-making and honesty, with the highest coefficient again being fairness at 0.3161. Once again, by referring to the result for both "trustworthiness" and "likelihood of voting", being fair is the only primary leadership character that is shared as being most essential for both candidates (Table 5).

Hypotheses 1 to 4 were all proven to be wrong (Refer Appendixes 1-8). This means that according to the sample, Hypotheses I and 2 were rejected as there is no significant difference between genders in their perception of the trustworthiness and their likelihood of voting for Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Also contrary to Hypotheses 3 and 4, there is also no significant difference in the perception of trustworthiness and likelihood of voting between the different cultures (nationality of origin) recorded in the sample. According to the correlation matrix between variables, a particularly significant observation was the high correlation between the perception of trustworthiness towards both candidates and the likelihood of voting for them (0.644 for Obama, 0.637 for Clinton) . Therefore, Hypothesis 5 has been proven to be correct. This means the perception of trustworthiness and commitment towards leaders is highly related. This means that those who trust the candidates more will be more likely to vote for them as well. This result proves to be important to be seen in tune with Podsakoff's et a?., research in 1990 which shows that follower trust in the leader is one of the most important variables for producing performance outcomes in the end. By referring to this study's explanation on likelihood of voting being a measure of commitment towards the leader, it would seem to be accurate to suggest that trust ensures commitment which ultimately improves performance for the future.

Correlation Matrix

Barack Obama: Strong relationships were recorded for authenticity (0.503), ethical (0.418), and fairness (0.568) on the trustworthiness of Obama. Furthermore, being autocratic will prove to have a negative effect on the trustworthiness of Barack Obama (-0.041). In terms of the likelihood of voting for Obama, once again authenticity (0.525), being ethical (0.515) and fair (0.677) were recorded as being very important. Besides that, other variables worth mentioning are honesty (0.511), intelligence (0.505) and being inspiring (0.483) . These leadership traits are hence considered to be important for creating a perception of Obama's attributes as a leader and increasing his chances of getting more votes. It is also determined that other variables which have a strong correlation to the important variable fair are: honest and admitting mistakes. This result reveals that in order for leaders to be perceived as fair, they have to also be perceived as honest and good at admitting their mistakes. Barack Obama's reputation as a great orator has a surprisingly low relationship with both trustworthiness and likelihood of voting with the variable fluent in communication recording only 0.247 and 0.368 respectively. However, Obama's vision of hope and change from the current government proves to be important in garnering the likelihood of the sample to vote for him with a correlation coefficient of 0.497 for the variable visionary.

Hillary Clinton: Hillary's trustworthiness is strongly related to the variables of being ethical (0.539), fairness (0.668), honesty (0.562) and providing inspiration (0.472). Strong relationships were also recorded for fairness (0.479), honesty (0.490), being inspiring (0.496), good decision-making (0.400) and being a visionary (0.457) towards the likelihood of her being voted by the sample as a leader. Once again the variables of honest and fair carry such importance in the follower's trust and commitment towards a leader. It is interesting to see that despite how skill based a president's job description is, the sample still insists on making their decisions based on the candidate's attitude and character. Furthermore, despite Hillary Clinton's strategy of running as a more experienced candidate, the variable experience did not turn out to have a significant relationship with either the sample's trust towards her (0.159) as a leader nor the likelihood of voting for her (0.327).

IMPLICATIONS TO LEADERSHIP IN BUSINESS

The analysis which has been carried out above has yielded a number of interesting findings concerning the ddrent leadership styles of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton as well as the inter-relationship between gender and culture with trustworthiness and likelihood of voting for both candidates. It would be impractical to suggest that politics is like business, a political party is like an organization and the party is the brand. However, it should be noted that just like politicians, business leaders are not exempt form the general sense that those in positions of authority are not to be trusted (Kellerman, 1999). Hence the results of investigating the perception of the varying leadership styles of Senators Clinton and Obama across different cultures and gender can go a long way in providing business leaders wifh a sense of what would enhance trust, commitment and ultimately raise the performance of their workforce. According to Ibarra (2008), there are three key areas of competency for leaders: skills, developing relationship networks and style. What this study has demonstrated is the importance of a shift from hard tangible skill-based leadership where leaders rely on simply functional and operational-based knowledge to a much more intangible skill-base. Taking the variables of these hard tangible sills, it is proven that in this study Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton are equally perceived in terms of competency (3.72) as well as almost equally intelligent (4.07 for Obama, 4.13 for Clinton). Therefore, what the study has surprisingly shown is that the intangible skill base which makes the difference consists of the leadership traits affair, honest, authentic. It is easy to see how these ethical leadership traits will be important to employees especially in terms of cultural and gender expectations. It could even be assumed these attitudes are simply prerequisites to becoming leaders. The study has highlighted that in spite of all the convoluted discussion on leadership, it is essentially still back to the basics of having good human character.

These virtuous skills might be considered somewhat less attractive than other perceived traits such as visionary or inspiring. Even Machiavelli (1991) strongly argued that doing the right thing morally or spiritually often meant doing the wrong thing when it comes to being effective. However, the empirical evidence gathered in this study has shown that being fair will make the important difference in building trust and commitment. Once trust accumulates, relationships are more reliable and thus reliability makes relationships more efficient between the leader and the follower (Young, 1991). In terms of style, this study has shown that both Barack Obama's transformational leadership style and Hillary Clinton's transactional leadership style can transcend gender and culture. This proves to be in direct contrast with what was pointed out by Yang (2006) who established that a transactional leader promising individual rewards for extra effort instead of a collectivistic approach to work is nowadays very likely to potentially damage trust and follower performance. What this also means is that the 'glass ceiling' (The Wall Street Journal) (Menon, 2008) which acknowledges that being black or female will create a hidden barrier and inhibit the opportunity of being the President of the United States may finally be 'smashed'.

Before results of this study are used to continue speculating about how transformational and transactional leadership are essentially similar in terms of garnering trust and commitment, it is required to take a look at the demographic of the sample of study. First of all, the average age of the participants is 25 years old and among those more than 85% have studied business related degrees. The sample study has also very limited experience of work-life. Therefore, it would not be accurate to suggest that a leadership role in any company should override any gender or cultural role expectations. What it does prove is that perception can be a reflection of reality. It would be true to suggest that many of these participants have sat through business education classes on leadership and being informed that transactional leadership is considered to be more ineffective and traditional compared to a transformational one. The results are significant in the way that even with the knowledge which the participants are equipped with, they have still chosen to trust and commit to Hillary Clinton as much as Barack Obama. What does remain interesting for companies is that the search for a global leader should still be for that person who executes fairness among employees from different cultures. This reiterates the point that good cultural understanding is still very important in order for the company to be led by fairness. An important reason for this is due to the increasing number of M&A between companies from the East, especially in the Middle East and the West. In 2007, M&A deals involving the Middle East have reached at least $105 bn with 21 deals in the United States and 19 in the United Kingdom attracting total values of $23.3 bn and $13.9 bn each (Grocer, 2007). With that amount of funds and interest involved, having the right leadership to satisfy the different demands of culture and gender in these companies will become increasingly important in order to achiee synergy and to boost their returns.

This study has also shown that the respondents are more likely to vote for the candidate who has the same values as they do. This seems to be why Obama's campaign has managed to gather such a strong movement of support Obama's message of change is synonymous to most of the public's desire for a new government after the Bush administration. As shown in this study, the values that he has created alongside the message have managed to resonate very strongly among participants from both the East and the West. It is worth noting here that only 2% of the respondents are from America so therefore it seems clear that Obama's values can go beyond the differences in culture and gender outside of America too. What this symbolizes is the influence which a leader of a multinational company can generate if they have embedded values for the company's employees to feel personally attached to. This can be viewed in a slightly different light to Bass' (1990) argument of generating a common goal. Unlike goals, values shape the motive of the company, which is the whole point of ethical and corporate- social-responsibility based businesses these days. It is therefore not surprising to see that there is ample research showing that adaptable and value driven companies are the most successful organizations on the planet (Barrett, 2005).

By focusing on commitment (likelihood of voting) towards leaders, the results of this study suggest that being visionary (for Obama) and inspiring (for Clinton) (See Appendixes 3 and 4) are almost equally important. The ability to manage through commitment therefore requires more flexibility, less hierarchy, less bureaucracy whilst also requiring an enhanced capacity for collective action between leaders and followers. Making promises can be one of the first steps to combine the value driven leadership as discussed above and the traits of vision and inspiration. A company can be regarded as nothing more but a network of internal and external commitments (Highsmith, 2008) . Executing such promises within those commitments would be the main challenge for leaders. Explanation would be important as part of the execution and that is shown again in the study that leaders ought to be authentic and honest in doing so. It will help the general workforce understand why these promises are important to them which will hopefully create a gut feeling inside them to take notice and respond to the vision or inspiration. Promises, not processes therefore should be the focal point of leaders in achieving the desired return in commitment both by shareholders and employees alike. It is also interesting to note that Clinton's rigid commitment processes in her strategy and Obama's simple but strong promise of change is also the speculative reason (Alter, 2008) why Obama won the Democratic Party Nomination. Stern (2008) argued that we have to keep our hero-worshipping of leaders under control amidst the United States presidency election this year. "It is the managers who will ensure the roads are safe to travel on, employees get paid and the hospitals stay open." The purpose of the study is not to cast aside managerial skills as uninspiring or mundane. Leadership choices need to be taken upon by companies in order to exude the right perception to ensure trust and motivate commitment among managers into performing the best they can for the organization. As discussed above, the study has identified that these choices have to be virtuous ones.

CONCLUSION

By the means of using both empirical research data and literature review, the study has managed to present striking results regarding the perceptions of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton's leadership styles. The outcome of the results is able to stretch beyond just political realms and into the practical influence of leadership in businesses. The results of this research data revealed that Hillary Clinton is indeed perceived as a transactional leader whereas Barack Obama is perceived as a transformational leader. This study also made significant comparisons between how these styles are perceived in relation to culture and gender and found that there was no difference for both these variables. Finally, the relationship between different leadership traits and the issues of trust and commitment were also investigated. Leadership traits which are closely linked to morality and ethics such as being fair, authentic and honest, are of considerable importance to the extent which leaders' trustworthiness is being perceived as well as the level of commitment which followers are willing to give. This has proven to be a contradiction to the perceived excellent communication skills which Obama possesses and Clinton's experience in politics which were deemed to be major factors throughout the nomination race and yet verified to be unimportant in generating trust and commitment amongst respondents.

The study found that there were neither cultural nor gender differences in the perception of the extent of trust and likelihood of voting for either candidate. No evidence has been provided that males might trust Barack Obama more or be more inclined to vote for him and vice versa for Hillary Clinton. There was also no evidence to suggest that there was any difference in the preferences in voting among participants from western and eastern origin. The results of these investigations show that perhaps it would be wise to take a step back from making constant comparisons between different leaders. It would be beneficial to take a bird's eye view of the scale of the unprecedented contest between these two leaders over the past year. Hillary Clinton was widely expected to acquire the nomination but suddenly found herself losing to the young Obama in 2008. What the Democratic Party Nomination race has proved is that a political race can be so similar to the unpredictable nature of the world of business. The strong differences in opinions and a long bitter campaign for both these candidates have caused the speculation that the next US President will most likely come from the Democratic Party. Thus, within such an ever-changing and complex environment, it seems to be for the greater benefit of the organization and its people if there are constant criticisms shown among leaders.

Limitations of the Study: It has to be acknowledged that there are some limitations to bear in mind when interpreting the results of this study. First of all, the sample of study used is relatively small and it might not seem to be representative of what the result for the whole population could be. This is especially true for the variable culture because there is a definite discrepancy in the number of participants for each country. Therefore the sample has to be divided into East and West origin, instead of individual countries.

[Reference]

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32. Menon S (2008), "So Will Barack Obama Shatter the Glass Ceiling? That is the Question", The Wall Street Journal, available at http://www.livemint. com2008/06/05125056/So-will-Obama-shatterthe-gla.html?pg= 1. Accessed on October 27, 2008.

33. McCaIl MWJr. and Lombardo M M (1983), Off the Track, Why and How Successful Executives Get Derailed?, Centre for Creative Leadership.

34. Miller S (2007), "You Can't Hide Your Character", Workplace Wisdom Newsletter.

35. Muczyk J P and Holt D T (2008), "Toward a Cultural Contingency Model of Leadership", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 227-286, Sage Publications Inc.

36. Obama B (2008), "The Blueprint for Change: Barack Obama's Plan for America", available at http://www.barackobama.com/pdf/ObamaBlueprintForChange.pdf. Accessed on October 11, 2008.

37. O'Reilly C, Caldwell D and Chatman J (2005), "How Leadership Matters: The Effects of Leadership Alignment on Strategic Execution", Stanford Graduate School of Business, p. 1-34, Working Papers.

38. O'Toole J (2008), "Obama vs. Clinton: Leadership Styles", Business Week Magazine. Accessed on February 11, 2008.

39. Podsakoff P M, MacKenzie S B, Moorman R H and Fetter R (1990), "Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers' Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior", The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 107-142.

40. Rumelt RP (1991), "How Much Does Industry Matter?", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 167-185.

41. Rusaw A (2000), "The Ethics of Leadership Trust", International Journal of Organization Theory and Behaviour, August-November, Vol. 3, Nos. 3 & 4, pp. 549, 23 p.

42. Southern University (2004), "Evening Lecture and Discursion on 'Michael Dell Remarks'", available at http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/ msd/2004 0510smu.pdf. Accessed on July 20, 2008.

43. Stern S (2008) , "What the White House Needs is a Competent Manager", Financial Times, Accessed on February 2, 2008.

44. Stogdill R M (1974), The Handbook of Leadership, A Survey of Theory and Research, The Free Press, New York.

45. Tannenbaum A S and Alport F H (1956), "Personality Structure and Group Structure: An Interpretive Structure of their Relationship Through an Event Structure Hypothesis", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 53, pp. 272- 280.

46. Tannenbaum A S and Schmitt W H ( 1 958) , "How to Choose a Leadership Pattern", Harvard Business Review, Vol. 36, March-April, pp. 95-101.

47. Trochim W (2006), Li/cert Scaling. Research Metfads Knowledge Base, available at http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php. Accessed on October 06, 2008.

48. Vaili P B (1993), Managing as a Performing Art, in J L Pierce and J W Newstrom (Eds.), The Manager's Bookshelf: A Mosaic of Contemporary Views, 3rd Edition, pp. 218-228, HarperCollins College Publishers, Inc., New York.

49. Walumba F O, Lawler J J and Avolio B J (2007), "Leadership, Individual Differences, and Work-Related Attitudes: A Cross Cultural Investigation", Applied Psychobgy: An International Review, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 212-230.

50. Young P (1991), "Fair Division", in P Young (Ed.), Negotiation Analysis, Chapter 2, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

51. Yukl G (1998), Leadership in Organizations, Prentice Hall, Upper Sadie River, NJ.

[Author Affiliation]

Mohammed Shahedul Quader*

[Author Affiliation]

* Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing Studies and International Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. E-mail:

I need a comparative study about reverse mortgage in Spain, UK, USA and Italy. The paper need to be very theorical, and once the source is mention is must to put it in the footnote (author, title and year).
The points to follow is:
Why the reverse mortgage do not really work in Spain, what to do to improve it.
The paper has also to have some tables and percentage of how the reverse mortgage is been used in the States, and how old people or depend people use it to improve their way of life.

request for awest!

COMPLETE DISSERTATION
An examination of UK Immigration Act of 1971 and its enforcement in relation to administrative removal/deportation when articles 3 & 8 of European Convention of Human Rights are engaged.

Useful Sources of Information:
(Please ensure that you refer to the most recent editions)

Holborn, G, Butterworths Legal Research Guide, London: Butterworths.

Dane.J, & Thomas, P.A., How to use a law library: an introduction to legal skills, London: Sweet & Maxwell.

Derek French, How to Cite Legal Authorities, London: Blackstone Press Ltd

Prof. A. Bradney, How to Study Law, London: Sweet & Maxwell

Lawrence, P Law on the internet: A Practical Guide, London: Sweet & Maxwell.

David Stott, Legal Research, London: Cavendish Publishing.


USEFUL INTERNET SITES

Legal Referral Sites

The Universitys library web-site is a gateway to numerous legal sites. It is a good place to start when carrying out legal research on the internet

http://www.3verulam.co.uk

A good gateway to a multitude of legal sites

http://www.kent.ac.uk This is Kent Universitys web site. Access their law library, which will then provide excellent gateways to a multitude of legal sites including a wide range of academic ones.

http://www.legal.net

Gateway site to huge database of USA law - useful for comparative research.

http://www.findlaw.com

Very comprehensive US searchable database- great for comparative studies

Database Sites

http://www.lawtel.co.uk

Legal information site. Some resources require registration for access.

Governmental Sites

http://www.open.gov.uk/

A very useful site. Access to Bills, Acts, white papers, government announcements and reports, parliamentary debates and reports

http://www.parlchan.co.uk

Quick reference guide to the House of Commons and its business
http://parliament.uk

Gateway site for the House of Commons and the House of Lords

http://www.coi.gov.uk/coi/depts/deptlist.html

Website for government department press releases.

Law Reports

http://www.lawreport.co.uk

This is the official law report site. It has student pages with case summaries plus a 24 hour updated legal news page including daily reports.

http://www. publications.parliament.uk/

Free site containing the full text of recent House of Lords decisions - fully downloadable to print or disk.

http://www.the-times.co.uk/

This site has a searchable database going back to 1st January 1996 which contains all law reports published in the Times newspaper.

Publishers

http://cavendishpublishing.com

Useful information for students and good links- with regular case updates and a virtual classroom.

http://www.butterworths.co.uk

Site for Butterworths who are one of the leading legal publishers. It allows free access to a recent developments archive that is useful for quick reference. It is fully downloadable to print or disk

http://www.smlawpub.co.uk

Site for Sweet and Maxwell, a leading law publisher.


Other Resources

http://www.wwlia.org/dictum.htm

Very useful on-line law dictionary

http://www.law.indiana.edu/v-lib/

Links and search faculty for on-line law journals world-wide.

IMPORTANT NOTE TO STUDENTS:

YOU MUST ATTACH TO YOUR PROJECT THE FIRST PAGE OF ANY ARTICLE THAT YOU HAVE RELIED ON. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY BE REGARDED AS PLAGIARISM.

1.1 The exact number of words used must be stated at the end of the proposal. False word counts will be treated as plagiarism. Material which exceeds the word limit, will not be read or marked and will thus not be awarded any credit. It is most unlikely that the aims of this unit can be achieved unless you write at least 9,000 words and by failing to do so, you seriously risk a third class mark or even failure

1.2 The word limit does not include footnotes, the bibliography and appendices. Footnotes should not be abused. They should only be used for referencing only. For example, they might be used to cross reference a page, for case citations or to indicate a section number in a statute. Footnotes should not be used to include substantive text or explanatory material.

1.3 Two copies of the project must be submitted with a third copy being kept by the student. In addition you must hand in an electronic copy via the Blackboard site using Turnitin.

1.4 The project must be word-processed, double spaced and paginated. Cases and statutes should be underlined. It should also include a properly constructed bibliography. A handout on How To Do Your Referencing has been included in Appendix 3 to help you with this.

1.5 The course administrator will not accept projects unless two copies are submitted together with the disc copy.

1.6 The project should be securely contained in a suitable folder. It does not have to be professionally bound.

1.7 Failure to hand in the project on time is potentially a very serious matter. Failure to submit on time will be referred to the examination board who will consider any mitigating circumstances that have been submitted. If the mitigating circumstances are deemed to be insufficient this may result in delay in graduation, pending resubmission of the project.

2. Marking the project

2.1 The Project will be marked by the relevant supervisor and double marked by the member of the law division who double marked the Project Proposal.

2.2 The Project will be marked against the following indicative criteria:

(a) Problem Formulation
Relevance of the topic; clear statement of the goal or concern; the extent to which the aims of the Project are realised; unity a definite point of view is developed and a conclusion, consistent with the intended goal, is clearly stated.
(b) Methodology
The extent of knowledge of the literature in the field chosen; justification of method and consistency of the research material with the intended goal, is clearly stated.

(c) Development of the main theme.
Good conceptual understanding and analysis; comprehensive survey of relevant issues; relevant reading effectively incorporated by appropriate quotation or references; knowledge and discussion of alternative views: assumption and premises are clearly labelled and justified.

(d) Standard of Presentation.
Overall structure; parts are integrated: good paragraph structure and transitions between paragraphs. Style of presentation. Clarity. Accuracy of referencing. Use of English and grammar. The Project must be either word processed or typed.

(d) Originality.
The student should control the materials and readings used, using them for their research purpose. Thoughtfulness and imagination will be evaluated.

(e) Conclusions and recommendations.
Fully formulated conclusions that reflect the body of the work, and which represent a coherent and persuasive summary and culmination of the polemic advanced in the body of the work. Originality of any recommendations put forward.




TO ESSAY TOWN WRITER
Please be aware that I am required to submit this dissertation to the marker electronically by using Turnitin I hope this is not going to be a problem!

In recent years, the media has come under fire from many in the public. It has been suggested that they harbor an inane political bias. Others deride the sensationalism that accompanies otherwise serious stories. And still others complain that news is just plain boring. These claims may/may not be true.

The reality is that most of us stay abreast of current events via this troubled field. This term paper asks you to do a comparative study of journalistic coverage and scientific research. By the end of the paper, you will hopefully have a better understanding of science (in this case, climate) and how it is represented to the general public.

1. Find a major news article from the past 5 years that discusses some aspect of climate change, either global or local. You must select your article from a legitimate news media source. I define major as being at least 1,500 words. I define a legitimate news source as being one of the top 15-20 print news outlets in the country (LA Times, NY Times, Chicago Tribune, Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, etc.). You can search these catalogs via the U of A library web, and specifically Lexis-Nexis.

If you have questions about the legitimacy of the source, ask me.

Print out the article, or series of articles. Read it thoroughly. Note the principal scientists cited in the article, as well as other sources the writer consulted.


2. Search for an article on the topic from an academic journal. These are outlets primarily read by scientists in the research/academic community. They are peer-reviewed, and often the empirical research is displayed for comment and critique. If you can, see if you can find the exact scholarly research article that triggered the news story. Some examples are Science, Nature, and a multitude of journals examining water resources, vegetation, air pollution, etc. You can quickly search for these articles using Google Scholar, or the U of A library.

Print out the article and read it thoroughly. It will probably be hard, but do your best to understand the data, methods, and conclusions presented in the article.

3. Write a 5 page (double-spaced, 12 pt. Times font, standard margins) paper that reviews/summarizes both articles. This should be about of the paper. The rest of your paper should be a comparison.

a. Does the news story accurately capture what scientists are trying to say?
b. Do you think the public would appreciate what the scientists have researched?
c. Is there contradicting claims in the journal or news storydo you think these are valid? Why or why not?
d. Does this research open up new questions?

These are just a suggestion of questions you should ask. The point of this paper is not to prove a claim about media or overly critique the esotericism of scholarly research. Rather, I want you to see a difference between writing styles and presentation of applied research. Along the way, you may come to conclusions about the effectiveness of presentationfeel free to thoughtfully comment in your paper.

Possible hypothesis: Do Post-op bariatric patients suffer from a larger percentage of psychosomatic conditions than do the non-obese population? Comparison study. Pre-op comorbidities in the bariatric patient disappear after surgery.

I. Abstract:

Does not exceed 1 paragraph and 400 words.

Does not have an indent with the first sentence.

Briefly describes the psychological theory being investigated, the proposed hypothesis (or hypotheses), and the methods to be used in the study or experiment.

II. Introduction:

This writing assignment is designed to help you integrate the previously identified theoretical frameworks and research results. These provide rationale for proposing a research study or experiment designed to test the hypothesis you will propose.

Key advice for writing the introduction include:

1) Start with general statements and research results about what is known about the research topic.
2) The discussion of the theoretical background and various research results should follow a thematic pattern rather than a chronological pattern.
3) Conceptualize your research question into a hypothesis (prediction) in terms of independent and dependent variables.

Guidelines for writing the Introduction:

Introduction needs to be 6 pages long. Explain the main theories of the psychological phenomenon being investigated by the previous studies or experiments. Describe the methods and materials used in the previous studies or e for writing the Introduction:

 Introduction needs to be 6 pages long.

 Explain the main theories of the psychological phenomenon being investigated by the previous studies or experiments.

 Describe the methods and materials used in the previous studies or experiments.

 Describe and explain the pattern of key results from the previous studies or experiments.

 The organization or structure describing the relation between the previous studies is presented in a logical or coherent flow.

 Develop and explain a hypothesis (or hypotheses) in terms of an independent variable (s) and a dependent variable (s).

Use APA formatting!

Need a reference page.

Will be graded on writing mechanics, style, and grammar.


III. Methods Section:

This writing assignment is designed to help you describe the research methods you will use to test the hypothesis (or hypotheses) you have proposed in the introduction.

Key considerations for writing the method section include:

1) Describe and explain the type of participants to be recruited in the proposed study (you may include the number of participants and the reason why a particular population will be recruited)
2) Write in future tense because this is a proposed study.
3) Describe and explain the design of the study or experiment in terms of the independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s). (Note: provide sample material(s) when possible).
4) Describe the apparatus (ex. Computer, paper and pencil survey, blood-test archival data etc) used to present the stimuli and collect the data.
5) Describe and explain the specific series of steps involved in performing the study or experiment. Explain each step as detailed as possible. Keep information relevant to the study rather than superficial details that will not generate impact in the outcome of the study.

Guidelines for writing the Methods section:

Methods section should be 4 pages long. (figures and tables describing the materials are not counted)

Participants section:

Describe and explain the participants to be recruited in the proposed study (if there is a special population to be recruited, it should be explained why they will be recruited).

Materials section:

Describe and explain the operational definition of the independent variable(s).

Describe and explain the operational definition of the dependent variable(s). (Note: provide sample material(s) when possible).

Describe and explain the design of the study or experiment.

Describe the apparatus (ex. Computer, paper and pencil survey, blood-test archival data etc.) used to present the stimuli and collect the data.

Procedure section:

Describe and explain the specific series of steps involved in performing the study or experiement.

Must be in APA format.

Need a references page specifically for methods section and a references page specifically for the Introduction section.

Punctuation, grammar and style will be graded.

This paper should be a comparative study of Crew (Cockpit) Resource Management practices in Commercial Aviation and U.S. Army Aviation.
There are faxes for this order.

Aim of the Paper

To describe and analyze a contemporary Canadian resource or environmental issue. A critical review of a case study and management initiatives must be included. The topic may be general (e.g. forestry in Ontario) or specific (waste management in the City of Guelph).

Research Framework

An explicit research framework or perspective must be adopted. A framework provides a guide within which the analysis proceeds. For example, hazardous waste management can be analyzed from a number of perspectives: legal framework, public participation, facility location, land use planning, treaty and First Nations rights or externalities. The adoption of a framework will limit the scope of the essay, providing a focus. The conclusions reached in the essay will be twofold: 1) concerning the adequacy of the framework or perspective adopted; 2) concerning the case study.

A framework can be defined as follows:

a set of ideas, principles, agreements, or rules that provides the basis or the outline for something
the general background or context to a particular action or event

For example, if examining the role of public participation (a framework) related to Canadian nuclear fuel waste management (a case study), you may select Arsteins model of public participation (Mitchell, 2002, p. 187) as a framework. Information about nuclear fuel waste management could be gathered from the Nuclear Waste Management Organization (nwmo.ca) and from environmental organizations (e.g. Sierra Club) and First Nations (e.g. Assembly of First Nations). Thus, you can determine the extent, type and impact of public participation undertaken in Canada with respect to finding a solution to nuclear fuel waste. Moreover, on the basis of the framework and your understanding of the issue, you will be able to make recommendations about the role of the public in decision making processes related to the nuclear industry in Canada.

Structure of the Essay

1. Introduction to the topic and the framework (1 page)

2. Statement of aim or hypothesis (25 words or less)

this is critical; be as concise as possible
3. Review of the literature about the framework adopted (e.g. public participation, environmental justice, common property resources, facility siting, local knowledge, policy analysis, conflict resolution)

4. Description of the case study (e.g. forestry in Ontario, East Coast fishery, oil sands, nuclear expansion, aquaculture in PEI, greenbelt legislation,)

5. Analysis of the central aim or hypothesis in terms of the case study details

6. Conclusions:

1) about the case study

2) about the framework

Arguments and Evidence

The arguments and evidence must be presented in a well organized manner. Appropriate use of headings and subheadings will enhance presentation and provide a more coherent essay. Evidence must be accurately documented (referenced). If in doubt, include a reference. The scientific method of referencing is recommended; for example (Environment Canada, 2007) or (Environment Canada, 2007, p. 37) when quoting directly. A bibliography must follow the text of the paper. A minimum of 10 items is expected. Consult academic sources, particularly for reviewing the framework. Information pertaining to the case study can be found, for example, from government publications, environmental organizations, newspaper articles, etc..

The paper should be illustrated with appropriate tables, figures and MAPS. Each illustration must be referenced in the text and be relevant to the discussion at hand. At least three illustrations are required (one of these should be a map). Each illustration must be properly referenced.

Please use proper grammar, sentence, and paragraph construction. Check your spelling and PROOFREAD. Avoid long sentences and unnecessarily complicated language or jargon where possible. Brevity is good!

The final paper should be double-spaced and approximately 2,500 words in length (about ten pages). Please use 12 point font and have 2.5 cm margins all around.





The Following is the Proposal Worked on so far. I hope the profs comments are helpful.






World Wildlife Fund: Canada Land use and Management



This proposal will highlight areas in which the research paper will be conducted, the topic in which the research paper will analysis will focus on the World Wildlife Fund: Canada and its land use. To help narrow the broad spectrum of the topic I will be using areas and examples from Canada. The outline framework of the research paper will take a public participation. This sort of framework will work best in this research paper by allowing the public to have an understanding of the land management issues occurring in Canada and the amount of land in the last 10 years that has been purchased/protected from further development in order to protect wildlife and ecosystems.

This paper will look at the recent purchases of land in Canada by the WWF Canada and some of its future purchases. The research will be based in Canada and will allow for an overall understanding of the reasons for purchasing and protecting these massive landmasses from further development. It will analysis the problem with the management of land to better the environment and ecosystems in which they protect and why. Most importantly it will examine the efficiency in which the newly attained landmasses are being dealt with and how in the future will the WWF Canada be able to examine its gains.

Since 1998 the WWF has acquired 100 million hectares of land, approximately 10 percent of Canadas land mass. With this impressive increase of responsibility the WWF Canada will be under a great deal stress and pressure to make major changes to the land and improve the quality of life for those they are trying to protect like the northern beaver and the grey wolf. This research paper will also look at the plans such as their Protected Areas of Strategy and explain if whether or not the amount of effort will be enough to protect and sustain the thousands of square kilometers of protected areas.

This paper will take a closer look at the World Wildlife Fund: Canada and its land use and expansion management methods by analyzing its strategies from the seat of a public participant.



Annotated Bibliography



Bickis, L. M. B. (2008). Improving strategy for the canadian wildlife service: A comparative study with the parks canada agency and the department of fisheries and oceans. University of Waterloo (Canada)). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, http://search.proquest.com/docview/304811361?accountid=11233

This article looks at the strategies in which the WWF conduct land management uses. It takes a look at the importance of the conservation of parks and the responsibility of those publicly to help continue the strategies in place. This will help the paper by outlining the means in which the WWF conducts in land use management.



Dearden, P., & Dempsey, J. (2004). Protected areas in canada: Decade of change. Canadian Geographer, 48(2), 225-239. http://search.proquest.com/docview/228314163?accountid=11233

Discuses the change in management changes over the last decade and the methods in which the WWF are conducted. This will provide background on the way things used to be managed. Allowing for the analysis of this paper to have concrete based in which the examination will take place.



Lemieux, C. J., & Scott, D. J. (2005). Climate change, biodiversity conservation and protected area planning in canada. Canadian Geographer, 49(4), 384-399. http://search.proquest.com/docview/228303375?accountid=11233

This article is a little different then those prior is looks a little more at the importance of diversity in which the land covers. This explains the reasons as to why the increase in land has occurred so dramatically in the last decade. Learning what the WWF finds important will offer insight to the paper by highlighting methods and means in which the WWF conducts itself in.



Mendoza Sammet, A. (2011). Enhancing management of protected areas. University of Calgary (Canada)). Prouest Dissertations and Theses, http://search.proquest.com/docview/881849561?accountid=11233

This is a local examination on land use and its importance in the survival of local animals and ecosystems will offer a personal approach to the WWF land use management. Having an inside look at the methods being implemented will allow for more specific method of examining how the WWF responds to local environmental issues.



WWF-canada supports northerners wishes to protect land first.(2006, Feb 21). Canada NewsWire, pp. 1-1. http://search.proquest.com/docview/455433855?accountid=11233

This article explains some of the guidelines of the WWF land uses and the reasons for the massive increase in land purchases. This article will help illustrate the strategies in which the WWF work and their land use management.


Feedback

Ok then. Your topic is feasible but not really well-related to the actual assignment guidelines. You need to critically analyze the WWF's approach to wildlife protection in Canada. Your framework is fine but you need some plausible criteria to apply toward the WWF's approach. Are you sure that this organization has actually bought 10% of the country? I am skeptical that it is an outright purchase. Perhaps it is the amount of land the WWF has some influence over? In any case, please clarify for the final paper. In any case, go ahead and work this up.

Training and Development Roles & Practices at Selected Public & Private Enterprises: A Critical Review


1- Introduction
An overview of the main areas of T&D
Historical perspective (development, growth, etc) of T&D.
Major theories of T&D
The main issues, problems in the T&D practices in the developing countries

2- Statement of the Problem
Identifying the T&D issues & practices which constitute the basis of the study.
Specifying the various aspects of these issues & practices (in the private & public enterprises).
Main research hypotheses and questions that would be answered through the study.
Identifying what knowledge is available concerning those questions, specifying the differences of opinions in the literature regarding these questions.
Developing a rationale for the study with particular reference to how the study will fill the identified gaps.


3- Objectives of the Study
- The main objective of the study
- Subobjectives of the study

4- Design of the Study
The research will be a comparative study on T&D in the selected enterprises and corporations (5 from each sector), relative to training categories, training budgets, number of employees trained annually, and the overall commitment of top management to T&D in these organizations. Specifically:
The study will use quantitative (including financial ratios & measurements) and qualitative techniques
The study population (selected private & public enterprises , T&D professionals
Identification of these enterprises & professionals
How to get in touch with these selected elements?
How can these elements be convinced to participate in the study?
How will the data be collected? (primary data: interviewing, questionnaire, observation) + secondary data

5- Measurement procedures
Justification of the choice of the research tool (its strength & weaknesses)
Discussion of the validity & reliability of the chosen research tool (instrument)

6- Sampling
The size of the sampling population and from where and how this information will be obtained.
The size of the sample and the reasons for choosing this size.
An explanation of the sampling design which planned to be used in the selection of the sample (simple random sampling, stratified random sampling etc.)

7- Analysis of Data
Data analysis strategy
Data analysis will be by using the computer SPSS analysis and qualitative analysis techniques

8- Structure of the Report


9- Problems and Limitations


10-Tentative Bibliography

1) Discusses the following perspective: Although servant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is totally compatible with most religions and theories of philosophy. Student conducts a comparative study using Greenleaf?s characteristics of servant leadership (based upon Christianity) against one other religion or philosophy (apart from Christianity) and one other leadership theory.
2) Explain whether you agree or disagree with the statement above. (Justify with appropriate references.) ....I agree...
**This paper is not a political or religious assignment. This assignment should foster critical thinking as it relates to the topic and objectives of this module, and presents the student with an opportunity to explore other theories, philosophies, and religion.
3) Describes one attribute or capacity of servant leadership (from Greenleaf?s attributes).
4) Describes an example where you have seen a leader demonstrate that capacity. What impact did the leader?s behavior have on the situation?
5) Describes the importance of self-awareness and emotional intelligence and the roles they play in enabling you as a leader to model the capacities or characteristics of servant leadership.
6) Uses at least 4 academic sources.
7) Student prepares all answers and comments according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract was not required.
8) Paragraph Development and Transitions
Student?s work has a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas universally progress and relate to each other. The student is careful to use paragraph and transition construction to guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless. Individually and collectively, paragraphs are coherent and cohesive.
9) Mechanics of Writing
a) Student is clearly in control of standard, written American English.
b) All work includes correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar.
c) Similarity Index less than or equal to 15% *Instructor discretion advisable
10) Language Use and Audience Awareness
a) Student used correct sentence construction, word choice, etc.
b) Student uses a variety of sentence constructions, figures of speech, and word choice in unique and creative ways that are appropriate to the purpose, discipline, and scope.
c) Assignment is within the required word count.

Completion and Submission of First Draft of Literature Review

Here is the Literature There are 10 of them.
(Kasim, 2007)
Kasim, Azilah. (2007). Corporate Environmentalism in the Hotel Sector: Evidence of Drivers and Barriers in Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 15(6), 680-699.

(Prokkola, 2008)
Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa. (2008). Resources and barriers in tourism development: cross-border cooperation, regionalization and destination building at the Finnish-Swedish border. Fennia. 186(1), 31-46.


Abramson, N. (2005). Building and Maintaining Effective Buyer-Seller Relationships: A Comparative Study of American and Canadian Expectations. Journal of promotion management 12(1), pp. 129-51.

Halliburton, C. & Hunerberg, R. (2004). Pan-European Marketing Ten Years After 1993-- A Current Appraisal and Proposed Conceptual Framework. Journal of Euro-Marketing 14(1/2), pp. 15-34.

Neff, J. (2009). Walmart, P&G, Unilever learn from their mistakes. Advertising Age 80(22), pp. 3-26.

Penz, E. : Schelgelmilch, B., Stttinger, B. (2009). Voluntary Purchase of Counterfeit Products: Empirical Evidence From Four Countries. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 21(1), pp.67-84.


Rogerson, C. (2007). The challenges of developing backpacker tourism in South Africa: an enterprise perspective. Development South Africa 24(3), pp. 425-44.

Steinberg, B. & Ives, N. (2009). Why so many media companies stumble globally. Advertising Age 80(22), pp. 4-28.

Xianping, S. (2004). Problems in the Development of the Dyestuff Industry. China chemical reporter 15(23), pp. 20-1.

Yeung, M.; Hobbes, J. & Kerr, W. (2007). Accessing US and EU Markets for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Legislative and Technical Barriers Facing Agribusiness Marketers. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 19(1), pp. 53-79





The following objectives of literature reviews will help you finalize your first draft of the literature review:

* Well-written reviews of literature demonstrate deep, yet broad-based knowledge and expertise concerning the research topics.

* Knowledge and theories relevant to a topic are critically evaluated and synthesized in literature reviews.

* Theoretical and conceptual frameworks are examined and supported by seminal authors, books, and relevant academic journal articles.

* The importance of the topic and/or the benefits of studying the topic are supported by demographics and current statistics presented in the literature.

* While reviewing the literature, gaps and controversies are identified, and recommendations are made for additional research done by other researchers.

Next, consider the following guidelines as you prepare your first draft of the literature review:

* References: Ten references included in a Reference page, utilizing the correct APA format.

* Appendix: Keywords, terms, descriptors: a minimum of six directly related to your topic/research question.

* Databases: A minimum of two databases and sources of information utilized for your review of the literature.

Write your first draft of the literature review in a minimum of 10 double-spaced pages as a Word document.

In your literature review, you should have:

* Integrated and evaluated the literature, by examining the patterns existing among the articles.
* Discussed which studies were considered stronger.
* Identified the weaknesses and/or gaps found in the literature.
* Given credit for direct quotes and ideas not original to you.
* Avoided plagiarism, cautiously and judiciously.
* Begun with an introduction and ended with a summary.
* Used spell check in a word processor to review the first draft.
* Proofread after the use of spell check.
* Evaluated and synthesized the literature you chose.


Manuscript Preparation Reminders

Paper Size:


8.5 x 11

Typeface:


12 pt Times Roman or 12-pt Courier

Margins:


Minimum of 1 for top, bottom, left, and right margins

Length:


1014 pages

Spacing:


Double

Paragraph Indents:


57 spaces; 1st line of each paragraph is indented

Page Numbers:
In Arabic numerals in upper-right hand corner; first from right hand edge of
page

Reference Page:
Must follow APA format
Title Page:
Must follow APA format