This paper is for my marketing class. I chose the American Red Cross because I am an active blood donorand feel very strongly for this company and how they help so many people. The first page to page and a half needs to explain the company and how they work, then the remaining pages need to persuade my professor to give blood. By the end of this essay he should want to go and find the closest blood bank. I will also need some type of marketing slogan for given blood that's unique. I live in New Hampshire and would be under the NH region of the red cross. The paper needs to be at least 5 pages of greatness. If you need to go to 6 or even 7 pages just let me know and I will pay the additional. He said it can be longer just no shorter that 5 full pages. if you have any questions at all please email me right away.
Thank you heidi

I am suppose to look at the finances of the American Red Cross, for the year of 2003-2004 and assess their financial condition by applying ratios. Basically, I am suppose to compare the financial status of the Red Cross from the years of 2003-2004. After doing that, I am also responsible for briefly discussing the Red Cross's status with Medicare. In other words how does Medicare's prospective payment system apply to your organization? Discuss.

This paper is from a Master's degree program online titled Health Care Finance
There are faxes for this order.

Assessing Stakeholder Needs

Human services organizations do their best to provide programs and services for those who need assistance. Sometimes meeting the needs of a given population requires the programs and services of more than one organization. For example, a homeless individual may first seek housing, but also may need health care, job placement services, clothing, and food. In order to meet the complex and multiple needs of clients, human services organizations form partnerships with other organizations. Partnerships can help organizations to maximize available community resources and efficiently deliver comprehensive services to clients. Human services administrators must be strategic in forming and maintaining partnerships. In addition, it is important that all organizations in a partnership maintain their missions to fulfill their original objectives.

Stakeholders may have needs related to the human services organization with which they are associated. These needs may originate from factors internal or external to human services organizations. For example, volunteers may need and demand a proper workspace to efficiently carry out volunteer duties. The needs of stakeholders can affect human services organization. It is up to human services administrators to identify and assess stakeholder needs as they make strategic plans for the organization. Knowing what questions to ask stakeholders for identifying and assessing needs is critical.

This week, you will work with your group to create a survey with Google Forms (or a comparable program). Google tools are widely used and can be beneficial to both your academic and professional career. If you are unfamiliar with this tool, please use your weekly Resources as guidance.


Organization is American Red Cross

Resources:

https://knowhownonprofit.org/organisation/strategy/directionsetting/stakeholder

https://www.google.com/forms/about/

Assignment 1: ?The American Red Cross (ARC)?****Masters Program********** HRM*******************


Read The American Red Cross (ARC) case in your textbook. This case is not available in electronic format on the course shell. You are to write a four to six (4-6) page paper that answers the following questions:

1.Determine the impact of this event on ARC?s ?benefits of business ethics? (employee commitment, investor loyalty, customer satisfaction, and bottom line).
2.Determine and discuss the role that ARC?s stakeholder orientation played in this scenario.
3.Determine and discuss the ways in which ARC?s corporate governance failed to provide formalized responsibility to their stakeholders.
4.Recommend steps that ARC could follow to improve their stakeholder perspective.
5.Include at least three (3) references, no more than three (3) years old, from material outside the course.
The format of the paper is to be as follows:

?Typed, double-spaced, Times New Roman font (size 12), one-inch margins on all sides (APA format).
?Type the question followed by your answer to the question.
?In addition to the four to six (4-6) pages required, a title page is to be included. The title page is to contain the title of the assignment, your name, the instructor?s name, the course title, and the date.
Note: You will be graded on the quality of your answers, the logic/organization of the report, your language skills, and your writing skills.

Conduct a critical review of the case study: Chapter Enrichment Teams at the American Red Cross. Paper should be no more than three single-spaced pages in length. Include in the synopsis your: environmental analysis, problem statement, analysis of problem, alternatives, recommendation(s), and consequences and contingencies.Paper should be APA format. Please identify each sections when writing. Thanks. Requesting scholarly writer, please. Had problems with last case study writer.

Financial analysis of the American Red Cross. Identify all of the pertinent strategic and financial issues. Analysis should evaluate Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends. Utilize financial analysis, strategic management, and human resources concepts. Provide an idustry overview. A detailed economic analysis using Porter's 5 determinents. Make or defend future conjectures regarding performance. Provide a table of contents. Provide an abstract. Need an introduction, a vision and mission statement analysis, the firm's strategy, company analysis, a summary, and recommendation or future actions.

Below is theformat I wish for you to follow. Introduction- 1 page; Review of Literature - 2pages; Design of Study -1page; Findings - 2pages; Summary - 1page; Conclusion and Recommendations - 1page
I. INTRODUCTION1
Description of the Problem1
The Purpose of the Research..1
The History, Setting, and Background of the Problem...1
Scope of the Research.1
II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE...2
III. DESIGN OF THE STUDY..4
IV. FINDINGS..5
V. SUMMARY.7
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS8

Below is my outline which I have developed so that I am familiar with the paper
I. Thesis statement
II. Historical Milestones of Humanitarian Service
a. history shaping
b. how the purpose differ
c. who are the target of assistance
d. Benefits from acts of public service
III. Expansion of Humanitarian Services
a. volunteer services
b. blood services
c. disaster planning and response statistics
d. Service to the United States Armed Forces
IV. Relief Imapct on Economic growth
a. why some area receive less aid than others
b. how giving aid threatens anyone
c. crisis over distribution of funds
d. political impact or influence
V. ARC Humanitarian service present state
a. what constraints remain culturally
b. operation logistics
c. public perception and changing ARC image
d. Public service which you can become involved in - Who life will you change

Please include my free reference page and include citation where needed.

This is APA format; I have included my abstract so that you see where I am trying to head with this paper.
ABSTRACT
We all know it takes time, effort and money to rebuild a community. The American Red Cross is one of the groups which is making a difference in the lives of so many across the globe. The Red Cross was founded to provide wartime aide; now it has expanded to provide service to the public even in peacetime. Even though the Red Cross attracts sizable donations the question still surfaces whether the funds are going for their intended use. In order to dispel the publics perception, the Red Cross wanted to define their mission and inform the public of that mission. The total workforce of the Red Cross is exemplified in its history, its services, its disaster efforts, its economic growth, its present state and future outlook. We will examine how this organization is an advocate for all types of humanitarian services and the impact on how a little goes a long way.

Any questions fill free to let me know.

an environmental audit for american red cross with introduction (brief paragraph introducing the firm and its mission and purpose) direct forces (competitors, employees, customers, suppliers, up to one pagedescribing the four direct forces as they relate to this firm), Indirect forces and how each will affect your organization, identify whether or not these events are opportunities or threats to the organization,( social culture, global, technology, political - legal) describe all indirect forces as they relate to this organization; use current events references for maximum credit, Conclusion ( brief paragraph) References (in addition to minimum three page requirement. Any cites need to be legitimate sites as he will confirm

Please respond to the following questions, in essay format, with proper attribution of all sources in APA format. Thorganization choose is American Red Cross. Please make sure that Your using the Fifth edition of APA. JUST ANSWER THE qUESTIONS IN eSSAY FORMAT PLEASE.

A. what are some formal statements that are prevalent in the organization? These could include that organization's philosophy, mission,vision, values, and any promotional materials with which you may be familiar. What do these statements suggest to you about the organization?

b. What is the design of the physical workspace or work environment and what does this say about the organization's culture?

c. What slogans, language, or sayings are prevalent in the organization? How do these inform people in the culture?

ETH/316

Learning Team Organizational Profile

Research "3" community organizations on an individual basis.

We Choose, "The American Red Cross, The Salvation Army, and Coca Cola"

Write a short overview of the 3 organizations that addresses the following:

? Evaluate the organization?s involvement and responsibility to the community.
? Summarize what factors have influenced the social responsibility strategies of the organization.
? Does the organization have a social initiative? If so, what is it? If not, identify a social initiative for the organization.
? What are the potential ethical or moral effects of the organization?s social initiative or potential social initiative?
? In your ideal career position, how might you support this organization?s social initiative in the community?


Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper and comparing the similarities and differences between the different organizations and their communities.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Describe The American Red Cross, including the organizations philosophy, mission, vision, values, and structure.

No pictures or graphs please.

I'm required to write a 500 words essay in response to the question, "Describe an experience you had in a culture different from your own. How would this experience prepare you for a diverse world?" Honestly, I don't have a specific personal experience related to the question given. I am thinking to discuss common issues faced by most international students in the United States, such as, language difficulties, negative stereotype, underestimated, different norms and beliefs. I came from Indonesia, a third world country with low standards of living, and I am expected to adapt to American culture that is rushed with progressive thinking. I was born in middle-class family where my parents operate a clothing business. I once worked as a volunteer at the American Red Cross and I was also a part time worker in "Building and Ground Department" at Diablo Valley College. I am glad if you can help me come up with a specific "story" that is very strong to support the answer of the question. I want this essay to emphasize that I have learned a lot from that experience and helps me to further develop as a human being. It makes me more capable to handle larger varieties of circumstances and not to judge people based on their 'appearance' but more on what they do. A powerful quote from famous people would be good to be added to this essay. Some business terminologies and current global issues will also be helpful since this is an admission essay to business school.

Write a research paper on the American Red cross and how it is a not-for-profit entity.
You must have at least 5 sources of which only 3 may be Web based.

Your assignment must be typed, double-spaced, 12 point - Times New Roman font, normal margins. All citations must be in the APA format. You may refer to your Accountant's writing Handbook, your english handbook or go on-line to obtain specific rules for this format. I have included a link under Course Information for a reputable website.

As noted in your syllabus, your assignment must be a professional document and must include a cover page.

I. statement of problem

II. Policy perspective
- present supportive research findings and critically
analyze each one.

III. Critical Assessment of Policies and Practices

IV. Recommendations

Basically paper is about the volunteer agencies such as the American Red Cross, volunteer churches, volunteer citizens from around the country that contributed assistance both in New Orleans and from a far. How did these volunteer agencies render help.

References: at least 10 references from refereed journals, government sources, or edited books. References must appear in both the text and a bibliography.

course Business, Society, and Corporate Values. Book Business Ethics, ethical decision making and Cases 9th edition

Discussion Board Post
There has been much discussion over CEO compensation, which is viewed by many as being way out-of- line, especailly at a time when the average American wage earner has seen few gains over the years. Especially troubling is the fact that in many cases CEOs are granted huge pay packages even as the performance of their firms is poor and employees are asked to bear the brunt in the form of layoffs, low or no raises, reduced benefits, and longer working hours. Based on your research, what is the problem here? Is it that corporate boards which approve CEO pay are simply out-of-touch (you will need to learn something about the composition of these boards) or is it that stakeholders (in this case, shareholders and employees) have lost power as crony capitalism and a winner-take-all mentality rue the day ? How do you see it ? What are the implications of a system such as this ? (1 page)

- Case 10 - Home Depot - p. 406
As a publicky-traded corporation, how can Home Depot justify budgeting so much money for philanthropy ? What areas other than the environment, disaster relief, affordable-housing and at-risk youth might be appropriate for strategic philanthropy by Home Depot ?(1 page)

- Case 12 - Insider Trading at The Galleon Group - p. 427
Are information gathering techniques like Rajaratnam's common on Wall Street ? If so, what can regulators, investors and executives do to curb such practices ?(1 page)

- Case 13 - GlaxoSmithKline - p.434
What caused GSK's leadership to fail in preventing ethical issues related to integrity failures ? (1 page)

- Case 14 - Hospital Corporation of America - p. 445
What were the organizational ethical leadership problems that resulted in misconduct ?(1 page)

- Case 18 - American Red cross - p. 485
What eefect do organizational structure and compensation have on ethical behavior among chief executives at ARC ?(1 page)

- Case 19 - Nike - p. 495
Why did nike fail to address corporate social responsibility early on ?(1 page)

Heat stroke
How should this heat stroke accident been handled differently according to american red cross. See below.

EDEN PRAIRIE, Minnesota (CNN) -- Pro Bowl offensive lineman Korey Stringer of the Minnesota Vikings died of heat stroke early Wednesday, the team said.
The 6-foot-4, 335-pound Stringer, 27, died at Immanuel St. Joseph's Hospital -- Mayo Health System in Mankato, where the team holds its preseason practices.
His death came as dangerously hot weather continued to pose a problem for the central United States. Temperatures were expected to reach as high as 100 degrees in Iowa and Illinois on Wednesday.
Stringer began exhibiting signs of heat stroke, including weakness and rapid breathing, after a morning practice session Tuesday.
Dave Hansen, who covers the Vikings for CNN affiliate KMSP, reports Stringer was feeling sick throughout the practice.
Temperatures in Mankato reached a high of 91 degrees Tuesday. The heat index -- how hot it feels when the temperature is combined with the relative humidity -- reached as high as 111 degrees.
Stringer's temperature reached 108 degrees
The Vikings' athletic trainers treated Stringer at the practice field and called for an ambulance.
By the time Stringer arrived at the hospital, he was unresponsive and had a core body temperature over 108 degrees. He developed multi-organ system failure throughout the day, the team said.
"He never regained consciousness and despite all efforts, his heart failed at 1:50 a.m.," a team statement said.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, people suffer heat-related illness when their bodies' normal cooling process, sweating, is rendered inefficient due to extraordinarily high temperatures, humidity and/or exertion. In such cases, a person's body temperature can rise rapidly, potentially causing brain or other organ damage.

I need a written statement of my professional goals and rationale of how the Psy D program will further my career objectives. I am applying for the Doctorate of Psychology (PsyD) program at Marshall University, West Virginia.

The statement must speak to my commitment to providing professional service to the rural areas of West Virginia and my understanding of the time commitement to the doctorate study.

Attached is my resume for your consideration.

In addition to, I am an undergraduate student at Marshall University studying Psychology. I am a life long resident of the southern part of West Virginia (rural area). My GPA is 3.34

As to the time commitment. I currently work 2 jobs at Marshall University as a Zumba Instructor and a little league swim coach. I'm also the community service chair for Order of Omega (Honor Fraternity) and Delta Zeta Social Sorority. While at Marshall I also was on the Girls Track Team. I'm also a community service partner with American Red Cross, Little Victories Animal Sheltor and Hospice House. I have worked for 3 years as a mentor for Energy Express working with K-5 children that are from under-priviledged homes to help children gain a higher reading level.

I want to achieve a Doctorate in Psychology to practice in a unique culture and understand the needs of a rural and under-served community, particularly in the Appalachia region of WV. I enjoy working with children and would enjoy the discipline of child development.


Attached is my resume that may help. Thank you.

Request Whitelaw:

Linkages and The Emergency Response Plan

The Session Long Project for this Course is to examine linkages of five essential sectors to an effective Emergency Response Plan (ERP)?using the National Response Framework (NRF) as a guide. Certain linkages are strengthened by a Concept of Operations Plan to be used in the Emergency Response phase of a natural or manmade disaster (see Background Information for examples).

These Linkages (or partnerships) are:

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and Volunteers Partnerships
The Military Partnerships: Humanitarian/Support Role
Local, State, and Federal Partnerships
Private Sector Partnerships
Local Fire/Law Enforcement Partnerships



For This Module you will do the Following:
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and Volunteers Partnerships

*NRF Background:

The National Response Framework of 2008 provides the basis for creating an effective emergency management plan. Essentially, the NRF:

Identifies Response Doctrine

The NRF retains the same core principles of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) in which first responders from different jurisdictions and disciplines can work together more closely to effectively respond to natural disasters and emergencies, including acts of terrorism.

Draws Focus on Preparedness

Effective preparedness is a critical precondition for successful response. The NRF encourages a higher level of readiness by drawing a sharper focus on the value of the following preparedness activities: planning, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, and applying lessons learned. Mastery of these key functions supports unity of effort, and thus our ability to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs.

Guides the Conduct of All-Hazards Response

Through engaged partnerships with elected and appointed officials, dedicated emergency management practitioners, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector, and by applying common NIMS principles and response doctrine, government at all levels can respond more effectively to incidents and better serve our communities and the nation.

*NRF Fact Sheet: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/NRFOnePageFactSheet.pdf

The NRF contains guidelines for NGO and volunteer involvement in the aftermath of a disaster. Your ERP should have language addressing their involvement locally.

Locate in the NRF guidelines NGO and volunteer management. Cite your sources: Title, Location, page number.
Locate the appropriate NRF Annex for the American Red Cross and choose two (2) functions and relate them to your ERP. In other words, How and what would be the functions of the Red Cross according to your Plan? Cite your sources, Location, Title, page number.
Which NGOs and/or volunteer organizations would you include in your Plan, and why? Be specific.

Session Long Project Assignment Expectations

Length: SLP Module assignment should be at least 2-3 pages.

References: At least two references should be included from academic sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (preferably in APA format).

Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes.

Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper.

Format: APA format is recommended (but not required) for this assignment. See Syllabus page for more information on APA format.

Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted, assignments are expected to adhere to standard guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.

The following items will be assessed in particular:

Relevance (e.g. all content is connected to the question)
Precision (e.g. specific question is addressed. Statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate).
Depth of discussion (e.g. present and integrate points that lead to deeper issues)
Breadth (e.g. multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues/factors considered)
Evidence (e.g. points are well-supported with facts, statistics and references)
Logic (e.g. presented discussion makes sense, conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information)
Clarity (e.g. writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples)

I need help with this assignment Law Profile Paper HSM 230

The agency I choose is Sunrise Foster Senior Community.(this agen cy do not exist but I created for my final paper). This agency promotes wellness for senior and older adults with disabilities. Also provide educational & recreational activities and new programs such as senior employment programs for low income seniors.

The law I choose is Older American Act (OAA) in 1965.

Write a 1,200 word minimum paper in APA format (Axia Writing Style Guide) that answers all of the following questions. Use the provided grading rubric as a guide in completing the paper:

? What is the law?
? What peer-reviewed UoP Library Database resources are available to learn about the implications of this law, if any?
? What is the purpose or rationale of the law?
? How will the law affect day-to-day operations within the human service organization you are developing?
? What are the arguments for the law? Against the law?
? Reference/cite established opinions of the law.
? Present an evaluative decision about the impact the law has on the clients and the organization if the law is not followed. Ensure the clients and the organizations are addressed separately.
? Use logical inquiry and problem solving to arrive at a recommendation or an evaluative decision.
? Include at least two sources with one being peer-reviewed from UoP Library Databases to support your recommendation.
? USE APA WRITING STYLE per the guide posted. Run the Plagiarism check via Turnitin and upload it as a separate attachment in the assignment link along with the Certificate of Originality.
? Post your completed paper as an attachment


I will provide 2 websites (1 peer-reviewed from University of Phoenix and other from the internet)

Dept. of Health and Human Services (Administration on Aging)
Older Americans Act and Aging Network

http://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/aoa_programs/oaa/introduction.aspx

Peer-reviewed (Univ. of Phoenix)
From the great society to the aging society - 25 years of the older americans act.

Authors:Binstock, Robert H..
Source:Generations, Summer/Fall91, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p11-18, 8p.
Document Type:Article.
Subject Terms:OLD age assistance -- Law & legislation
OLDER people -- Legal status, laws, etc.
SOCIAL change
SOCIAL goals
LAW
LEGISLATIVE bills.
Geographic Terms:UNITED States.
Abstract:Discusses the history and achievements of the Older Americans Act which was passed in 1965. Fundamental features during the 1960s and 1970s; Broad focus on all persons aged 60 and older; Gap between the social goals proclaimed in the legislation and the meager funds and limited authority; Fragmentation of implementing authority among government entities; Reauthorization of the act in 1991..
Lexile:1410.
Full Text Word Count:5803.
ISSN:07387806.
Accession Number:9707290001.
Database: MasterFILE Premier...

When the Older Americans Act (OAA) became law as a grant-in-aid program in 1965, few sectors of American society, were even aware the complex societal challenges generated by population aging and the innumerable day-to-day issues confronted by older persons (Morris and Binstock, 1966). In the quarter of a century since, the OAA administered by the Administration on Aging (AoA), U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)--has been an excellent vehicle for identifying and emphasizing the challenges and issues of an aging society Its accomplishments, at the least, include (1) continuous and dynamic identification of needs of older persons; (2) creation and exemplification of strategies, programs, and services for meeting those needs; (3) provision of tangible and intangible help to innumerable older Americans; (4) development of a nationwide infrastructure for helping older persons, comprising 57 State Units on Aging, 670 Area Agencies on Aging, and about 25,000 associated service-providing agencies; and (5) recruitment and socialization of thousands of carer professionals to the field of aging.

The expansive social policy context in which the OAA was created, however, came to an end about a dozen years ago. Since then, social policy retrenchment has been in vogue, and the general political environment--previously supportive of almost any policy proposals to benefit aging persons--has become increasingly hostile to older people.

During the evolution of these changes in the broader political environment, the level of federal funding for the OAA has not grown significantly. It has become apparent that the networks--in its present mode of operation--cannot begin to achieve the comprehensive social goals set forth in the legislation. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, congressional leaders have persistently asked whether the funds and the energy. expended through the OAA might be used with greater leverage or in a substantially different fashion. As the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging has observed regarding the OAA, "It is dear that Congress will need to go beyond the incremental changes in reforming the act, to enhance and further the goals it set for itself and the Nation back in 1965" (U.S. Senate, 1985, p. 270). As the OAA faces congressional reauthorization in 1991, beginning its second quarter of a century, its overarching mission is unclear.

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The creation of the OAA and its development into a nationwide network of services to older persons took place in a general context of American domestic politics that was rather different from today's. From the early 1960s through the mid-1970s the policy environment for social programs was expansive, starting with President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and continuing through President Richard Nixoh's New Federalism. Public sources for addressing social problems were perceived to be plentiful, and there were fewer debates than today over the wisdom and propriety of public initiatives to solve social problems. Virtually any social issue that could be well articulated as a matter deserving of national attention became legitimated as an appropriate issue for federal intervention.

The political atmosphere was especially favorable to programs for older persons. Prior to the late 1970s the predominant stereotypes of older per-sons in American society were compassionate. Elderly persons were seen as poor, frail, socially dependent, objects of discrimination and, above all, deserving. For some 40 years--dating from the Social Security Act of 1935--American society accepted the notion that all older persons are essentially the same and worthy of some form of governmental help. Our national and state governments acted on this perception by adopting and financing major old age benefit programs and tax and price subsidies for which eligibility is determined by age rather than need. Through Social Security, Medicare, the Older Americans Act, tax privileges for being aged 65 or older, "senior citizen discounts," and a variety of other measures, elderly persons were exempted from many of the "means tests"--income and asset screenings--that are applied to other Americans to determine whether they qualify for public assistance.

During the 1960s and the 1970s just about any issue or problem that advocates for the elderly could identify as affecting some subgroup of the older population became a governmental responsibility toward all older persons: income maintenance; insurance for private pensions and healthcare; nutritional, legal, supportive, and recreational services; housing; home repair; energy assistance; transportation; help in getting jobs; protection against being fired or compulsorily retired from jobs; special mental health programs; a separate National Institute on Aging; and so on. By the mid-1970s a congressional committee, using loose criteria, identified 134 federal programs benefiting older citizens, overseen by 49 committees and subcommittees of the Congress (U.S. House of Representatives, 1977).

THE OAA: A POLICY OF THE 1960S & 1970S
Three of the fundamental features of the OAA, as it has evolved to date, reflect the Political context of that earlier era. One defining element has been a broad focus on all persons aged 60 and older as the constituency of the OAA and its programs. Another basic characteristic has been an incredible gap between the ambitious social goals proclaimed in the legislation and the meager funds and limited authority that Congress has made available to achieve them. A third feature has been a considerable amount of diffusion, both in the types of programs and services offered by the OAA and in the fragmentation of implementing authority among federal, state, and local entities.

The congressional sponsors of the 1965 legislation, Senator Pat McNamara of Michigan and Representative John Fogarty of Rhode Island, made it dear in committee hearings and floor discussions that the OAA was to be of service to all older persons, regardless of income status. The sponsors were especially concerned that program for the aging not be stigmatized as welfare programs for the poor (Porter, 1991). The universality of the older Americans constituency to be served by the OAA has been expressed tangibly since then through the distribution of federal funds to the states under Title III--Grants for State and Community Programs on Aging. The states receive proportional shares of funds through a legislative formula based on the population 60 years of age and older in each state as a proportion of the national total of persons aged 60 and older (OAA, 1989, Sec. 304, a, 1).

Particularly reflective of the 1960s and 1970s is the extraordinarily ambitious range of policy goals set forth in the OAA's Tide I--Declaration of Objectives, which has undergone little change in the past 25 years: "(1) An adequate income in retirement. ... (2) The best possible physical and mental health. . . . (3) ... suitable housing. ... (4) Full restorative services for those who require institutional care, and a comprehensive array of community-based, long-term care services (5) Opportunity for employment (6) Retirement in health, honor, dignity. ... (7) . . . meaningful activity within the widest range of civic, cultural, educational and training, and recreation opportunities. . . . (8) Efficient community services, including access to low-cost transportation. ... (9) Immediate benefit from proven research knowledge. ... (10) Freedom, independence and the free exercise of individual initiative ..."(OAA, 1989, Sec. 101).

The amounts of money that Congress authorized for the first three years of OAA operation--$6.5, $11, and $16.95 million--bore no relationship to the magnitude of the tasks implied by the bold objectives proclaimed in the legislation. The funds were primarily used for modest ad hoc grants to public and voluntary organizations within the respective states, to plan, operate, and demonstrate programs such as multi-purpose senior centers, municipal councils on aging, and a variety of social services such as homemaker and home health, information and referral, friendly visiting, and telephone reassurance.

Appropriations grew in small annual increments until 1973, when they jumped sharply--by 248 percent, from $61 to $212 million--to fund both a newly authorized nutrition services program and the development of a nationwide network of Area Agencies on Aging that was to plan, arrange for, coordinate, and advocate for services within each state. Since then smaller incremental annual increases have brought the total appropriation to $1.25 billion in fiscal 1990 (U.S. Senate, 1990).

What appears to be a steady increase in funds appropriated for the OAA over the past 25 years, however, is misleading. If the dollar amounts are adjusted for inflation, OAA appropriations reached a peak in fiscal 1981, the last budget year during President Carter's administration, and have de-dined substantially in constant dollar values since then (U.S. House of Representatives, 1984). Moreover, the relative insignificance of the funds appropriated for achieving O/AA goals can be appreciated by comparing them with expenditures on other programs assisting aging Americans. In fiscal 1990, for example, Medicare expenditures (U.S. Congress. 1991, p. 152) and Social Security payments to older persons (U.S. Senate, 1991, p. 204) totaled $343.2 billion, or 275 times the OAKs appropriation.

The token amount of funds available for achieving the OAKs ambitious objectives is a characteristic of many social programs that were developed in the 1960s and 1970s. Rather than risk the displeasure of social-issue advocates by resisting their requests for innumerable policy initiatives, Congress dealt with an overload of demands by creating thinly funded programs that demonstrated congressional responsiveness to social issues. The funds made available were essentially symbolic because their magnitude bore no realistic relationship to the dramatic policy objectives proclaimed in legislation. Issue constituencies were appeased by having specially earmarked programs through which they could share in "the social pork barrel" (Stockman, 1975). And the generalities of legislation enabled Congress not only to evade inherent political conflicts embodied in social issues but to pass them on to the states and localities along with substantial discretionary authority for spending the sparse funds made available to them.

Title Ill of the OAA, as amended through the present, is a classic example of this social policy formula. It provides funds for services, planning, advocacy coordination, evaluation, and administration to each state that designates a State Unit on Aging (SUA). These SUAs, in turn, subdivide their respective states into Planning and Service Areas (PSAs) and designate an Area Agency, on Aging (AAA) as an administrative entity, for each PSA. The legislation authorizes AAAs, in accordance with plans submitted to SUAs, to expend federal funds on nutrition services; senior centers; a broad range of supportive and outreach services, including 40 services explicitly described in the statute; and "any other services ... necessary for the general welfare of older individuals" (OAA, 1989, Sec. 321, a, 19).

This omnibus Title III of the OAA is a prototype of the formula that enabled Congress to demonstrate its social responsiveness and gain political triumphs in the 1960s and 1970s. AoA and other implementing agencies could demonstrate results relatively quickly and tangibly, without achieving policy goals, by reporting on the entities and programs established, dollars distributed among constituencies throughout the nation, and the number and types of clients served. Some interest groups and service providers that were unable to gain access to the limited funds available may have complained, but national politicians could sympathetically refer them back to the semiautonomous state and local implementing agencies. Moreover, excluded constituencies could always be accommodated through inclusion in subsequent amendments, such as Title VI--Grants for Native Americans, added to the OAA in 1978.

Much of the development of the Title III network took place in the 1960s and 1970s under the leadership of the first three U.S. commissioners on aging, responsible for administering the OAA. The top priority of the first commissioner. William D. Bechill, 1965-1969, was to mobilize the grant-in-aid program. Facilitating speedy qualification of designated SUAs, and building congressional support for the program, he assured the OAA's survival. John D. Martin, 1969-1975, consolidated Bechill's successful work, particularly through the implementation of area wide model projects that demonstrated the capacities of states to pool existing resources together with OAA funds to establish selected state and local service-delivery systems.

Succeeding Martin, from 1973 through 1978, was Arthur S. Flemming who had served as secretary, of Health, Education and Welfare under President Eisenhower. Flemming led the development of the Nationwide Network of Aging Services, authorized through 1973 amendments to the OAA (see Gold, 1974). By the end of Flemming's tenure, the Tide III network included more than 550 AAAs, 1,100 multipurpose senior centers, and 9,700 nutrition sites. Without Flemming's leadership in developing this nationwide service structure, it is probable that the OAA would have been folded into a block grant in the 1980s when the Reagan administration emphasized elimination of governmental agencies and regulations. Moreover, Flemming was the first commissioner to emphasize his offices legislated authorization to exercise leadership on issues of aging within the federal government, In less than one year, for example, he negotiated some 20 interagency agreements between AoA and such agencies as the Social Security Administration, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (Ficke, 1985, p. 16).

THE POLITICS OF AUSTERITY & 'INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY'
Since the late 1970s, governmental social programs have been in retreat, and the climate of American politics and public discourse has become increasingly hostile to older persons, in general. Public resources are perceived as scarce. A need to "reduce the deficit" is a rhetorical mainstay of domestic politics. "Containing healthcare costs" is widely considered to be one of the major goals of our society. Population aging is commonly viewed as worsening each of these problems--and others as well. More than 28 percent of the annual federal budget, or over $350 billion, is expended on benefits to older persons (U.S. Congress, 1991, pp. 141, and 152). Persons aged 65 and older, 12.6 percent of our population, account for one-third of the nation's annual healthcare expenditures (U.S. House of Representatives 1989, p. 4), or about $200 billion our of a total $600 billion in 1990, Because the elderly population is growing, absolutely and proportionally--from about 32 million persons today to an estimated 68 million, 23 percent of our population in the year 2040 (U.S. Senate, 1989, p. 4)--there is much anxiety about the costs of governmental expenditures on older people in the future.

Within this context the long-standing compassionate stereotypes of older persons have been undergoing an extraordinary reversal, which began in the late 1970s. Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, a new set of images--as inaccurate as were the earlier stereotypes--have depicted older persons as prosperous, hedonistic, politically powerful, and selfish. The epithet "greedy geezers," first unveiled in 1988 (Fairlie, 1988), has become a familiar phrase in journalistic accounts of federal budget politics (Salholz, 1990). Images of the prosperous, hedonistic, and selfish elderly have laid a foundation upon which the aged have emerged as a scapegoat for an impressive list of American problems, including the injustices experienced by poor children, the declining status of the U.S. economy, and the high costs of healthcare (see Binstock and Post, 1991).

The various problems for which elderly people have become a scapegoat have been thematically unified as issues of "intergenerational equity" through the efforts of Americans for Generational Equity (AGE), a Washington-based interest group formed in 1985. AGE's primary credo is the proposition that today's older people are winning an intergenerational war with younger age cohorts regarding the distribution of public resources (Quadagno, 1989). This construct of intergenerational conflict has been widely adopted in the media as a routine theme for describing many social policy issues, and has also gained currency in elite sectors of American society. In a recent speech, for instance, the president of the prestigious American Association of Universities warned that "the shape of the domestic federal budget inescapably pits programs for the retired against every other social purpose dependent on federal funds, in the present and the future" (Rosenzweig, 1990, p. 6).

The notion that there is a war between generations also seems to have captured the mind-set of powerful members of Congress. For example, as Congress ended its 1989 session, Representative Dan Rostenkowski, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, observed: "One of the most unhappy results of our ongoing budget gridlock has been an uneven contest between the very young and the very., old. ..." He said that "the sad story of the 1980s" was that "the old have gotten more while the young have gotten less" (Tolchin, 1989). There were, in actuality, no legislative choices or contests between "the very young and the very old" during the decade, and the old did not get "more." But the very fact that Rostenkowski was willing to characterize congressional activity in the 1980s in these terms reflects the general trend through which the flamework of inter-generational equity has become a conventional perspective for describing tradeoffs in health and social welfare policies.

THE OAA IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT
Within this larger political context of the past dozen years, dominated by rhetorical themes of fiscal austerity and intergenerational conflict, the commissioners on aging who followed Flemming assumed that there would be no major expansion of resources for the OAA and attempted to focus the efforts of the network on selected priorities. Robert C. Benedict, 1978-1981, emphasized service and advocacy, for frail and vulnerable elderly persons. His top priority was the development of "a comprehensive array of community-based long-term care services," a goal that has been one of the few significant additions made to the Declaration of Objectives in the OAA since 1965 (OAA, 1989, Sec. 101, 4). Lennie-Marie E Tolliver, 1981-1984, focused on collaboration between public, voluntary, and private sectors in the provision of services. She also emphasized preventive health measures; indeed, she frequently characterized her constituency of older Americans as the "wellderly." Carol Fraser Fisk, 1984-1989, emphasized "capacity building" in every. community of the nation. Recognizing that the limited AoA appropriations could not begin to support the volume of services needed by older Americans, she challenged the network to build, through advocacy in every. community, a system of services--public, voluntary, and private--that would be readily available to provide effective help to older Americans and their families.

The priority of the present commissioner, Joyce Berry, is a National Elder-care Campaign focused on in-home and community-based services to help older persons who are at risk of losing their independence. By holding 250 community forums over the next several years, she aims to develop local action plans based on coalitions of resources from the local chapters of several dozen organizations that have nationwide affiliates--professional, business, labor, and public sector associations; secular and religious social action and charitable federations; and the American Red Cross, the American Library Association, and other federations of community-based organizations.

ISSUES IN THE 1991 OAA REAUTHORIZATION
As we begin the 1990s, the OAA does not have a central defining mission. It still carries forward some of its basic characteristics from the earlier political context in which it was created and developed: a universal constituency of persons aged 60 and older; a huge gap between the act's declared objectives and the skimpy funding available for achieving them; and a diffusion of goals and federal, state, and local implementing authority. The issues and proposals for OAA amendments that have surfaced during the 1991 process of congressional reauthorization of the act express these ongoing themes and also illustrate substantial fragmentation among the component parts of the network and its constituencies.

The National Association of Area Agencies on Aging (N4A), the professional organization representing many of the 670 AAAs, has proposed that AAAs be designated a coordinator for all federal programs at the local level. It also proposes that the network be authorized to have the "lead role" in the development and management of a national community-based long-term-care system, and be authorized to fund such efforts through contracts and other arrangements with private, for-profit firms (N4A, 1991).

The National Council on the Aging (NCOA), a confederation of social service organizations and individuals providing direct services to older persons, opposes N4A's proposal to provide leadership in long-term care on the grounds that the "major focus of the OAA is to promote and maintain health and foster independence"; accordingly it favors a substantial investment of funds in a health promotion program. It also regards N4A's vision of partnerships between for-profit firms and the publicly supported network as a potential conflict of interest (NCOA, 1991).

The major proposal of the National Association of State Units on Aging (NASUA), the professional organization representing SUAs, is the enactment of a new Title VII--Grants for State Elder Rights Programs, which would include the following components under state control: long-term-care ombudsman programs for both in-home and institutional care services; programs to deal with the abuse, neglect, and exploitation of older persons; a legal services program; a benefits counseling program, covering public entitlements and private insurance: and an outreach program. NASUA also wants legislation that would enable SUAs to have control over AAAs with respect to the uses of any private funds that may come under their control and to ensure that such uses serve a "public purpose" (NASUA, 1990).

One of the amendments offered by the Bush administration would authorize states to permit or require service providers under Title III to engage in cost-sharing, that is, charge fees to older persons who have incomes that are more than 200 percent of the federal government's official poverty line. The administration envisions that the revenues from fees would be used for targeting additional services to older persons with comparatively greater need than those who pay fees (Sullivan, 1991). The network is presently allowed to seek "voluntary contributions" for services and apply the revenue for expansion of services.

N4A generally rejects cost-sharing on the grounds that it is an income test for eligibility. Yet it makes a rather substantial exception by advocating cost-sharing for in-home services to long-term-care patients and their families, which presumably would be a major source of revenue for the role that N4A proposes for itself as the principal developer and manager of community-based care systems throughout the nation. NASUA supports the general principle of cost-sharing, provided that the incomes of older persons are determined through a simple self-declaration. However, NASUA does not want fees applied to advocacy and access services that are at the core of its proposed Wide Vii--Grants for State Elder Rights Programs.

NCOA vociferously opposes the administration's proposal for cost-sharing. It views Title III services as an "enddement" for all older persons, regardless of income, and asserts that enactment of a cost-sharing amendment "would be a betrayal of trust of all older Americans" (Porter, 1991). In addition, NCOA argues that those older persons who would not be required to pay, particularly low-income minority older persons, would likely view the program as welfare and withdraw altogether rather than be stigmatized through participation. Interest groups that advocate for minority populations among the elderly--black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific, and Native American--share this view. The American Association for Retired Persons, an organization with some 35 million members, has not taken a stand on this issue, perhaps because of the political weaknesses it exposed when it supported the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988.

These and other issues that have surfaced in the 1991 reauthorization process are similar to those that were debated in the 1978, 1981, 1984, and 1987 reauthorizations. In fact, one specific current issue--the extent to which Title III services should be targeted to low-income minority, elderly individuals--has been an ongoing matter of controversy since 1972 (see O'Shaughnessy, 1991a). Two recent Federal District Court cases (Appalachian Agency j;or Senior Citizens v. Ferguson, 1988; Meek v. Martinez, 1987) and a General Accounting Office report (U.S. Congress, 1990), which indicated that AoA has not been aggressive in fulfilling some of its responsibilities for administering targeting policies, have spurred the Bush administration, the organizations representing components of the network, and most of the constituency organizations to favor some form of policy changes for increasing allocations of funds and services to low-income minority populations.

THE FUTURE OF THE OAA?
As the OAA begins its second quarter of a century, the larger context of domestic politics is such that substantial increases in public resources for policies designed to help older persons, categorically, seem unlikely. In the Medicare program, for example, out-of-pocket deductibles, copayments, and Part B premiums are likely to increase, and the Social Security benefits of older persons in higher income ranges are likely to be taxed even more than at present. Even if a major expansion of public long-term-care insurance is enacted by Congress, it will likely be designed as a generic program for persons of all ages and not as an earmarked program for older persons (see Binstock et al., in press). And it is most unlikely that the OAA will receive a major infusion of additional resources.

In this political milieu, Congress and all parties interested in the OAA will be pressed, increasingly, to confront some very basic issues. What is the national policy underlying the continued existence of the Title III network? Can the funds and efforts expended on it be used more effectively in other ways? Can it be built upon and reshaped to play a new role that makes sense in the contemporary context?

The 1991 reauthorization of the OAA is unlikely to resolve these fundamental issues or provide a clear, overarching sense of mission for the Tide Ill network. Most of the changes presently considered call for minor, incremental adjustments in the funding patterns and allocation of service programs through Title III. NASUA's proposal for a new Title VII, elder rights programs, may be enacted and thereby add to the broad portfolio of programs authorized by the act. But even so, it will not change substantially the OAA's mission or the low level of funding.

Although the Administration's proposal for cost-sharing has engendered heated controversy on the grounds that it will introduce a "welfare" stigma to participation in OAA programs, in fact the vast majority of state governments already employ mandatory cost-sharing in major programs serving older persons (O'Shaughnessy, 1991b). Moreover, cost-sharing in OAA programs would simply be an extension of an established trend in congressional action on major policies that affect older Americans.

For nearly 10 years Congress has been actively expressing a clear and consistent theme--that economic diversity among older persons should be taken into account in the provisions of major public policies. The Social Security Reform Act of 1983 began this trend by taxing Social Security benefits for recipients in higher income brackets. The Tax Reform Act of 1986, even as it eliminated the extra personal exemption that had been available to all persons 65 years and older when filing their federal income tax returns, provided new tax credits to very low-in-come older persons on a sliding scale. And the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 continued this legislative approach in two respects, through its progressive taxation provisions and its requirement that Medicaid pay for the Part B premiums and cost-sharing expenses for Medicare enrollees who have incomes below the poverty line. (Although the former provision was repealed in 1989, the latter remains in effect.)

One of the few public proposals for fundamental change that has surfaced in recent years is N4A's notion that AAAs should play the lead role in developing and managing a nationwide system of public/private partnerships in community-based long-term care. Although this proposal is very unlikely to be adopted in the 1991 reauthorization because of its controversial elements, it implicitly raises some basic issues concerning the future foie of the OAA.

For example, should the Title III network concentrate its efforts on just one or a few priority types of services, more or less to the exclusion of others? One or a few types of older client such as frail and, perhaps, low-income minority elderly persons, to the exclusion of others? Since community-based care is required by more than twice as many adults under the age of 65 than by persons aged 65 and older (see Gornick et al., 1985, pp. 22-23), should the mission of the OAA be broadened to serve clients of all ages, and should it be funded accordingly? Should responsibility for community-based care and nursing home care be in the hands of different agencies? Should the OAA network attempt to become the major provider of any type of public service for older persons? Or should its role be to identify and exemplify new types of important services to be provided, subsequently, on a much bigger scale through Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security, and other large programs of the state and federal governments? Should it concentrate on helping older persons and their families locate and arrange for services, and leave the responsibilities of direct service provision to the tens of thousands of other public, nonprofit, and private agencies that already provide them (see Binstock, 1987)? These and many other issues concerning possible future missions of the OAA have hardly been addressed, let alone agreed upon.

One issue on which NASUA, N4A, NCOA, and other constituencies of the OAA are united, however, is the desirability of elevating the U.S. commissioner on aging to the position of assistant secretary on aging within DHHS, so that the interests of older Americans might be better represented within the department and with other federal agencies. To be sure, the commissioner on aging has always been legislatively authorized to "serve as the effective and visible advocate for the elderly within DHHS and with other departments, agencies and instrumentalities of the Federal Government. ..." (OAA. 1989, Sec. 202, a, 1). But, for a variety of bureaucratic reasons, it has been difficult for most of the commissioners to fulfill this role in a visible fashion. At present the commissioner reports directly to the DHHS secretary.

This united plea for an assistant secretary on aging may, at bottom, reflect a desire for the network to break out of the diffuse, fragmented, and underfunded mode of operations that it has developed and maintained over the past 25 years. What seems to be expressed is the hope that an assistant secretary, might provide sufficient leadership to transcend the multitude of special interests that now constitute the network and articulate and implement a vision, an overriding sense of purpose for the future. It would be most fitting if the OAA, which has served so well in helping us to recognize and meet the challenges of aging, could now find a new and revitalized role within the aging society over the next quarter of a century.

REFERENCES
Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens v. Ferguson, 1988. 702 F.Supp. 1262 (W.D. Va.).

Binstock, R. H., 1987. "Title III of the Older Americans Act: An AnaLysis and Proposal for the 1987 Reauthorization." Gerontologist 27(3):259-265.

Binstock, R. H. and Post, S. G., eds., 1991. Too Old for Health Care? Controversics in Medicine, Law, Economics, and Ethics. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Binstock, R. H., Post, S. G. and White-home, P. J., in press. "The Challenges of Dementia." In R. H. Binstock, S. G. Post, and P. J. Whitehouse, eds., Dementia and Aging: Ethics, Values, and Policy Choices. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Fairlie, H., 1988. "Talkin' 'bout My Generation." New Republic 198(13): 19-22.

Ficke, S.C., ed., 1985. OAA--1965-1985, 20th Anniversary: An Orientation to the Older Americans Act. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Stare Units on Aging.

Gold, B. D., 1974. "The Role of the Federal Government in the Provision of Social Services to Older Persons." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 415:55-69.

Gornick, M. et al., 1985. "Twenty Years of Medicare and Medicaid: Covered Populations, Use of Benefits, and Program Expenditures." Health Care Financing Review (Annual Supplement): 13-59.

Meek v. Martinez, 1987. United States District Court, Southern District of Florida. Case No. 87-1233-CIV-KEHOE (December 11).

Morris, R., and Binstock, R. H., 1966. Feasible Planning for Social Change. New York: Columbia University Press.

N4A (National Association of Area Agencies on Aging), 1991. Recommendations for the 1991 Reauthorization of the Older Americans Act. Washington, D.C.

NASUA (National Association of State Units on Aging), 1990. Older Americans Act 1991 Reauthorization: Policy Statement, December, 1990. Washington, D.C.

NCOA (National Council on the Aging, Inc.), 1991. Position Statement on the Older Americans Act Reauthorization Washington, D.C. Mimeo.

OAA, (Older Americans Act), 1989. The Older Americans Act of 1965, As Amended Through December 31, 1988. Prepared for the Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Education of the House of Representatives (Serial No. 101-A) and for the Special Committee on Aging of the United States Senate (Serial No. 101-B). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

O'Shaughnessy, C., 1991a. Targeting Services to Older Persons Under Title III of the Older Americans Act. Memorandum to the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Subcommittee on Aging. Congressional Research Service, Library, of Congress. March 13.

O'Shaughnessy, C., 1991b. Older Americans Act: 1991 Reauthorization and FY 1991 Budget Issues. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. May 2.

Porter, D. M., 1991. "Public Policy Report." Perspective on Aging May/June:31.

Quadagno, J., 1979. "Generational Equity and the Politics of the Welfare State." Politics and Society 17(3):353-76.

Rosenzweig, P.M. 1990. Address to the President's Opening Session, 43rd Annual Scientific Meeting, the Gerontological Society of America. Boston: November 1

Salholz, E., 1990. "Blaming the Voters: Hapless Budgeteers Single Out 'Greedy Geezers.'" Newsweek, October 29:36.

Stockman. D. A. (1975). "The Social Pork Barrel." The Public Interest 39:3-30.

Sullivan, L. W., 1991. Letter and enclosure to The Honorable Thomas S. Foley, Speaker of the House of Representatives. May 20.

Tolchin, M., 1989. "Lawmakers Tell the Elderly: 'Next Year' on Health Care." New York Times, November 23:10Y.

U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, 1991. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1992-1996. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

U.S. Congress, General Accounting Office, 1990. Older Americans Act: Administration on Aging Does Not Approve Intrastate Funding Formulas. Washington, D.C.: GAO/HRD-90-85.

U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Aging, 1977. Federal Responsibility to the Elderly: Executive Proton, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Committee Publication # 95-97.

U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Aging, Subcommitee on Human Services, 1984. Older Americans Act: A Staff Summary Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Committee Publication #98-482.

U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Aging, 1989. Health Care Costs For America's Elderly, 1977-1988. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

U.S Senate, Special Committee on Aging, 1985. Developments in Aging: 1984, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Report #99-5.

U.S. Senate, Special Committee on Aging, 1989. Aging America: Trends and Projections. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

U.S. Senate, Special Committee on Aging, 1990. "Older Americans Act Information Sheet." Older Americans Act Seminar. Washington, D.C.: January 31. Photocopy.

U.S. Senate, Special Committee on Aging, 1991. Developments in Aging: 1990 Washington, D.C.: 102nd Congress, 1st Session. Government Printing Office. Report #102-28.

~~~~~~~~

By ROBERT H. BINSTOCK


Robert H. Binstock, Ph.D., is the Henry Lute Professor of Aging, Health, and Society at Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio. His latest book, coedited with Stephen G. Post, is Too Old for Health Care? Controversies in Medicine, Law, Economics and Ethics (Johns Hopkins University Press).

Thanks and if you have any questions please contact me. Thanks again.
Feel free to add another website related with this law.

Requested Writer?s Evaluation Argument:
Topic: Zero Tolerance Policies in America's Public School System: Beneficial or Another Hassle?
Thesis statement: The zero tolerance policy strives to reduce violence in schools and make schools a safer place for students.
6 pages + Works Cited page use 6 credible online sources
MLA format for works cited and inline citations and parenthetical references.

Examples:
When quoting or citing from a website with a qualified author, introduce the need to document in this manner.
Full name, credentials, present tense verb, access date, ?Quoted material, which needs to be grammatically correct? (parenthetical reference as need be).

Example: Dr. Magnus Svenson, 2004 Nobel Prize winner for Medicine, states in a website article accessed November 3, 2009, ?If nothing more is done regarding the AIDS crisis in Africa, the developed nations of this world will be guilty of a moral crime surpassing that of the Nazis of Hitler?s Third Reich.?

Works Cited Entry:
Svenson, Magnus. ?Crisis in Africa: Criminal Neglect?? AIDS Watch. AIDS
International. June 1, 2006. Web. Nov. 3, 2009. www.aidsinternational.org.

When quoting or citing from a universally accepted quality website without an author given, introduce the need to document in this manner.
The name of the sponsoring organization of the website and accessed date, ?Quoted material, which needs to be grammatically correct? (parenthetical reference as need be).

Example: According to an American Red Cross website article accessed October 2, 2007, ?Now more than ever, blood donations are critically needed in the Miami, Florida and Dade County area. Sadly, donations have gone down 45% over the past two years and the need has risen 19.5%? (?Miami?).

Works Cited Entry:
?Miami Faces Blood Crisis.? ARC Online. The American Red Cross. June 2,
2006. Web. Oct. 2, 2007. www.americanredcross.org

The organization for this argument follows:
1. Introduction: The Intro examines facts regarding the topic, the when, what, where, that sort of thing. Because most of what will be here will be merely factual statements, using sources is unlikely. Toward the end of this section, you?ll want to become more centered on your position with some argumentative claims leading to your thesis statement.

2. Defense: This section clearly assesses the topic with the applied criteria, which need to be pointedly expressed in carefully structured topic sentences; because you are supporting your position here, using sources is expected to strengthen that position. As with the advocacy argument, 3-4 clearly expressed supporting premises should work for you here.

3. Opposition Point of View: the applied criteria argument also acknowledges an opposing point of view; using sources here may or may not be needed.

4. Conclusion: This part of the argument (which may or may not require sources) needs to follow one of two positions outlined below:

i. Make a recommendation; for example, if that ?something? could be better, then how so?
ii. Make a speculation; for example, if that ?something? had never happened, well then, what might have followed?

This is an informative sppech outline on the topic DOES THE DEATH PENALTY DETER CRIME?

The outline should be detailed with 4 APA references.It should follow the below format and be detailed and well referenced.

Please use the above outine about tornadoes as an example on how to go about this

OUTLINE FOR INFORMATIVE SPEECH
Tornadoes
Purpose:To inform the audience about tornadoes
Thesis: Today I will discuss some fascinating facts about tornadoes.Specifically,I will discuss the causes,occurrences,myths,and oddities associated with tornadoes.
Organizational Pattern: Topical
I. Introduction
A. Attention Getter- Have you ever seen a tornado or known someone who has?
B. Relevance-Tornadoes can be devastating and can occur anywhere at anytime so you may be affected by one or know someone who will.
C. Credibility-I am fascinated by tornadoes and have done research in the last couple weeks preparing for this speech.
D. Thesis-Today I will discuss some fascinating facts about tornadoes.
E. Preview-Specifically, I will discuss the causes,occurrences,myths,and oddities associated with tornadoes.
Transition-First, I will discuss the causes.
II. Body

A. What causes a tornado?
1. According to an American Red Cross brochure,tornadoes occur when thunderstorms develop in warm,moist air in advance of east ward-moving cold fronts.These thunderstorms often produce large hail,strong winds and tornadoes.
2. Also,according to the Red Cross brochure,tornadoes occur during the sping in the Central Plains along a ?dryline? which seperates very warm,moist aire to the east from hot,dry air to the west.Tornado-producing thunderstorms may form as the dryline moves east during the afternoon hours.
Transition-Next,I will discuss occurrences.
B. Tornadoes can occur at any place or anytime.
1. According to the 199 Weather Guide Calender, ?tornadoes have been reported in every month of the year somewhere in the U.S.On average there are about 800 tornadoes a year in the U.S CAUSING ABOUT 80 DEATHS
2. In fact, Infoplease.com reports that among the 25 deadliest tornadoes,the top-ranked deadly tornadoes occurred in Mississippi,Georgia,Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Transition-My third point is myths.
C. There are many myths that people have about tornadoes
1. According to infoplease.com, the first myth is that areas near rivers,lakes,and mountains are safe from tornadoes.In fact, no place is safe. In the late 1980s,a tornado swept throughYellowstone National Park.
2. The second myth is that the low pressure in a tornado causes buildings to explode when in fact,the structural damage is caused by wings exceeding 200 miles per hour.
3. Another myth is that windows should be opened before a tornado approaches to equalize pressure and minimize damage when all this does ia allow damaging winds to enter and wastes your time getting to a safe palce.
Transition- Finally, tornadoes produce certain oddities.
D. Oddities can and have occurred during tornadoes.
1. Larry Sessions labels these as AWSOME Observations which stands for ?Anomalous Weather Event Seen Over Mother Earth
2. According to sessions,?there are fairly well substantiated cases of it raining not cats and dogs(or cows as we all saw in the movie,?Twister?) but turtles and frogs(as well as an assortment of fishes,snakes,insects and many other living and non-living items).
3. Also,according to the 1996 Weather Guide,there have been reports of record albums lodged in telephone polls,boards lodged into trees,and even the?de-feathering? of chickens.
Transition In conclusion,
III. Conclusion
A. I have discussed the causes,occurences,myths,and oddities associated with tornadoes.
B. Perhaps now you are more informed about the devasting impact tornadoes can have on the lives of those who find themselves in the path of one.


References.

N212 NURSING INTERVENTIONS I
ACCURATE INTERNET INFORMATION FOR CLIENT EDUCATION


Introduction

Nurses continue to spend a good part of their time teaching patients about healthcare issues. In todays world of technology, there is a vast amount of information available to patients via the Internet. Nurses must be able to analyze websites for accuracy of sources and information and to coordinate particular sites with patients according to the patients learning preference, reading level and identified need.

Objective

The student will reach a beginning level of accurate assessment of their patients learning need, reading level and learning preference and coordinate this with an appropriate website which contains accurate and appropriate information.

Instructions for the Accurate Internet Information Assignment

1. Choose one general topic or concept from the following list of concepts that have been discussed in N212:
-pain management
-wound care
-infection control
-body mechanics
-pressure ulcers
-medication administration

2. Imagine that your patient asks you where they can find more information about a particular healthcare subject, for example; your patient is a newly diagnosed diabetic and he wants to read more information on drawing up insulin and giving himself injections; your patient tells you they have heard about a new treatment for pressure ulcers; your patients daughter wants to know about non-pharmacological treatments for her mothers cancer pain.
Choose a subject within one of the above list of concepts on which to find information on the Internet to refer your patient or patients family to.

3. Assess your patients specific learning need for this information. Include:

a. the patients level of interest in this information (+4)
b. the specific information the patient is requesting (+4)
c. the patients plan to apply this information, (+4)
d. the patients learning preference (i.e. visual, reflective, reasoning, application/practice) (+4)
e. the patients reading level (+4)


4. Write one learning objective for your patient which exemplifies the outcome desired (+5)

5. Summarize the accuracy of each website based on the following criteria:
a. Publishers credentials (look for healthcare professionals i.e. MD, RN, Registered Dietician, official organization sites (i.e. American Red Cross site, American Diabetic Associations site), government sites (Center for Disease Controls site, National Institute of Healths site etc), colleges/universities..etc). The more accurate sites are usually .org, .gov or .edu. (+5)

b. Date of most recent update of information on the site (look for within 2 years) (+5)

c. User friendliness of site particularly in relation to your patients needs based on:
i. Overall design (+5)
ii. Font/spacing/color/diagrams/pictures/sound (+5)
iii. Ease of links and hyperlinks for navigation (+5)

d. Choose one of these three Internet sites to refer your patient to. Summarize why you chose this site by comparing the Internet information with a nursing textbook and/or the module for accuracy, clarity and relevancy to your patients interest, need, learning preference and reading level, as well as for the applicability of the information to the patients need. (Dictionaries and reference books are not acceptable.) Be specific in your comparisons i.e give specific examples!! (+30)

6. Create three open ended questions that will be used to evaluate your patients understanding and application of the information (+15)

7. Using critical thinking, give yourself a grade on this paper, and substantiate your grade with appropriate reasoning. (+5)




Grading

Grading is based on the following criteria:

1. Assessment of patients data is clear and focused on the learning need

2. Learning objective is realistic and individualized to your patient

3. Analysis of the three sites is accurate, clear and relevant to your patients needs

4. Comparison of the information with a professional nursing textbook focuses on the accuracy and clarity of the information

5. Open-ended questions relate to the patients understanding and ability to apply the information

6. Writing reflects APA (5th Edition). Up to 10 points will be deducted for incorrect APA use in citations, references, margins, spacing and title page.

7. Up to 10 points will be deducted for incorrect grammar, sentence structure, punctuation, spelling, paragraph length.

8. Submit a copy of some of the pages of the selected website with your paper. 10 points will be deducted if copies of web page not included.

9. Paper should be no more than 5 pages in length.

10. Papers that are handed in past the due date will lose 5 points for each day it is late.

11. This paper is worth 10% of your total N212 grade (100 points x 10%).

Note

Sample Accurate Internet Information papers are available for students to review. Please arrange with faculty a time to see papers.


N212 NURSING INTERVENTIONS I


1. Describes the purpose of the teaching/learning assignment by summarizing the assessed patient data related to:
a. The patients level of interest in the information (+4)
b. The specific information the patient is requesting (+4)
c. The patients plan to apply this information (+4)
d. The patients learning preference (+4)
e. The patients reading level (+4) (+20)
Grading criteria: Statements made with clarity, accuracy and specific details

2. Generates one learning objective which is individualized and measurable (+5)
Grading criteria: Objective is clearly and accurately stated, is related to learning and is individualized.

3. Summarizes the accuracy of each website based on the following:
a. Publishers credentials (+5)
b. Date of most recent update of information (+5)
c. User friendliness of site in relation to patients needs
i. Overall design (+5)
ii. Font/spacing/color/diagrams/pictures/sound (+5)
iii. Ease of links and hyperlinks for navigation (+5) (+25)
Grading criteria: Statements made with clarity, accuracy and with specific details

4. Summarizes why one site chosen over others to refer patient to based on a comparison with a nursing textbook/module for accuracy, clarity and relevancy to the patients interest, need, learning preference and reading level (+30)
Grading criteria: Statements made with clarity, accuracy and with specific details. Reflects critical thinking and accurate evaluation/application of teaching/learning principles.

5. Writes three questions used to evaluate understand and application (+15)
Grading criteria: Questions clearly and accurately evaluate the patients understanding of/application of the information obtained from the website. Questions must also clearly and accurately be an evaluation of the patient objective given in #2 above.

6. Using critical thinking, student submits a grade that reflects her meeting the objectives of this paper with appropriate substantiating reasoning. (+5)
Grading criteria: Grade selected reflects critical thinking and accurate evaluation of whether student met objectives for paper.

Internet Paper Grading Rubric

Grading Criteria 5 10 15 20 25 30
1 Grading criteria: Statements made with clarity, accuracy and specific details
Describes the purpose of the teaching/learning assignment by summarizing the assessed patient data related to:
a. -The patients level of interest in the information
b. -The specific information the patient is requesting
c. -The patients plan to apply this information
d. -The patients learning preference
e. -The patients reading level (+20)
2 Grading criteria: Objective is clearly and accurately stated, is related to learning and is individualized. a. Generates one learning objective which is individualized and measurable (+5)
3 Grading criteria: Statements made with clarity, accuracy and with specific details Summarizes the accuracy of each website based on the following:
a. Publishers credentials
b. Date of most recent update of information
c. User friendliness of site in relation to patients needs
i. Overall design
ii. Font/spacing/color/diagrams/pictures/sound
iii. Ease of links and hyperlinks for navigation (+25)
4 Grading criteria: Statements made with clarity, accuracy and with specific details. Summarizes why one site chosen over others to refer patient to based on a comparison with a nursing textbook/module for accuracy, clarity and relevancy to the patients interest, need, learning preference and reading level (+30)
5 Grading criteria: Questions clearly and accurately evaluate the patients understanding of/application of the information obtained from the website.
Questions must also clearly and accurately be an evaluation of the patient objective given in #2 above. Reflects critical thinking and accurate evaluation/application of teaching/learning principles.
Writes three questions used to evaluate understand and application (+15)
6 Grading criteria: Grade selected reflects critical thinking and accurate evaluation of whether student met objectives for paper. Using critical thinking, student submits a grade that reflects her meeting the objectives of this paper with appropriate substantiating reasoning. (+5)


There are faxes for this order.

First page I want to be " Full Outline" I provide one example below
EXAMPLE
Full Outline

Thesis: A smoker should quit because of the dangers of emphysema, heart disease, and cancer.

I. The first reason a smoker should quit is because of the danger of emphysema.

A. Most cases of emphysema are caused by cigarette smoking.

1. Having emphysema means some of the air sacs in your lungs are
damaged, making it hard to breathe.

B. Complications of emphysema:

1. recurring chest infections, including pneumonia, the flu, cold, etc.;
2. pulmonary hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs;
3. cor pulmonale: enlargement and strain on the right side of the heart;
4. increased blood count (2006).


II. Another danger that should encourage a smoker to quit is heart disease.

A. Cigarette smokers have more than twice the risk of heart attack (American
Red Cross).

B. Cigarette smokers have two to four times the chance of cardiac arrest.
(American Red Cross).


III. The final reason that a smoker should quit is because of the danger of
cancer.

A. Cancer is the most common disease associated with smoking.

B. Smoking is the cause of 90% of lung cancer cases and is related to 30% of
all cancer fatalities (Gum auctions).

1. Other smoking-related cancers include cancers of the mouth, pancreas,
urinary bladder, kidney, stomach, esophagus, and larynx.


References

American red cross. Retrieved May 31, 2007, from http://www.redcross.org/

services/hss/tips/smoking.html

Diseases A-Z. (2006, September 28). Retrieved May 31, 2007, from

The lung association Web site: http://www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/

a-z/emphysema-emphyseme/index_e.php

Gum auctions.com. Retrieved May 31, 2007, from

http://www.gumauctions.com/article/140/Dangers-Of-Smoking/


the other 2 page will be my persuasive paper please follow as I said the above one page will be full outline and the rest 2 page will be my persuasive essay. use 3 reference for my essay
Write a persuasive paper 2 page and the other first one page will be full outline for persuasive paper .

Hello,Attached is my resume
please note that I'm now in the master of health administration,and I want to change my study to get a master in invironmental health science,so the assay is for the department of invironmental health science (about 500 words)
thank you
Abdul Alshareef
7838 HUNT CLUB RD
Columbia, SC 29223
(803) 462-6167
[email protected]
Abdul ALShareef, MT

Objective A career as a medical Technologist

Experience
March/2002-Present Providence Hospital- Columbia, SC
. Performing hematology, Serology, Microbiology, Chemistry, Urinalysis, Blood
Bank, QC
September/2001-March/2002 North Baldwin Infermary Hospital (part time Job)
. Performing Hematology, Serology, Microbiology, Chemistry, Urinalysis, Blood
Bank, Phlebotomy, QC
March/2001-March/2002 Atmore community Hospital- Atmore-AL
. Performing Hematology, Serology, Microbiology, Chemistry, Urinalysis, Blood
Banking, Phlebotomy, and QC
July/2000-march/2001 Singing River Hospital- Pascagoula-MS
Phlebotomy
Drawing blood, labeling and processing specimin, enter all data required
December 1987-July2000 Baptist Hospital Israel
Medical Technologist
. Performing Urinalysis, Phraseology, hematology, serology, chemistry
Microbiology, Blood Banking, and QC

Certification American Medical Technologist Certification for Medical Technologists 1999

Training
March 1993-April 1993 Makassed Charitable Hospital Jerusalem, Israel
. Attended training in hospital laboratory, involved in different departments
Such as: Urinalysis, Phraseology, Hematology, Chemistry, Microbiology,
And Blood Bank
Oct. 1990-Dec.1990 Gaza Baptist School of allied Health Sciences Israel
. Attended First Aid courses consisting of 25 hours of class and practice
April 1990- July 1990 Bowman Gray School of Medicine, North calorina
Baptist Hospital and Wake Forest University, North Carolina, USA
I. Participated in the didactic and clinical blood banking courses,
Consisted of classroom and clinical laboratory activities related to
Blood banking.
II. Visited the Trade Blood Center and the Carolina?s Region Blood
Services of the American Red Cross.
III. Observed operations in the Hematology, Clinical Chemistry. And
Clinical Microbiology Laboratories of the North Carolina Baptist
Hospitals and Medical Park Hospital
March 1987-June 1987 Baptist Hospital, Israel
. Attended a training program that includes: Urinalysis, Parasitology
Hematology, Serology, chemistry, Microbiology, C.S.F examinations
And Blood Collection








Education
October 1981-october1986 Birziet University Ramallah, Israel
. B.Sc Biology and Biochemistry.

References . Greg Wearren (Lab Director)
Atmore Community Hospital)
(251)368-8737

. Chat Eleogo (Acting Supervisor)
North Baldwin Infirmary Hospital
(251)580-1751

. Wayne Rogers (Phlebotomy Supervisor)
Singing River Hospital
(228) 809-5166

Professional 1- AMT (American Medical Technologists)

Memberships II the state of Florida License in: Microbiology, Clinical Chemistry,
Hematology, Serology, and Immunohematology.

Visa Status U.S Permanent Resident









.

Public and Private Support Agencies
Chapter 5 tells us that a significant number of both private and public associations and agencies stand at the ready to
assist fire service leaders in preparing for disasters, mitigating disasters, and recovering from disasters. Many of these
organizations offer individual and company memberships, though membership is not always a requirement for securing
information and assistance.
For this paper, you are required to write a full one-page summary of the scope of purpose, responsibility, and benefit of an
organization of your choosing from the list of 12 provided below. You will include how the organization interacts with the
fire service and how the fire service could utilize the organization?s resources.
The paper will be written in proper APA format. The paper must have a cover page, at least one page of text (body), and a
reference page. Text font and size are to be Times New Roman, 12pt., and margin settings should be one inch for all
sides. Your paper should be double-spaced. Proper grammar and spelling are expected as well as this is a professional
college-level paper.
Choose one organization from this list:
1. American Fire Sprinkler Association (AFSA)
2. American Red Cross
3. Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)
4. Insurance Services Office (ISO)
5. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
6. National Incident Management System (NIMS)
7. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
8. United States Fire Administration (USFA)
9. National Fire Academy (NFA)
10. Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education (FESHE)BFS 3251, Introduction to Fire Protection 4
11. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
12. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)